Minerals Report - International Seabed Authority

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85. The New York Times (1997), First move made to mine mineral riches of seabed (William J. Broad), December 21, 1997. 86. P.M. Herzig, M.D. Hannington, B. McInnes, P. Stoffers, H. Villinger, R. Seifert, R. Binns, T. Liebe, and Scientific Party (1994), Submarine alkaline volcanism and active hydrothermal venting in the New Ireland forearc basin, Papua New Guinea. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 75, 513-516. 87. P.M. Herzig, and M.D. Hannington (1995), Hydrothermal activity, vent fauna, and submarine gold mineralisation at alkaline fore-arc seamounts near Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea. Proceedings Pacific Rim Congress 1995, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: 279-284. 88. P.M. Herzig, S. Petersen and M.D. Hannington (1999), Epithermal-type gold mineralisation at Conical Seamount: a shallow submarine volcano south of Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea. In: Stanley C.J. et al., Mineral Deposits: Processes to Processing, Proceedings of the fifth biennial SGA meeting and the tenth Quadrennial IAGOD symposium London: 527-530. INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 144
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSIONS ON SEAFLOOR MASSIVE SULPHIDES DEPOSITS AND THEIR RESOURCE POTENTIAL Presentation Professor Peter Herzig, of the Lehrstuhl fur Lagerstattenlehre Institut fur Mineralogie based in Freiberg/Sachsen, Germany, noted at the beginning of his presentation that it would overlap in part with Professor Rona’s presentation, and that his presentation on “Seaflloor massive sulphides deposits and their resource potential” would reflect the point of view of an Economic Geologist. He also informed participants that prior to his fifteen years of experience on seafloor massive sulphides deposits he was a geologist that specialized in land-based massive sulphides deposits. Utilizing slides, Professor Herzig reiterated some of the points made by Professor Rona, showing, inter alia, the principal morphological features of the modern seafloor: the deep ocean basins with water depths in excess of 5,000m and the occurrence of manganese nodules; sea mount areas of the Pacific and the occurrence of cobalt-rich manganese crusts deposits, and the mid-ocean ridge system, comprised of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the Red Sea, the Carlsberg Ridge, the Central Indian Ridge, the Southwest and Southeast Indian Ridges the East Pacific Rise, the Southeast Pacific Rise and the Northeast Pacific Rise. With regard to the mid-ocean ridge system, Professor Herzig noted that these ridges are to be found across all the major spreading centres of the world’s oceans, and that with a total length of 55,000 km, the ridge system is an important morphological feature of the seafloor. He further noted that ridges also define boundaries, places where new oceanic crusts are being continuously formed In relation to crust formation, Professor Herzig informed participants that rates differed in different parts of the ocean. For example, he noted that the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a slow spreading ridge with a spreading rate of only a few centimetres per year, while the East Pacific Rise, in particular in it’s INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 145
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Workshop on Minerals Other than Pol
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Published in Jamaica 2004 by the In
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Chapter 6* Impact of the Developmen
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PART 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
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The Authority designates one of two
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deposits and gas hydrates of the co
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Prof. Chris German, Challenger Divi
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Mr. Sven Petersen, Research Associa
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SECRETARIAT Ambassador Satya N. Nan
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is to submit “an application that
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that was established to help protec
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on the continental margin. He state
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with the German firm Preussag. As p
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metre or metres of these black smok
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nodules in terms of these metals -
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Professor Herzig stressed however t
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While noting that the continuity of
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asal diameter at 1,600 m water dept
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discovery of the new hydrothermal s
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esearch cruises dedicated to ferrom
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global mid-ocean ridge system. He p
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athymetric map of the seafloor. A s
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were encouraging. In the course of
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that this matter was sensitive, he
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complete a preliminary evaluation o
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metals - nickel, cobalt, manganese,
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12. Issues to be taken into account
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entities. Many of them included min
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In this regard, the Secretary-Gener
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According to Dr. Vysotsky, as estim
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With regard to current knowledge ab
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Dr. Corbett gave a brief account of
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River resulting in the introduction
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Ms. Zaamwani pointed out that as th
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geochemical and geotechnical survey
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of its continental shelf through bi
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also stated, is similar to that of
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Chapter 7 Technical requirements fo
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Table 1: Classification of marine m
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Volcanogenic Metalliferous sediment
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deposits, including massive sulphid
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3. Marine Minerals Related to Deep
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The black smoker chimneys dischargi
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contain metals are present at discr
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Figure 4. A diagrammatic east-west
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and refining of these crusts is mor
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distances of hundreds of kilometres
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2) Deep ocean hot springs at massiv
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6. P.A. Rona, M.D. Hannington, C.V.
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25. M.J. Cruickshank (1998), Law of
Page 102 and 103: With regard to marine mineral depos
Page 104 and 105: Focussing on sites of sea floor min
Page 106 and 107: scientific journal "Nature". The su
Page 108 and 109: Professor Rona recalled that the in
Page 110 and 111: like St. Stephen’s in the Kremlin
Page 112 and 113: He noted that another product of ho
Page 114 and 115: The reasons why the Red Sea deposit
Page 116 and 117: a number of geothermal wells have b
Page 118 and 119: 1. Introduction The discovery of hi
Page 120 and 121: 0° 30° 30° 60° Explorer Ridge C
Page 122 and 123: 3. Hydrothermal Convection At ocean
Page 124 and 125: Due to its increased buoyancy at hi
Page 126 and 127: 5. Metal Contents Despite moderate
Page 128 and 129: (11.8 wt.%), and have high concentr
Page 130 and 131: Table 3: Size and Tonnage - Atlanti
Page 132 and 133: Local enrichment of more than 40 pp
Page 134 and 135: the Red Sea, Middle Valley, Explore
Page 136 and 137: Table 8: Advantages of Seafloor Mas
Page 138 and 139: 60 kg Au) located on the neighbouri
Page 140 and 141: 9. Perspective If further explorati
Page 142 and 143: 3. J.M. Franklin, J.W. Lydon, and D
Page 144 and 145: 19. R.A. Zierenberg, Y. Fouquet, D.
Page 146 and 147: 35. J. Collier, M. Sinha (1990), Se
Page 148 and 149: 53. P.M. Herzig, Y. Fouquet, M.D. H
Page 150 and 151: 68. M.D. Hannington, J.M. Peter, an
Page 154 and 155: southern segment is a fast-spreadin
Page 156 and 157: Professor Herzig said that the spec
Page 158 and 159: Professor Herzig said that the depo
Page 160 and 161: Professor Herzig informed participa
Page 162 and 163: he informed participants that in ad
Page 164 and 165: In relation to Conical Seamount, Pr
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Page 168 and 169: would be removed from the deposit.
Page 170 and 171: CHAPTER 3 REGIONAL AND LOCAL VARIAB
Page 172 and 173: � Metallogenic provinces that are
Page 174 and 175: A digital map of ore-bearing region
Page 176 and 177: of the slopes in between 1500-3000m
Page 178 and 179: development there are areas with ma
Page 180 and 181: Regarding the formation of the firs
Page 182 and 183: SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
Page 184 and 185: the Juan-de-Fuca Ridge, the Guaymas
Page 186 and 187: Intensive investigations resulted i
Page 188 and 189: Based on the potential resources co
Page 190 and 191: It should be noted that other massi
Page 192 and 193: Generally, the massive sulphides or
Page 194 and 195: With regard to the gold values repo
Page 196 and 197: CHAPTER 5 COBALT-RICH FERROMANGANES
Page 198 and 199: Current patterns, topography, botto
Page 200 and 201: Table 1: Contents of manganese, iro
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 194
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Depth (km) 0 100 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 O
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sediment. Those thinly veiled crust
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Table 3: Cruises dedicated to the s
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today. Field studies by the USA, Ge
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Phosphorite and fresh basalt are st
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3.2. Mineralogy The mineralogy of b
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Samples 25 20 15 10 5 0 Growth Rate
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3.4. Chemical Composition All USGS
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elements associated with the detrit
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Sample/PAAS 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
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Phosphatization of the older Fe-Mn
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A. B. C. Mn FSM-Palau Marshall Isla
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4. Iron-Manganese Crust Formation E
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5. Biological Communities and Curre
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6. Resource, Technology and Economi
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MAJOR DIMENSIONS Length : 13 m Widt
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not economical, under the circumsta
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Based on grade, tonnage, and oceano
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3. J.R. Hein and C.L. Morgan (1999)
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deep sea deposits, Report on the Sc
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29. T. Moritani and S. Nakao (eds.)
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Angeles, CA, International Society
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geochemistry of Central Pacific fer
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73. J.W. Moffett (1990), Microbiall
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86. D. Puteanus and P. Halbach (54)
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110. A Koschinsky and P Halbach (46
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132. J.R. Hein et al. (1) 133. H.H.
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B. 14°30'N 14°20'N 14°10'N 160°
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Appendix 4. 1-m-diameter circular c
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economic potential in hydrogenetic
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Zealand Oceanographic Institute, th
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depths. Up welling increases primar
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een recovered is 25 cm. He also sai
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shallower than 1500 metres, a shall
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In relation to mining technology, o
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On the most promising sites for cru
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In addition to the International Se
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1. Introduction Plant life is impos
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Table 1 Potential microbial metabol
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Figure 2 Simplified representation
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Figure 3 Major components of a gene
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the mussel's nutrition. When experi
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Reasons for this do not appear to b
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egions, one study pointed out that
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very widespread, supporting microbi
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Studies of the rapid colonisation o
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y mining, which is expected to be v
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2. J. B. Corliss, J. Dymond, L. Gor
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19. V. Tunnicliffe, A.G. McArthur a
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
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together with mucus that is secrete
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close to neutral ph conditions, it
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France, Germany, the United Kingdom
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of the sedimentary column, whereas
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Table 2: Research Submersibles and
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4. Technical Requirements For resea
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5. Processing Technologies The phys
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grow on substrate rocks because of
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5. M.D. Hannington, A.G. Galley, P.
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Dr. Herzig informed participants th
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search for sites of hydrothermal ve
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with such a grab. In addition to th
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Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) D
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equired to make sure that the ship
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Dr. Herzig summarized the technical
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commercial. Since confidentiality o
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CHAPTER 8 FACTORS IN FINANCING EXPL
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The traditional project stages that
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there is a subset that forms in spe
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of competing for the attention of i
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7. Why SMS Mines will be Lower Cost
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8. Modelling SMS mining offers scop
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Because exhalative SMS deposits are
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flow to the metal markets. He also
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shortage in the next couple of year
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starts, the operation could take pl
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Based on this and other considerati
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Mr. Malnic said that the mining ope
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and silver. Except for volcanically
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2.2. Major Features of the Draft Of
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As a general principle the fiscal p
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I think the issue is not as simple
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Table 3: Data and information requi
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former case a reminder notice is se
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6. Elisabeth Mann Borgese, Ocean Go
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longer an area is held, more inform
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from the deep sea. One group of enz
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CHAPTER 10 NATIONAL AND INTERNATION
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times greater than atmospheric pres
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Fig. 2 Schematic diagram showing th
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Figure. 4: Distributions of hydroth
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Figure 6: Distributions of hydrothe
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Figure.8: Plot of incidence of hydr
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et al., 1998) - one of the two very
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seabed but, instead, are dispersed
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Figure 10: The Southampton Oceanogr
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oxide material, polymetallic sulphi
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Figure 13: TOBI sidescan sonar imag
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to ex
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15. Cronan D S (ed.) Handbook of Ma
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33. Gross G.A. and McLeod C.R., Met
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51. Jones H. A. and Davies P. J., P
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69. Manheim F. T., Composition and
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87. Muller, R.D., Roest, W.R., Roye
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107. Warren, J., Evaporites: their
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cultivating sulphide oxidising bact
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In relation to spreading rates at v
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coordination to actually get to go
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esources and to know whether or not
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ROVS, AUVs or submersibles to produ
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have oversimplified the case in his
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CHAPTER 11 A COMPARISON OF THE POSS
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This paper proposes to compare the
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• The distance between the mining
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economic value. Phosphatisation has
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The morphology of the mineral edifi
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Table 3: Geochemistry of known mass
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Detailed exploration has not been c
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flotation, can separate the ferroma
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The crushed and ground ore can be c
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3.2. Assumptions made for each kind
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alloys or even manganese ore in the
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ought the nickel price to a top. Th
Page 456 and 457:
Because the metal market economy is
Page 458 and 459:
14. J. -P. Lenoble (1992), Future d
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31. J. Francheteau, D. Needham, P.
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48. J. -P. Lenoble (1996), Les nodu
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66. J. -J. Prédali and J. -P. Polg
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classification system, Mr. Lenoble
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To recapitulate the sizes and possi
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proposed processing technologies an
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international community is only jus
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Part 2 ISSUES TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCO
Page 476 and 477:
The Secretary-General said that the
Page 478 and 479:
Mr. Nandan pointed out that the nex
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problems would resurface, because i
Page 482 and 483:
prospecting would be more applicabl
Page 484 and 485:
dimensional seafloor massive sulphi
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workshop, in relation to deposit ev
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an economic perspective, including
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sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromang
Page 492 and 493:
CHAPTER 13 PETROLEUM POTENTIAL AND
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structure and filled with sediments
Page 496 and 497:
Basin groups are subdivided into ty
Page 498 and 499:
during the late Mesozoic-Cenozoic s
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 4: Volume density of initial
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ITIPRHC = Vnr φHC γ 103 (Mmtoe),
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Table 1: Offshore (deepwater) initi
Page 506 and 507:
Speaking about particular geographi
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World Ocean, including areas off no
Page 510 and 511:
Table 4: Largest oil and gas discov
Page 512 and 513:
The extremely harsh environment bro
Page 514 and 515:
In other regions of the world, enco
Page 516 and 517:
REFERENCES 1. L.G. Weeks (1971), Ma
Page 518 and 519:
SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
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Dr. Vysotsky said that estimates of
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In Southeast Asia, Dr. Vysotsky spo
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Philippines, and possibly Brazil. W
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and we shall encounter severe deple
Page 528 and 529:
In the 1960's scientists discovered
Page 530 and 531:
Figure 2. Worldwide locations of kn
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methane by bacteria in an anoxic en
Page 534 and 535:
It has been assumed that the struct
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identification of gas hydrate in ma
Page 538 and 539:
ottom simulating reflections (BSR)
Page 540 and 541:
Figure 6: Interpretative plot of hy
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floor have indicated the presence o
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of free gas below the BSR is usuall
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sediment and to provide an indicati
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6. Harvesting methane hydrates -Som
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deposits can be commercial, even in
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at a catastrophic scale. Some of th
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Figure 8. Development of hydrate re
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This is perhaps due to the percepti
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would provide Japan with methane fo
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NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. E.D. Sloan
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20. R.F. Meyer (1981), Speculation
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Master Workshop on Gas Hydrates: Re
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60. M.D. Max and M.J. Cruickshank (
Page 568 and 569:
is that their exploitation might re
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further pointed out that even if on
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Dr. Desa also informed participants
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thickness of the sediments, the thi
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pressure at sea level leads to hydr
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aware of any studies of natural ear
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CHAPTER 15 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
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NAMIBIA L W OR CT BOTSWANA SOUTH AF
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The Orange River, one of Africa’s
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formation of a large accretion coar
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The deep-water ore body more closel
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4. The mineral resource management
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deployed on a MacArtney FOCUS 400 R
Page 594 and 595:
Utilising Jago has made very detail
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Although at first glance the nature
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to levels capable of sustaining sea
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In accordance with De Beers’ over
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my many co
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16. I.B. Corbett (1989), The sedime
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Page 608 and 609:
eroded during regression and transg
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diamond mining business. Dr. Corbet
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technological step, Dr. Corbett sug
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and Ore Reserves (JORC). He also sa
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With another slide, Dr. Corbett sho
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of De Beers’ deepwater operation
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system that allows other functions
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CHAPTER 16 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
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change through heat transport and c
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Main sites of oxygen minimum Flow o
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• Undertake necessary mitigatory
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State, by such spilling or pollutio
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including diamonds, from non-fluore
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agreements require that government
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including current velocities, oxyge
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ackground levels and confined to a
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Sonar equipment used on some DBM ve
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advocated this approach for environ
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local geology, sedimentology and mi
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Levene’s test could also be used
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unquestionably be alarming, and the
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3.4 Future Innovation in Video Tran
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sponges and bryozoans to more gener
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esearch contributions of Mark Gibbo
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16. Craig R. Smith (1998), The Biol
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magellanicus, Gmein) populations. J
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presentation he would show that kno
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process of self-regulatory checking
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initial mining, but that within a v
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continental shelf. He suggested tha
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would result in the extermination o
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The participant from Saudi Arabia r
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of the Namibian government would be
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With the exception of the West Paci
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1.3 Resources The oceanic regions o
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2 Physiography of the Ocean Floor a
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Page 684 and 685:
partially separated continental fra
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occur beneath the continental shelf
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Using these criteria, a number of a
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3.3 Methods used to assess resource
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4.1.2 How marine placer deposits ar
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to survive the transgression are pr
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4.2.2 Where marine phosphorite depo
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sedimentary layers that are favoura
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4.4 Marine Polymetalic sulphides 4.
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4.4.4 Resource potential of marine
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The most up to date information of
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Manganese crusts that are rich in c
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(3) where bottom currents are effec
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There are four elements are of econ
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averaging 2kg/m 2 . These contain e
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520 million tonnes of copper”. In
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Page 718 and 719:
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Elemental resources for the top ten
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natural gas is commonly formed in a
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These areas are almost exclusively
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Table 5 (with reference to Figure 2
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with the term “resource” used e
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Similarly, much of the continental
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Although this is not an assessment
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A qualitative indication of resourc
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4.7.2 How marine gas hydrate deposi
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However, this does not include the
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Figure 28 shows the location of are
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ELCS region Location Hydrate potent
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Franklin Seamount, western Woodlark
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Emery K. O. and Noakes L. C., Econo
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Herzig, P.M. and Hannington M. D.,
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Kvenvolden, K.A., Gas hydrates as a
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Meyer, R.F., Speculations on oil an
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Scott, S.D., Seafloor polymetallic
Page 758 and 759:
Evaporite deposits http://www.black
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these areas cover something like 25
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continental margins. He mentioned p
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programme off Nankeen, Japan, and t
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een happily persuaded in the other
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Part 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
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own Namdeb. In addition, there are
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The stated purpose of the Minerals
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programme and specified minimum exp
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them to give proper attention to ea
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evaluation purposes in monitoring t
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as far as the development of minera
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Ms. Zaamwani said that the main leg
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Ms. Zaamwani told participants that
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the Ministry could benefit, as is c
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understaffing do not currently util
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One participant recalled that Ms. Z
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vessels there are sophisticated sec
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Ms. Zaamwani was asked about regula
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70° 60° NORTH SEA -30° -20° -10
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of 9.6 billion Sm 3 oil equivalents
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Nor does it give rights or priority
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1 4. Data Management All data relat
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possibility to evaluate the results
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planning of future activities. The
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
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in the Barents Sea there is still a
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period that can last up to ten year
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conditions in these areas, as well
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designated by the Ministry. She sai
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quantity of data involved in the in
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operation (PDO) is normally prepare
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to the data when an area is relinqu
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CHAPTER 20 STATUS REPORT ON THE DAT
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All the above-mentioned minerals oc
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e water depths between 400 and 1,00
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As far as the Government is concern
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• Ordinance number 195, of Decemb
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This tax must be paid up to January
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the one whose burning is authorised
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ANP may send a representative to fo
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esources other than oil or natural
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to the safety of persons and animal
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found offshore Brazil. With regard
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een discovered in the basin, includ
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enhance oil recovery. He said that
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g. Ordinance number 10 that regulat
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He said that the environment has to
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ids. These comprised five Brazilian
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After oil exploration gained moment
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Those who are entitled to the land
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and replaced by the President, and
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(ii) Assure the safety of navigatio
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explorations may continue concurren
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Appoint an authorized representativ
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The contractor will recover all ope
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of US dollar... (negotiable) within
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Processing of products is subject t
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are more than 30 articles in the va
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Ambassador Djalal informed particip
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production-sharing contracts became
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said that the remainder of the prod
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and cooperation with Pertamina and
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A participant wanted to know whethe
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of CCOP/SOPAC was to promote and de
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STAR was founded in 1985 in collabo
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Since 1972, SOPAC has, on behalf of
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France Seapso 1985-1986 Cook Is, Fi
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polymetallic massive sulphides. The
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crusts have also been found in area
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Figure 2: Location Map of Known Pol
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is currently no regional agency tas
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The types of data that have been in
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A new agreement between Japan and S
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SOPAC’s continuing and relentless
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deposits will be mined at some poin
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REFERENCES 1. D. Tiffin and C Matos
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18. J. Malnic. (1999). Marine Miner
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8. Individual nations should develo
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
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With regard to the name of the orga
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the benefit that had accrued to the
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The discussions that followed Mr. S
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About the International Seabed Auth
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Minerals Report - International Seabed Authority

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