Minerals Report - International Seabed Authority

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SECRETARIAT Ambassador Satya N. Nandan, Secretary-General, International Seabed Authority, Kingston, Jamaica, Email: SNandan@isa.org.jm Mr. Nii Allotey Odunton, Deputy to the Secretary-General and Chief, Office of Resources and Environmental Monitoring, International Seabed Authority, Kingston, Jamaica, Email: Nodunton@isa.org.jm Mr. Kaiser de Souza, Scientific Affairs Officer, (Marine Geology), International Seabed Authority, Kingston, Jamaica, Email: Kdesouza@isa.org.jm Mr. Jean-Baptiste Sombo, Information Technology Officer, International Seabed Authority, Kingston, Jamaica, Email: JSombo@isa.org.jm Ms. Margaret Holmes, International Seabed Authority, Kingston, Jamaica, Email: Mholmes@isa.org.jm INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 10
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The workshop on mineral resources of marine areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction (“the Area”) was held in Kingston, Jamaica from 26 to 30 June 2000. This was the third in the series of workshops convened by the International Seabed Authority to address issues of concern to the international community related to the development of marine mineral resources of the international seabed Area. At the fourth session of the Authority in 1998, the Russian Federation requested the Authority to adopt rules, regulations and procedures for prospecting and exploring seafloor massive sulphide deposits and ferromanganese crusts of the Area. It is to be recalled that up until then, the only type of marine mineral resources of the Area that have been the subject of the Authority’s rule making are deep seabed polymetallic nodules. Found in the abyssal plains, a system for prospecting, exploration and exploitation of polymetallic nodules has been extensively prescribed in the body of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and its Annex III (Basic Conditions for Prospecting, Exploration and Exploitation), in the modifications made to Part XI of the Convention, and contained in “The Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea”, and in the Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for polymetallic Nodules in the Area (ISBA/6/A/18). With regard to the request by the Russian Federation therefore, the immediate question is the applicability of the system prescribed for deep seabed polymetallic nodules to the types of mineral resources contained in the request. Article 136 of the Convention declares the Area and its resources as the common heritage of mankind. Both deep seabed polymetallic nodules of the Area as well as seafloor massive sulphides and ferromanganese crusts of the Area are the common heritage of mankind. Under the system prescribed for deep seabed polymetallic nodules, taking into account the common heritage principle, a prospector who seeks an exploration contract from the Authority INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 11
Page 2 and 3: Workshop on Minerals Other than Pol
Page 4 and 5: Published in Jamaica 2004 by the In
Page 6 and 7: Chapter 6* Impact of the Developmen
Page 8 and 9: PART 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
Page 10 and 11: The Authority designates one of two
Page 12 and 13: deposits and gas hydrates of the co
Page 14 and 15: Prof. Chris German, Challenger Divi
Page 16 and 17: Mr. Sven Petersen, Research Associa
Page 20 and 21: is to submit “an application that
Page 22 and 23: that was established to help protec
Page 24 and 25: on the continental margin. He state
Page 26 and 27: with the German firm Preussag. As p
Page 28 and 29: metre or metres of these black smok
Page 30 and 31: nodules in terms of these metals -
Page 32 and 33: Professor Herzig stressed however t
Page 34 and 35: While noting that the continuity of
Page 36 and 37: asal diameter at 1,600 m water dept
Page 38 and 39: discovery of the new hydrothermal s
Page 40 and 41: esearch cruises dedicated to ferrom
Page 42 and 43: global mid-ocean ridge system. He p
Page 44 and 45: athymetric map of the seafloor. A s
Page 46 and 47: were encouraging. In the course of
Page 48 and 49: that this matter was sensitive, he
Page 50 and 51: complete a preliminary evaluation o
Page 52 and 53: metals - nickel, cobalt, manganese,
Page 54 and 55: 12. Issues to be taken into account
Page 56 and 57: entities. Many of them included min
Page 58 and 59: In this regard, the Secretary-Gener
Page 60 and 61: According to Dr. Vysotsky, as estim
Page 62 and 63: With regard to current knowledge ab
Page 64 and 65: Dr. Corbett gave a brief account of
Page 66 and 67: River resulting in the introduction
Page 68 and 69:
Ms. Zaamwani pointed out that as th
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geochemical and geotechnical survey
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of its continental shelf through bi
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also stated, is similar to that of
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Chapter 7 Technical requirements fo
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Table 1: Classification of marine m
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Volcanogenic Metalliferous sediment
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deposits, including massive sulphid
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3. Marine Minerals Related to Deep
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The black smoker chimneys dischargi
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contain metals are present at discr
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Figure 4. A diagrammatic east-west
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and refining of these crusts is mor
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distances of hundreds of kilometres
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2) Deep ocean hot springs at massiv
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6. P.A. Rona, M.D. Hannington, C.V.
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25. M.J. Cruickshank (1998), Law of
Page 102 and 103:
With regard to marine mineral depos
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Focussing on sites of sea floor min
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scientific journal "Nature". The su
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Professor Rona recalled that the in
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like St. Stephen’s in the Kremlin
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He noted that another product of ho
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The reasons why the Red Sea deposit
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a number of geothermal wells have b
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1. Introduction The discovery of hi
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0° 30° 30° 60° Explorer Ridge C
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3. Hydrothermal Convection At ocean
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Due to its increased buoyancy at hi
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5. Metal Contents Despite moderate
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(11.8 wt.%), and have high concentr
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Table 3: Size and Tonnage - Atlanti
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Local enrichment of more than 40 pp
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the Red Sea, Middle Valley, Explore
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Table 8: Advantages of Seafloor Mas
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60 kg Au) located on the neighbouri
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9. Perspective If further explorati
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3. J.M. Franklin, J.W. Lydon, and D
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19. R.A. Zierenberg, Y. Fouquet, D.
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35. J. Collier, M. Sinha (1990), Se
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53. P.M. Herzig, Y. Fouquet, M.D. H
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68. M.D. Hannington, J.M. Peter, an
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85. The New York Times (1997), Firs
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southern segment is a fast-spreadin
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Professor Herzig said that the spec
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Professor Herzig said that the depo
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Professor Herzig informed participa
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he informed participants that in ad
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In relation to Conical Seamount, Pr
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deposits is essential to reliably a
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would be removed from the deposit.
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CHAPTER 3 REGIONAL AND LOCAL VARIAB
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� Metallogenic provinces that are
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A digital map of ore-bearing region
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of the slopes in between 1500-3000m
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development there are areas with ma
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Regarding the formation of the firs
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
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the Juan-de-Fuca Ridge, the Guaymas
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Intensive investigations resulted i
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Based on the potential resources co
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It should be noted that other massi
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Generally, the massive sulphides or
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With regard to the gold values repo
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CHAPTER 5 COBALT-RICH FERROMANGANES
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Current patterns, topography, botto
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Table 1: Contents of manganese, iro
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 194
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Depth (km) 0 100 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 O
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sediment. Those thinly veiled crust
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Table 3: Cruises dedicated to the s
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today. Field studies by the USA, Ge
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Phosphorite and fresh basalt are st
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3.2. Mineralogy The mineralogy of b
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Samples 25 20 15 10 5 0 Growth Rate
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3.4. Chemical Composition All USGS
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elements associated with the detrit
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Sample/PAAS 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
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Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Phosphatization of the older Fe-Mn
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A. B. C. Mn FSM-Palau Marshall Isla
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4. Iron-Manganese Crust Formation E
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5. Biological Communities and Curre
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6. Resource, Technology and Economi
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MAJOR DIMENSIONS Length : 13 m Widt
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not economical, under the circumsta
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Based on grade, tonnage, and oceano
Page 244 and 245:
3. J.R. Hein and C.L. Morgan (1999)
Page 246 and 247:
deep sea deposits, Report on the Sc
Page 248 and 249:
29. T. Moritani and S. Nakao (eds.)
Page 250 and 251:
Angeles, CA, International Society
Page 252 and 253:
geochemistry of Central Pacific fer
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73. J.W. Moffett (1990), Microbiall
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86. D. Puteanus and P. Halbach (54)
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110. A Koschinsky and P Halbach (46
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132. J.R. Hein et al. (1) 133. H.H.
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B. 14°30'N 14°20'N 14°10'N 160°
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Appendix 4. 1-m-diameter circular c
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economic potential in hydrogenetic
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Zealand Oceanographic Institute, th
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depths. Up welling increases primar
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een recovered is 25 cm. He also sai
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shallower than 1500 metres, a shall
Page 276 and 277:
In relation to mining technology, o
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On the most promising sites for cru
Page 280 and 281:
In addition to the International Se
Page 282 and 283:
1. Introduction Plant life is impos
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Table 1 Potential microbial metabol
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Figure 2 Simplified representation
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Figure 3 Major components of a gene
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the mussel's nutrition. When experi
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Reasons for this do not appear to b
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egions, one study pointed out that
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very widespread, supporting microbi
Page 298 and 299:
Studies of the rapid colonisation o
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y mining, which is expected to be v
Page 302 and 303:
2. J. B. Corliss, J. Dymond, L. Gor
Page 304 and 305:
19. V. Tunnicliffe, A.G. McArthur a
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
together with mucus that is secrete
Page 310 and 311:
close to neutral ph conditions, it
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France, Germany, the United Kingdom
Page 314 and 315:
of the sedimentary column, whereas
Page 316 and 317:
Table 2: Research Submersibles and
Page 318 and 319:
4. Technical Requirements For resea
Page 320 and 321:
5. Processing Technologies The phys
Page 322 and 323:
grow on substrate rocks because of
Page 324 and 325:
5. M.D. Hannington, A.G. Galley, P.
Page 326 and 327:
Dr. Herzig informed participants th
Page 328 and 329:
search for sites of hydrothermal ve
Page 330 and 331:
with such a grab. In addition to th
Page 332 and 333:
Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) D
Page 334 and 335:
equired to make sure that the ship
Page 336 and 337:
Dr. Herzig summarized the technical
Page 338 and 339:
commercial. Since confidentiality o
Page 340 and 341:
CHAPTER 8 FACTORS IN FINANCING EXPL
Page 342 and 343:
The traditional project stages that
Page 344 and 345:
there is a subset that forms in spe
Page 346 and 347:
of competing for the attention of i
Page 348 and 349:
7. Why SMS Mines will be Lower Cost
Page 350 and 351:
8. Modelling SMS mining offers scop
Page 352 and 353:
Because exhalative SMS deposits are
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356 and 357:
flow to the metal markets. He also
Page 358 and 359:
shortage in the next couple of year
Page 360 and 361:
starts, the operation could take pl
Page 362 and 363:
Based on this and other considerati
Page 364 and 365:
Mr. Malnic said that the mining ope
Page 366 and 367:
and silver. Except for volcanically
Page 368 and 369:
2.2. Major Features of the Draft Of
Page 370 and 371:
As a general principle the fiscal p
Page 372 and 373:
I think the issue is not as simple
Page 374 and 375:
Table 3: Data and information requi
Page 376 and 377:
former case a reminder notice is se
Page 378 and 379:
6. Elisabeth Mann Borgese, Ocean Go
Page 380 and 381:
longer an area is held, more inform
Page 382 and 383:
from the deep sea. One group of enz
Page 384 and 385:
CHAPTER 10 NATIONAL AND INTERNATION
Page 386 and 387:
times greater than atmospheric pres
Page 388 and 389:
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram showing th
Page 390 and 391:
Figure. 4: Distributions of hydroth
Page 392 and 393:
Figure 6: Distributions of hydrothe
Page 394 and 395:
Figure.8: Plot of incidence of hydr
Page 396 and 397:
et al., 1998) - one of the two very
Page 398 and 399:
seabed but, instead, are dispersed
Page 400 and 401:
Figure 10: The Southampton Oceanogr
Page 402 and 403:
oxide material, polymetallic sulphi
Page 404 and 405:
Figure 13: TOBI sidescan sonar imag
Page 406 and 407:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to ex
Page 408 and 409:
15. Cronan D S (ed.) Handbook of Ma
Page 410 and 411:
33. Gross G.A. and McLeod C.R., Met
Page 412 and 413:
51. Jones H. A. and Davies P. J., P
Page 414 and 415:
69. Manheim F. T., Composition and
Page 416 and 417:
87. Muller, R.D., Roest, W.R., Roye
Page 418 and 419:
107. Warren, J., Evaporites: their
Page 420 and 421:
cultivating sulphide oxidising bact
Page 422 and 423:
In relation to spreading rates at v
Page 424 and 425:
coordination to actually get to go
Page 426 and 427:
esources and to know whether or not
Page 428 and 429:
ROVS, AUVs or submersibles to produ
Page 430 and 431:
have oversimplified the case in his
Page 432 and 433:
CHAPTER 11 A COMPARISON OF THE POSS
Page 434 and 435:
This paper proposes to compare the
Page 436 and 437:
• The distance between the mining
Page 438 and 439:
economic value. Phosphatisation has
Page 440 and 441:
The morphology of the mineral edifi
Page 442 and 443:
Table 3: Geochemistry of known mass
Page 444 and 445:
Detailed exploration has not been c
Page 446 and 447:
flotation, can separate the ferroma
Page 448 and 449:
The crushed and ground ore can be c
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3.2. Assumptions made for each kind
Page 452 and 453:
alloys or even manganese ore in the
Page 454 and 455:
ought the nickel price to a top. Th
Page 456 and 457:
Because the metal market economy is
Page 458 and 459:
14. J. -P. Lenoble (1992), Future d
Page 460 and 461:
31. J. Francheteau, D. Needham, P.
Page 462 and 463:
48. J. -P. Lenoble (1996), Les nodu
Page 464 and 465:
66. J. -J. Prédali and J. -P. Polg
Page 466 and 467:
classification system, Mr. Lenoble
Page 468 and 469:
To recapitulate the sizes and possi
Page 470 and 471:
proposed processing technologies an
Page 472 and 473:
international community is only jus
Page 474 and 475:
Part 2 ISSUES TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCO
Page 476 and 477:
The Secretary-General said that the
Page 478 and 479:
Mr. Nandan pointed out that the nex
Page 480 and 481:
problems would resurface, because i
Page 482 and 483:
prospecting would be more applicabl
Page 484 and 485:
dimensional seafloor massive sulphi
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workshop, in relation to deposit ev
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an economic perspective, including
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sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromang
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CHAPTER 13 PETROLEUM POTENTIAL AND
Page 494 and 495:
structure and filled with sediments
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Basin groups are subdivided into ty
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during the late Mesozoic-Cenozoic s
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Figure 4: Volume density of initial
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ITIPRHC = Vnr φHC γ 103 (Mmtoe),
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Table 1: Offshore (deepwater) initi
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Speaking about particular geographi
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World Ocean, including areas off no
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Table 4: Largest oil and gas discov
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The extremely harsh environment bro
Page 514 and 515:
In other regions of the world, enco
Page 516 and 517:
REFERENCES 1. L.G. Weeks (1971), Ma
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SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
Page 520 and 521:
Dr. Vysotsky said that estimates of
Page 522 and 523:
In Southeast Asia, Dr. Vysotsky spo
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Philippines, and possibly Brazil. W
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and we shall encounter severe deple
Page 528 and 529:
In the 1960's scientists discovered
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Figure 2. Worldwide locations of kn
Page 532 and 533:
methane by bacteria in an anoxic en
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It has been assumed that the struct
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identification of gas hydrate in ma
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ottom simulating reflections (BSR)
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Figure 6: Interpretative plot of hy
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floor have indicated the presence o
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of free gas below the BSR is usuall
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sediment and to provide an indicati
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6. Harvesting methane hydrates -Som
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deposits can be commercial, even in
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at a catastrophic scale. Some of th
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Figure 8. Development of hydrate re
Page 556 and 557:
This is perhaps due to the percepti
Page 558 and 559:
would provide Japan with methane fo
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NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. E.D. Sloan
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20. R.F. Meyer (1981), Speculation
Page 564 and 565:
Master Workshop on Gas Hydrates: Re
Page 566 and 567:
60. M.D. Max and M.J. Cruickshank (
Page 568 and 569:
is that their exploitation might re
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further pointed out that even if on
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Dr. Desa also informed participants
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thickness of the sediments, the thi
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pressure at sea level leads to hydr
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aware of any studies of natural ear
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CHAPTER 15 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
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NAMIBIA L W OR CT BOTSWANA SOUTH AF
Page 584 and 585:
The Orange River, one of Africa’s
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formation of a large accretion coar
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The deep-water ore body more closel
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4. The mineral resource management
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deployed on a MacArtney FOCUS 400 R
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Utilising Jago has made very detail
Page 596 and 597:
Although at first glance the nature
Page 598 and 599:
to levels capable of sustaining sea
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In accordance with De Beers’ over
Page 602 and 603:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my many co
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16. I.B. Corbett (1989), The sedime
Page 606 and 607:
Page 608 and 609:
eroded during regression and transg
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diamond mining business. Dr. Corbet
Page 612 and 613:
technological step, Dr. Corbett sug
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and Ore Reserves (JORC). He also sa
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With another slide, Dr. Corbett sho
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of De Beers’ deepwater operation
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system that allows other functions
Page 622 and 623:
CHAPTER 16 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
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change through heat transport and c
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Main sites of oxygen minimum Flow o
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• Undertake necessary mitigatory
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State, by such spilling or pollutio
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including diamonds, from non-fluore
Page 634 and 635:
agreements require that government
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including current velocities, oxyge
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ackground levels and confined to a
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Sonar equipment used on some DBM ve
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advocated this approach for environ
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local geology, sedimentology and mi
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Levene’s test could also be used
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unquestionably be alarming, and the
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3.4 Future Innovation in Video Tran
Page 652 and 653:
sponges and bryozoans to more gener
Page 654 and 655:
esearch contributions of Mark Gibbo
Page 656 and 657:
16. Craig R. Smith (1998), The Biol
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magellanicus, Gmein) populations. J
Page 660 and 661:
Page 662 and 663:
presentation he would show that kno
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process of self-regulatory checking
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initial mining, but that within a v
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continental shelf. He suggested tha
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would result in the extermination o
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The participant from Saudi Arabia r
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of the Namibian government would be
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With the exception of the West Paci
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1.3 Resources The oceanic regions o
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2 Physiography of the Ocean Floor a
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Page 684 and 685:
partially separated continental fra
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occur beneath the continental shelf
Page 688 and 689:
Using these criteria, a number of a
Page 690 and 691:
3.3 Methods used to assess resource
Page 692 and 693:
4.1.2 How marine placer deposits ar
Page 694 and 695:
to survive the transgression are pr
Page 696 and 697:
4.2.2 Where marine phosphorite depo
Page 698 and 699:
sedimentary layers that are favoura
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4.4 Marine Polymetalic sulphides 4.
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4.4.4 Resource potential of marine
Page 704 and 705:
The most up to date information of
Page 706 and 707:
Manganese crusts that are rich in c
Page 708 and 709:
(3) where bottom currents are effec
Page 710 and 711:
There are four elements are of econ
Page 712 and 713:
averaging 2kg/m 2 . These contain e
Page 714 and 715:
520 million tonnes of copper”. In
Page 716 and 717:
Page 718 and 719:
Page 720 and 721:
Elemental resources for the top ten
Page 722 and 723:
natural gas is commonly formed in a
Page 724 and 725:
These areas are almost exclusively
Page 726 and 727:
Table 5 (with reference to Figure 2
Page 728 and 729:
with the term “resource” used e
Page 730 and 731:
Similarly, much of the continental
Page 732 and 733:
Although this is not an assessment
Page 734 and 735:
A qualitative indication of resourc
Page 736 and 737:
4.7.2 How marine gas hydrate deposi
Page 738 and 739:
However, this does not include the
Page 740 and 741:
Figure 28 shows the location of are
Page 742 and 743:
ELCS region Location Hydrate potent
Page 744 and 745:
Page 746 and 747:
Franklin Seamount, western Woodlark
Page 748 and 749:
Emery K. O. and Noakes L. C., Econo
Page 750 and 751:
Herzig, P.M. and Hannington M. D.,
Page 752 and 753:
Kvenvolden, K.A., Gas hydrates as a
Page 754 and 755:
Meyer, R.F., Speculations on oil an
Page 756 and 757:
Scott, S.D., Seafloor polymetallic
Page 758 and 759:
Evaporite deposits http://www.black
Page 760 and 761:
Page 762 and 763:
these areas cover something like 25
Page 764 and 765:
continental margins. He mentioned p
Page 766 and 767:
programme off Nankeen, Japan, and t
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een happily persuaded in the other
Page 770 and 771:
Part 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
Page 772 and 773:
own Namdeb. In addition, there are
Page 774 and 775:
The stated purpose of the Minerals
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programme and specified minimum exp
Page 778 and 779:
them to give proper attention to ea
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evaluation purposes in monitoring t
Page 782 and 783:
as far as the development of minera
Page 784 and 785:
Ms. Zaamwani said that the main leg
Page 786 and 787:
Ms. Zaamwani told participants that
Page 788 and 789:
the Ministry could benefit, as is c
Page 790 and 791:
understaffing do not currently util
Page 792 and 793:
One participant recalled that Ms. Z
Page 794 and 795:
vessels there are sophisticated sec
Page 796 and 797:
Ms. Zaamwani was asked about regula
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70° 60° NORTH SEA -30° -20° -10
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of 9.6 billion Sm 3 oil equivalents
Page 802 and 803:
Nor does it give rights or priority
Page 804 and 805:
1 4. Data Management All data relat
Page 806 and 807:
possibility to evaluate the results
Page 808 and 809:
planning of future activities. The
Page 810 and 811:
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
Page 812 and 813:
in the Barents Sea there is still a
Page 814 and 815:
period that can last up to ten year
Page 816 and 817:
conditions in these areas, as well
Page 818 and 819:
designated by the Ministry. She sai
Page 820 and 821:
quantity of data involved in the in
Page 822 and 823:
operation (PDO) is normally prepare
Page 824 and 825:
to the data when an area is relinqu
Page 826 and 827:
CHAPTER 20 STATUS REPORT ON THE DAT
Page 828 and 829:
All the above-mentioned minerals oc
Page 830 and 831:
e water depths between 400 and 1,00
Page 832 and 833:
As far as the Government is concern
Page 834 and 835:
• Ordinance number 195, of Decemb
Page 836 and 837:
This tax must be paid up to January
Page 838 and 839:
the one whose burning is authorised
Page 840 and 841:
ANP may send a representative to fo
Page 842 and 843:
esources other than oil or natural
Page 844 and 845:
to the safety of persons and animal
Page 846 and 847:
found offshore Brazil. With regard
Page 848 and 849:
een discovered in the basin, includ
Page 850 and 851:
enhance oil recovery. He said that
Page 852 and 853:
g. Ordinance number 10 that regulat
Page 854 and 855:
He said that the environment has to
Page 856 and 857:
ids. These comprised five Brazilian
Page 858 and 859:
After oil exploration gained moment
Page 860 and 861:
Those who are entitled to the land
Page 862 and 863:
and replaced by the President, and
Page 864 and 865:
(ii) Assure the safety of navigatio
Page 866 and 867:
explorations may continue concurren
Page 868 and 869:
Appoint an authorized representativ
Page 870 and 871:
The contractor will recover all ope
Page 872 and 873:
of US dollar... (negotiable) within
Page 874 and 875:
Processing of products is subject t
Page 876 and 877:
are more than 30 articles in the va
Page 878 and 879:
Page 880 and 881:
Ambassador Djalal informed particip
Page 882 and 883:
production-sharing contracts became
Page 884 and 885:
said that the remainder of the prod
Page 886 and 887:
and cooperation with Pertamina and
Page 888 and 889:
A participant wanted to know whethe
Page 890 and 891:
of CCOP/SOPAC was to promote and de
Page 892 and 893:
STAR was founded in 1985 in collabo
Page 894 and 895:
Since 1972, SOPAC has, on behalf of
Page 896 and 897:
France Seapso 1985-1986 Cook Is, Fi
Page 898 and 899:
polymetallic massive sulphides. The
Page 900 and 901:
crusts have also been found in area
Page 902 and 903:
Figure 2: Location Map of Known Pol
Page 904 and 905:
is currently no regional agency tas
Page 906 and 907:
The types of data that have been in
Page 908 and 909:
A new agreement between Japan and S
Page 910 and 911:
SOPAC’s continuing and relentless
Page 912 and 913:
deposits will be mined at some poin
Page 914 and 915:
REFERENCES 1. D. Tiffin and C Matos
Page 916 and 917:
18. J. Malnic. (1999). Marine Miner
Page 918 and 919:
8. Individual nations should develo
Page 920 and 921:
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
Page 922 and 923:
With regard to the name of the orga
Page 924 and 925:
the benefit that had accrued to the
Page 926 and 927:
The discussions that followed Mr. S
Page 928:
About the International Seabed Auth
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Minerals Report - International Seabed Authority

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