Fauna of NZ 45 - Landcare Research
Fauna of NZ 45 - Landcare Research
Fauna of NZ 45 - Landcare Research
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
6 Kuschel (2003): Nemonychidae, Belidae, Brentidae (Insecta: Coleoptera)<br />
Conventionally, weevils are divided into two convenient<br />
groups: Orthoceri, defined by having all antennal segments<br />
following a straight line, and Gonatoceri, characterised by<br />
‘broken’or elbowed antennae, the result <strong>of</strong> a deviation in<br />
an angle <strong>of</strong> the segments following the basal one (scape).<br />
All Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous weevils were Orthoceri<br />
with straight antennae associated with gymnosperms. The<br />
vast majority <strong>of</strong> extant Nemonychidae, and some Belidae,<br />
retain an association with gymnosperms and still live<br />
exclusisvely on Araucariaceae, Podocarpaceae, and Pinaceae.<br />
This contribution is devoted to the 3 Orthoceri families<br />
Nemonychidae, Belidae, and Brentidae (the other Orthoceri<br />
family Anthribidae, with 58 species, has been revised by<br />
Holloway (1982), <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>of</strong> New Zealand 3). Although<br />
these 3 families are poorly represented in New Zealand,<br />
with only 16 native and 1 introduced species, they are <strong>of</strong><br />
considerable biological, phylogenetic, and biogeographical<br />
interest. All 4 species <strong>of</strong> Nemonychidae, and 5 out <strong>of</strong> 6<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Belidae, are associated with Podocarpaceae<br />
(totara, rimu, matai, kahikatea and relatives) and<br />
Phyllocladacaeae (tanekaha, toatoa). Whilst the<br />
Nemonychidae <strong>of</strong> New Zealand are closer to the Chilean<br />
species found on Podocarpaceae than to the Australian<br />
ones found on Araucariaceae, 5 species <strong>of</strong> Belidae show a<br />
definite close affinity to Australia. The sixth belid species<br />
belongs to a New Caledonian genus associated with<br />
Araliaceae.<br />
The family Brentidae has 2 dissimilar subfamilies in<br />
New Zealand: Brentinae and Apioninae. Brentinae are<br />
represented by an endemic genus and species known as the<br />
giraffe weevil (pepeke nguturoa): The size difference and<br />
the sexual dimorphism <strong>of</strong> this species is spectacular. The<br />
giraffe weevil is unique in being the sole weevil species in<br />
the world with a visible scutellum. It is also unique in that<br />
some <strong>of</strong> its males can be over 8 cm long, thus easily<br />
surpassing the length <strong>of</strong> any other brentine. The subfamily<br />
Apioninae is represented by 5 native and 1 foreign species,<br />
the latter purposely introduced for a partial control <strong>of</strong><br />
gorse (Ulex europaeus). Three genera, with a single species<br />
each, are endemic. They are not close to each other or to<br />
anything else outside New Zealand. One genus (Zelapterus)<br />
has a very small, smooth, and shiny species that is flightless<br />
and still has no known host. Another genus (Cecydophyus)<br />
is represented by a large, dull, and hairy species, whose<br />
host is silver beech (Noth<strong>of</strong>agus menziesii). The third genus<br />
(Strobilobius) has a species with hairless, deeply sculptured<br />
elytra, and is <strong>of</strong> considerable interest because <strong>of</strong> its<br />
association with the coniferous pahautea (Libocedrus<br />
bidwillii) <strong>of</strong> the cypress family. The fourth apionine genus<br />
(Neocyba) is also endemic, with 2 species associated with<br />
rata and pohutukawa (Metrosideros spp.). It is closely<br />
related to a genus from New Caledonia.<br />
i te ao. He whai ngutu roa ng~ w§whara o neher~, he roa, he<br />
tÇhihi te kauwae, he roa anÇ ng~ hihip~ i ng~ ngutu me te<br />
kauwae. E tohu ana te waha koinei te hanga he kai hae pea<br />
ng~ w§whara o tua whakarere. He whai huainohi rahi - he<br />
t~ne ‘tahi, he w~hine ‘tahi – (ka k§ia he strobili) ng~ tipu<br />
kano tahanga, ~, in~ k‘ te nui o te hae mÇmona ka hangaia<br />
e ng~ huainohi t~ne. NÇ reira, e whakapaetia ana ko te hae<br />
anake pea te kai a ng~ w§whara o te takiw~ Jurassic. Ka<br />
mutu, katoa ng~ momo nemonychid e ora tonu ana, he kai<br />
hae anake, he tino kai r~nei te hae n~ r~tou.<br />
Kua wehea e te ao pãtaiao ng~ w§whara kia rua ng~<br />
karangatanga wh~nui: ko te Orthoceri t‘tahi, ko te tohu<br />
tautuhi i t‘nei karangatanga, ko te noho r~rangi tÇtika mai<br />
o ng~ w~hanga katoa o ng~ pãhihi; ko ng~ Gonatoceri anÇ<br />
t‘tahi, ~nÇ nei kua whati, he whai ‘tuke’ r~nei Ç r~tou<br />
pãhihi (i p‘r~ ai i te mea he kotiti te ahunga o te w~hanga<br />
tuarua o ng~ pãhihi, ar~, te w~hanga ka whai i muri mai i te<br />
w~hanga i te pãtake). Katoa ng~ w§whara o te takiw~<br />
Jurassic me te Cretaceous o Raro, nÇ te karangatanga<br />
Orthoceri, ~, he rere tÇtika ng~ pãhihi, e tohu ana i te<br />
hononga ki ng~ tipu kano tahanga. Ko te tino nuinga o ng~<br />
Nemonychidae, tae atu ki ‘tahi o ng~ Belidae, e honoa<br />
tonutia ana ki ng~ tipu kano tahanga, ~, kei te noho<br />
motuhake ki ng~ Araucariaceae, ng~ Podocarpaceae, me<br />
ng~ Pinaceae.<br />
Kei te aro wh~iti t‘nei o ng~ t~nga kÇrero ki ‘tahi<br />
wh~nau Orthoceri e 3, ar~, ng~ Nemonychidae, ng~ Belidae,<br />
me ng~ Brentidae (kua oti i a Holloway (1982) te ~ta<br />
tirotiro t‘r~ atu wh~nau Orthoceri, me ng~ momo<br />
Anthribidae e 58, i Te Aitanga Pepeke o Aotearoa 3).<br />
Ahakoa k~ore e kaha nohoia ana a Aotearoa e ‘nei wh~nau<br />
e 3 (16 ng~ momo nÇ konei taketake ake, 1 te momo<br />
r~waho), he wh~nau e ~ta arohia nuitia ana e te hunga<br />
m~tai pepeke mÇ te w~hi ki te koiora, te whakapapa, me<br />
te arowhenua-koiora. Katoa ng~ momo Nemonychidae e<br />
4, me ‘tahi momo Belidae e 5 o roto i te 6, e whai hononga<br />
ana ki ng~ Podocarpaceae (te tÇtara, te rimu, te mata§, te<br />
kahikatea me ‘r~ atu o t‘nei k~hui r~kau) me ng~<br />
Phyllocladacaeae (te t~nekaha me te toatoa). He tata ake<br />
ng~ Nemonychidae o Aotearoa ki ng~ Nemonychidae noho<br />
Podocarpaceae o Chile, t‘n~ i ‘r~ o Ahitereira e noho ana<br />
ki ng~ Araucariaceae, engari e 5 ng~ momo Belidae e kaha<br />
rite ana ki Ç Ahitereiria. Ko te belid tuaono, nÇ t‘tahi<br />
puninga o New Caledonia, ~, e honoa ana ki ng~ Araliaceae.<br />
E rua ng~ wh~nau wh~iti o nga Brentidae i Aotearoa,<br />
k~ore e tino rite t‘tahi ki t‘tahi. Kotahi te puninga<br />
Brentinae nÇ Aotearoa taketake ake, kotahi anÇ te momo<br />
o roto i taua puninga. Koia t‘r~ ko te pepeke nguturoa.<br />
Me kÇrero te rerek‘ o te rahi me te hanga o te tinana o te<br />
toa me te uwha o t‘nei momo. He ahurei te pepeke<br />
(haere tonu)