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of the slopes in between 1500-3000m varies from 20° to 30°, whilst the deeper slopes are more gentle - 5°-10°. In reality slopes have a step-like structure created by a combination of sub-horizontal and gently inclined benches and steep scraps. As a rule the area covered by crusts is confined to pre-apical zones and slope zones on underwater mountains and its plane has a concentric pattern. Usually, unconsolidated Pliocene-Quaternary sediments with no ores cover the surface of the plateau itself. In our model we have chosen such pattern, though there are cases when the summit plateau is free from sediments and crusts, developed on bedrocks, cover the entire area of the plateau. Very often, nodule fields cover the marginal zones of the summit plateau, gently tilted towards the brow of the slope. The size of nodules varies from 2 to 10cm in diameter and their abundance is not more than 15kgm 2 . Such fields are represented in our model (Figure 5). INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 168
Within a concentric zone there are two facies of mineralization. The first can be called a facies of pre-apical sub horizontal surfaces, the second a facies of slopes. The first case is mainly found on the peripheral part of the apical plateau. In our model the depth interval where this facies is developed ranges between 1400–1700m in the area of spurs. Gradients in this area vary from 1.5° to 3°, seldom reaching 5°. In this facies the crusts are typically dense and continuous. The same friable and unconsolidated sediments covering the central parts of the apical plateau usually cover the crusts of this facies. The degree of cover can vary from 20 to 80%, with complete burial of crusts in some areas. Ferromanganese nodules are often associated with the crusts of this facies. Mineralization of the second facial type is confined to the highly steep upper middle areas of slopes. The upper boundary of crusts of this facies is the slope brown and within the herein presented model this lies at about 1500m. The lower boundary is a break of the slope, below which the slope becomes significantly less steep 5°-7°), which leads to the wide development of sedimentary cover overlaying possible surfaces of crust formation. In the most cases this level is confined to depths around 3000m, though there are cases when the lower boundary of dense and continuous crust mineralization lies as deep as 4000-4500m or as high as 2500m. The inner structure of the field within the second facial type of ore crusts mainly depends on slope morphology, which as it was already mentioned before has a step-like profile. Accordingly, the main structural elements of fields are narrow but extended bands of crusts confined to gentle areas of steps. Sometimes, such bands can extend along one bathymetric interval of the entire perimeter of a guyot but often only occupy about one third of it. The width of zones can vary within an interval of a few hundred meters to a few kilometres. Within the area of development of the second facies, the crust surfaces are usually disintegrated to a certain extent. In the upper parts of the slopes, cracking of surfaces and the formation of large blocks represent the process of disintegration. Down slope, a medium level of disintegration can be observed, which is reflected in shifting of formed blocks (i.e. their “peeling” from the substrate with subsequent splitting). At the lower part of facies INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 169
Page 2 and 3:
Workshop on Minerals Other than Pol
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Published in Jamaica 2004 by the In
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Chapter 6* Impact of the Developmen
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PART 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
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The Authority designates one of two
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deposits and gas hydrates of the co
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Prof. Chris German, Challenger Divi
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Mr. Sven Petersen, Research Associa
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SECRETARIAT Ambassador Satya N. Nan
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is to submit “an application that
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that was established to help protec
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on the continental margin. He state
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with the German firm Preussag. As p
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metre or metres of these black smok
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nodules in terms of these metals -
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Professor Herzig stressed however t
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While noting that the continuity of
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asal diameter at 1,600 m water dept
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discovery of the new hydrothermal s
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esearch cruises dedicated to ferrom
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global mid-ocean ridge system. He p
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athymetric map of the seafloor. A s
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were encouraging. In the course of
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that this matter was sensitive, he
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complete a preliminary evaluation o
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metals - nickel, cobalt, manganese,
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12. Issues to be taken into account
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entities. Many of them included min
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In this regard, the Secretary-Gener
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According to Dr. Vysotsky, as estim
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With regard to current knowledge ab
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Dr. Corbett gave a brief account of
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River resulting in the introduction
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Ms. Zaamwani pointed out that as th
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geochemical and geotechnical survey
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of its continental shelf through bi
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also stated, is similar to that of
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Chapter 7 Technical requirements fo
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Table 1: Classification of marine m
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Volcanogenic Metalliferous sediment
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deposits, including massive sulphid
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3. Marine Minerals Related to Deep
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The black smoker chimneys dischargi
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contain metals are present at discr
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Figure 4. A diagrammatic east-west
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and refining of these crusts is mor
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distances of hundreds of kilometres
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2) Deep ocean hot springs at massiv
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6. P.A. Rona, M.D. Hannington, C.V.
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25. M.J. Cruickshank (1998), Law of
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With regard to marine mineral depos
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Focussing on sites of sea floor min
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scientific journal "Nature". The su
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Professor Rona recalled that the in
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like St. Stephen’s in the Kremlin
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He noted that another product of ho
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The reasons why the Red Sea deposit
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a number of geothermal wells have b
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1. Introduction The discovery of hi
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0° 30° 30° 60° Explorer Ridge C
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3. Hydrothermal Convection At ocean
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Due to its increased buoyancy at hi
Page 126 and 127: 5. Metal Contents Despite moderate
Page 128 and 129: (11.8 wt.%), and have high concentr
Page 130 and 131: Table 3: Size and Tonnage - Atlanti
Page 132 and 133: Local enrichment of more than 40 pp
Page 134 and 135: the Red Sea, Middle Valley, Explore
Page 136 and 137: Table 8: Advantages of Seafloor Mas
Page 138 and 139: 60 kg Au) located on the neighbouri
Page 140 and 141: 9. Perspective If further explorati
Page 142 and 143: 3. J.M. Franklin, J.W. Lydon, and D
Page 144 and 145: 19. R.A. Zierenberg, Y. Fouquet, D.
Page 146 and 147: 35. J. Collier, M. Sinha (1990), Se
Page 148 and 149: 53. P.M. Herzig, Y. Fouquet, M.D. H
Page 150 and 151: 68. M.D. Hannington, J.M. Peter, an
Page 152 and 153: 85. The New York Times (1997), Firs
Page 154 and 155: southern segment is a fast-spreadin
Page 156 and 157: Professor Herzig said that the spec
Page 158 and 159: Professor Herzig said that the depo
Page 160 and 161: Professor Herzig informed participa
Page 162 and 163: he informed participants that in ad
Page 164 and 165: In relation to Conical Seamount, Pr
Page 166 and 167: deposits is essential to reliably a
Page 168 and 169: would be removed from the deposit.
Page 170 and 171: CHAPTER 3 REGIONAL AND LOCAL VARIAB
Page 172 and 173: � Metallogenic provinces that are
Page 174 and 175: A digital map of ore-bearing region
Page 178 and 179: development there are areas with ma
Page 180 and 181: Regarding the formation of the firs
Page 182 and 183: SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
Page 184 and 185: the Juan-de-Fuca Ridge, the Guaymas
Page 186 and 187: Intensive investigations resulted i
Page 188 and 189: Based on the potential resources co
Page 190 and 191: It should be noted that other massi
Page 192 and 193: Generally, the massive sulphides or
Page 194 and 195: With regard to the gold values repo
Page 196 and 197: CHAPTER 5 COBALT-RICH FERROMANGANES
Page 198 and 199: Current patterns, topography, botto
Page 200 and 201: Table 1: Contents of manganese, iro
Page 202 and 203: INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 194
Page 204 and 205: Depth (km) 0 100 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 O
Page 206 and 207: sediment. Those thinly veiled crust
Page 208 and 209: Table 3: Cruises dedicated to the s
Page 210 and 211: today. Field studies by the USA, Ge
Page 212 and 213: Phosphorite and fresh basalt are st
Page 214 and 215: 3.2. Mineralogy The mineralogy of b
Page 216 and 217: Samples 25 20 15 10 5 0 Growth Rate
Page 218 and 219: 3.4. Chemical Composition All USGS
Page 220 and 221: elements associated with the detrit
Page 222 and 223: Sample/PAAS 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Page 224 and 225: INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 216
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 218
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Phosphatization of the older Fe-Mn
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A. B. C. Mn FSM-Palau Marshall Isla
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4. Iron-Manganese Crust Formation E
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5. Biological Communities and Curre
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6. Resource, Technology and Economi
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MAJOR DIMENSIONS Length : 13 m Widt
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not economical, under the circumsta
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Based on grade, tonnage, and oceano
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3. J.R. Hein and C.L. Morgan (1999)
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deep sea deposits, Report on the Sc
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29. T. Moritani and S. Nakao (eds.)
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Angeles, CA, International Society
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geochemistry of Central Pacific fer
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73. J.W. Moffett (1990), Microbiall
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86. D. Puteanus and P. Halbach (54)
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110. A Koschinsky and P Halbach (46
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132. J.R. Hein et al. (1) 133. H.H.
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B. 14°30'N 14°20'N 14°10'N 160°
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Appendix 4. 1-m-diameter circular c
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economic potential in hydrogenetic
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Zealand Oceanographic Institute, th
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depths. Up welling increases primar
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een recovered is 25 cm. He also sai
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shallower than 1500 metres, a shall
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In relation to mining technology, o
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On the most promising sites for cru
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In addition to the International Se
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1. Introduction Plant life is impos
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Table 1 Potential microbial metabol
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Figure 2 Simplified representation
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Figure 3 Major components of a gene
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the mussel's nutrition. When experi
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Reasons for this do not appear to b
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egions, one study pointed out that
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very widespread, supporting microbi
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Studies of the rapid colonisation o
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y mining, which is expected to be v
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2. J. B. Corliss, J. Dymond, L. Gor
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19. V. Tunnicliffe, A.G. McArthur a
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
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together with mucus that is secrete
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close to neutral ph conditions, it
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France, Germany, the United Kingdom
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of the sedimentary column, whereas
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Table 2: Research Submersibles and
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4. Technical Requirements For resea
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5. Processing Technologies The phys
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grow on substrate rocks because of
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5. M.D. Hannington, A.G. Galley, P.
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Dr. Herzig informed participants th
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search for sites of hydrothermal ve
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with such a grab. In addition to th
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Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) D
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equired to make sure that the ship
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Dr. Herzig summarized the technical
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commercial. Since confidentiality o
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CHAPTER 8 FACTORS IN FINANCING EXPL
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The traditional project stages that
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there is a subset that forms in spe
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of competing for the attention of i
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7. Why SMS Mines will be Lower Cost
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8. Modelling SMS mining offers scop
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Because exhalative SMS deposits are
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flow to the metal markets. He also
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shortage in the next couple of year
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starts, the operation could take pl
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Based on this and other considerati
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Mr. Malnic said that the mining ope
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and silver. Except for volcanically
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2.2. Major Features of the Draft Of
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As a general principle the fiscal p
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I think the issue is not as simple
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Table 3: Data and information requi
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former case a reminder notice is se
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6. Elisabeth Mann Borgese, Ocean Go
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longer an area is held, more inform
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from the deep sea. One group of enz
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CHAPTER 10 NATIONAL AND INTERNATION
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times greater than atmospheric pres
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Fig. 2 Schematic diagram showing th
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Figure. 4: Distributions of hydroth
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Figure 6: Distributions of hydrothe
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Figure.8: Plot of incidence of hydr
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et al., 1998) - one of the two very
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seabed but, instead, are dispersed
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Figure 10: The Southampton Oceanogr
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oxide material, polymetallic sulphi
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Figure 13: TOBI sidescan sonar imag
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to ex
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15. Cronan D S (ed.) Handbook of Ma
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33. Gross G.A. and McLeod C.R., Met
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51. Jones H. A. and Davies P. J., P
Page 414 and 415:
69. Manheim F. T., Composition and
Page 416 and 417:
87. Muller, R.D., Roest, W.R., Roye
Page 418 and 419:
107. Warren, J., Evaporites: their
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cultivating sulphide oxidising bact
Page 422 and 423:
In relation to spreading rates at v
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coordination to actually get to go
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esources and to know whether or not
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ROVS, AUVs or submersibles to produ
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have oversimplified the case in his
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CHAPTER 11 A COMPARISON OF THE POSS
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This paper proposes to compare the
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• The distance between the mining
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economic value. Phosphatisation has
Page 440 and 441:
The morphology of the mineral edifi
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Table 3: Geochemistry of known mass
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Detailed exploration has not been c
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flotation, can separate the ferroma
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The crushed and ground ore can be c
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3.2. Assumptions made for each kind
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alloys or even manganese ore in the
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ought the nickel price to a top. Th
Page 456 and 457:
Because the metal market economy is
Page 458 and 459:
14. J. -P. Lenoble (1992), Future d
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31. J. Francheteau, D. Needham, P.
Page 462 and 463:
48. J. -P. Lenoble (1996), Les nodu
Page 464 and 465:
66. J. -J. Prédali and J. -P. Polg
Page 466 and 467:
classification system, Mr. Lenoble
Page 468 and 469:
To recapitulate the sizes and possi
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proposed processing technologies an
Page 472 and 473:
international community is only jus
Page 474 and 475:
Part 2 ISSUES TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCO
Page 476 and 477:
The Secretary-General said that the
Page 478 and 479:
Mr. Nandan pointed out that the nex
Page 480 and 481:
problems would resurface, because i
Page 482 and 483:
prospecting would be more applicabl
Page 484 and 485:
dimensional seafloor massive sulphi
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workshop, in relation to deposit ev
Page 488 and 489:
an economic perspective, including
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sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromang
Page 492 and 493:
CHAPTER 13 PETROLEUM POTENTIAL AND
Page 494 and 495:
structure and filled with sediments
Page 496 and 497:
Basin groups are subdivided into ty
Page 498 and 499:
during the late Mesozoic-Cenozoic s
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 4: Volume density of initial
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ITIPRHC = Vnr φHC γ 103 (Mmtoe),
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Table 1: Offshore (deepwater) initi
Page 506 and 507:
Speaking about particular geographi
Page 508 and 509:
World Ocean, including areas off no
Page 510 and 511:
Table 4: Largest oil and gas discov
Page 512 and 513:
The extremely harsh environment bro
Page 514 and 515:
In other regions of the world, enco
Page 516 and 517:
REFERENCES 1. L.G. Weeks (1971), Ma
Page 518 and 519:
SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
Page 520 and 521:
Dr. Vysotsky said that estimates of
Page 522 and 523:
In Southeast Asia, Dr. Vysotsky spo
Page 524 and 525:
Philippines, and possibly Brazil. W
Page 526 and 527:
and we shall encounter severe deple
Page 528 and 529:
In the 1960's scientists discovered
Page 530 and 531:
Figure 2. Worldwide locations of kn
Page 532 and 533:
methane by bacteria in an anoxic en
Page 534 and 535:
It has been assumed that the struct
Page 536 and 537:
identification of gas hydrate in ma
Page 538 and 539:
ottom simulating reflections (BSR)
Page 540 and 541:
Figure 6: Interpretative plot of hy
Page 542 and 543:
floor have indicated the presence o
Page 544 and 545:
of free gas below the BSR is usuall
Page 546 and 547:
sediment and to provide an indicati
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6. Harvesting methane hydrates -Som
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deposits can be commercial, even in
Page 552 and 553:
at a catastrophic scale. Some of th
Page 554 and 555:
Figure 8. Development of hydrate re
Page 556 and 557:
This is perhaps due to the percepti
Page 558 and 559:
would provide Japan with methane fo
Page 560 and 561:
NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. E.D. Sloan
Page 562 and 563:
20. R.F. Meyer (1981), Speculation
Page 564 and 565:
Master Workshop on Gas Hydrates: Re
Page 566 and 567:
60. M.D. Max and M.J. Cruickshank (
Page 568 and 569:
is that their exploitation might re
Page 570 and 571:
further pointed out that even if on
Page 572 and 573:
Dr. Desa also informed participants
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thickness of the sediments, the thi
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pressure at sea level leads to hydr
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aware of any studies of natural ear
Page 580 and 581:
CHAPTER 15 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
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NAMIBIA L W OR CT BOTSWANA SOUTH AF
Page 584 and 585:
The Orange River, one of Africa’s
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formation of a large accretion coar
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The deep-water ore body more closel
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4. The mineral resource management
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deployed on a MacArtney FOCUS 400 R
Page 594 and 595:
Utilising Jago has made very detail
Page 596 and 597:
Although at first glance the nature
Page 598 and 599:
to levels capable of sustaining sea
Page 600 and 601:
In accordance with De Beers’ over
Page 602 and 603:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my many co
Page 604 and 605:
16. I.B. Corbett (1989), The sedime
Page 606 and 607:
Page 608 and 609:
eroded during regression and transg
Page 610 and 611:
diamond mining business. Dr. Corbet
Page 612 and 613:
technological step, Dr. Corbett sug
Page 614 and 615:
and Ore Reserves (JORC). He also sa
Page 616 and 617:
With another slide, Dr. Corbett sho
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of De Beers’ deepwater operation
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system that allows other functions
Page 622 and 623:
CHAPTER 16 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
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change through heat transport and c
Page 626 and 627:
Main sites of oxygen minimum Flow o
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• Undertake necessary mitigatory
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State, by such spilling or pollutio
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including diamonds, from non-fluore
Page 634 and 635:
agreements require that government
Page 636 and 637:
including current velocities, oxyge
Page 638 and 639:
ackground levels and confined to a
Page 640 and 641:
Sonar equipment used on some DBM ve
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advocated this approach for environ
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local geology, sedimentology and mi
Page 646 and 647:
Levene’s test could also be used
Page 648 and 649:
unquestionably be alarming, and the
Page 650 and 651:
3.4 Future Innovation in Video Tran
Page 652 and 653:
sponges and bryozoans to more gener
Page 654 and 655:
esearch contributions of Mark Gibbo
Page 656 and 657:
16. Craig R. Smith (1998), The Biol
Page 658 and 659:
magellanicus, Gmein) populations. J
Page 660 and 661:
Page 662 and 663:
presentation he would show that kno
Page 664 and 665:
process of self-regulatory checking
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initial mining, but that within a v
Page 668 and 669:
continental shelf. He suggested tha
Page 670 and 671:
would result in the extermination o
Page 672 and 673:
The participant from Saudi Arabia r
Page 674 and 675:
of the Namibian government would be
Page 676 and 677:
With the exception of the West Paci
Page 678 and 679:
1.3 Resources The oceanic regions o
Page 680 and 681:
2 Physiography of the Ocean Floor a
Page 682 and 683:
Page 684 and 685:
partially separated continental fra
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occur beneath the continental shelf
Page 688 and 689:
Using these criteria, a number of a
Page 690 and 691:
3.3 Methods used to assess resource
Page 692 and 693:
4.1.2 How marine placer deposits ar
Page 694 and 695:
to survive the transgression are pr
Page 696 and 697:
4.2.2 Where marine phosphorite depo
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sedimentary layers that are favoura
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4.4 Marine Polymetalic sulphides 4.
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4.4.4 Resource potential of marine
Page 704 and 705:
The most up to date information of
Page 706 and 707:
Manganese crusts that are rich in c
Page 708 and 709:
(3) where bottom currents are effec
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There are four elements are of econ
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averaging 2kg/m 2 . These contain e
Page 714 and 715:
520 million tonnes of copper”. In
Page 716 and 717:
Page 718 and 719:
Page 720 and 721:
Elemental resources for the top ten
Page 722 and 723:
natural gas is commonly formed in a
Page 724 and 725:
These areas are almost exclusively
Page 726 and 727:
Table 5 (with reference to Figure 2
Page 728 and 729:
with the term “resource” used e
Page 730 and 731:
Similarly, much of the continental
Page 732 and 733:
Although this is not an assessment
Page 734 and 735:
A qualitative indication of resourc
Page 736 and 737:
4.7.2 How marine gas hydrate deposi
Page 738 and 739:
However, this does not include the
Page 740 and 741:
Figure 28 shows the location of are
Page 742 and 743:
ELCS region Location Hydrate potent
Page 744 and 745:
Page 746 and 747:
Franklin Seamount, western Woodlark
Page 748 and 749:
Emery K. O. and Noakes L. C., Econo
Page 750 and 751:
Herzig, P.M. and Hannington M. D.,
Page 752 and 753:
Kvenvolden, K.A., Gas hydrates as a
Page 754 and 755:
Meyer, R.F., Speculations on oil an
Page 756 and 757:
Scott, S.D., Seafloor polymetallic
Page 758 and 759:
Evaporite deposits http://www.black
Page 760 and 761:
Page 762 and 763:
these areas cover something like 25
Page 764 and 765:
continental margins. He mentioned p
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programme off Nankeen, Japan, and t
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een happily persuaded in the other
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Part 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
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own Namdeb. In addition, there are
Page 774 and 775:
The stated purpose of the Minerals
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programme and specified minimum exp
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them to give proper attention to ea
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evaluation purposes in monitoring t
Page 782 and 783:
as far as the development of minera
Page 784 and 785:
Ms. Zaamwani said that the main leg
Page 786 and 787:
Ms. Zaamwani told participants that
Page 788 and 789:
the Ministry could benefit, as is c
Page 790 and 791:
understaffing do not currently util
Page 792 and 793:
One participant recalled that Ms. Z
Page 794 and 795:
vessels there are sophisticated sec
Page 796 and 797:
Ms. Zaamwani was asked about regula
Page 798 and 799:
70° 60° NORTH SEA -30° -20° -10
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of 9.6 billion Sm 3 oil equivalents
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Nor does it give rights or priority
Page 804 and 805:
1 4. Data Management All data relat
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possibility to evaluate the results
Page 808 and 809:
planning of future activities. The
Page 810 and 811:
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
Page 812 and 813:
in the Barents Sea there is still a
Page 814 and 815:
period that can last up to ten year
Page 816 and 817:
conditions in these areas, as well
Page 818 and 819:
designated by the Ministry. She sai
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quantity of data involved in the in
Page 822 and 823:
operation (PDO) is normally prepare
Page 824 and 825:
to the data when an area is relinqu
Page 826 and 827:
CHAPTER 20 STATUS REPORT ON THE DAT
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All the above-mentioned minerals oc
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e water depths between 400 and 1,00
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As far as the Government is concern
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• Ordinance number 195, of Decemb
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This tax must be paid up to January
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the one whose burning is authorised
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ANP may send a representative to fo
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esources other than oil or natural
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to the safety of persons and animal
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found offshore Brazil. With regard
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een discovered in the basin, includ
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enhance oil recovery. He said that
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g. Ordinance number 10 that regulat
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He said that the environment has to
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ids. These comprised five Brazilian
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After oil exploration gained moment
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Those who are entitled to the land
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and replaced by the President, and
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(ii) Assure the safety of navigatio
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explorations may continue concurren
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Appoint an authorized representativ
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The contractor will recover all ope
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of US dollar... (negotiable) within
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Processing of products is subject t
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are more than 30 articles in the va
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Ambassador Djalal informed particip
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production-sharing contracts became
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said that the remainder of the prod
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and cooperation with Pertamina and
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A participant wanted to know whethe
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of CCOP/SOPAC was to promote and de
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STAR was founded in 1985 in collabo
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Since 1972, SOPAC has, on behalf of
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France Seapso 1985-1986 Cook Is, Fi
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polymetallic massive sulphides. The
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crusts have also been found in area
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Figure 2: Location Map of Known Pol
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is currently no regional agency tas
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The types of data that have been in
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A new agreement between Japan and S
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SOPAC’s continuing and relentless
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deposits will be mined at some poin
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REFERENCES 1. D. Tiffin and C Matos
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18. J. Malnic. (1999). Marine Miner
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8. Individual nations should develo
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
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With regard to the name of the orga
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the benefit that had accrued to the
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The discussions that followed Mr. S
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About the International Seabed Auth
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Minerals Report - International Seabed Authority

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