Fauna of NZ 45 - Landcare Research

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4 Kuschel (2003): Nemonychidae, Belidae, Brentidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) Copyright © Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd 2003 No part of this work covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping information retrieval systems, or otherwise) without the written permission of the publisher. Cataloguing in publication KUSCHEL, G.. Nemonychidae, Belidae, Brentidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) / G. Kuschel – Lincoln, Canterbury, N.Z. : Manaaki Whenua Press, 2003. (Fauna of New Zealand, ISSN 0111–5383 ; no. 45). ISBN 0-478-09348-9 I. Title. II. Series. UDC 595.768.23 Suggested citations: Kuschel, G. 2003. Nemonychidae, Belidae, Brentidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Fauna of New Zealand 45, 100 pp. Kuschel G.; Leschen, R. A. B. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships of the genera of Belinae. pp. 48-55 In Kuschel, G. 2003. Nemonychidae, Belidae, Brentidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Fauna of New Zealand 45. Prepared for publication by the series editor using computer-based text processing, layout, and printing at Landcare Research, Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand M~ori text by H. Jacob, Huatau Consultants, Levin. Published by Manaaki Whenua Press, Landcare Research, P.O. Box 40, Lincoln, Canterbury, N.Z. Website: http://www.mwpress.co.nz/ Printed by PrintLink Ltd, Wellington Front cover: Strobilobius libocedri Kuschel, the pahautea weevil (Illustrator: D. W. Helmore). Publication of the Fauna of New Zealand series is the result of a research investment by the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology under contract number C09X0202.
Fauna of New Zealand 45 5 POPULAR SUMMARY HE WHAKARAPOPOTOTANGA Class Insecta Order Coleoptera Families Nemonychidae, Belidae, Brentidae Orthoceri Weevils This contribution deals with Orthoceri weevils of the families Nemonychidae, Belidae and Brentidae. Weevils are a major taxon of beetles characterised by a head extended into a proboscis or rostrum. They are plant-feeders as adult and larva. Depending on how important certain plants are to the economy of a country, weevils are perceived as beneficial, of no importance, or pests. They are usually of no importance in their native country, but can become pests in other countries. However, if noxious weeds have host-specific weevils in their original country, the weevils can be imported under strict quarantine conditions and may be released after ensuring that they are free of parasitoids and do not affect any native plants. New Zealand has already introduced and released weevils for the control of gorse and thistles, and is considering other introductions. Weevils have existed for at least 140 million years, since the era of gymnosperms (cycads and conifers) and dinosaurs. Weevil fossils were already abundant well before flowering plants (angiosperms) appeared on earth. Gymnosperm species have since declined to very low numbers, and angiosperms, known only since Cretaceous times, have proliferated to some 200 000 species worldwide. Early weevils had a long rostrum, with long, slender mandibles and long labial and maxillary palps. These mouthpart features strongly suggest that ancestral weevils were pollen-feeders. Gymnosperms have large male and female cones (strobili), and the male cones produce copious amounts of highly nutritious pollen. Therefore it is assumed that Jurassic weevils would have been specialist pollen feeders, because all extant nemonychid species still have pollen as their sole or main diet. (continued overleaf) Illustration / Whakaahua: Strobilobius lidocedri Kuschel, a special apionine unique to Cupressaceae, and amongst apionines almost the only species unique to conifers worldwide (Illustrator / Kaiwhakaahua: D. W. Helmore). Ko ng~ w§whara Orthoceri o ng~ wh~nau Nemonychidae, Belidae, me Brentidae te aronga o t‘nei tuhinga. He tino karangatanga ng~ w§whara nÇ te k~hui p§tara nui tonu. Ar~ tÇna tino tohu, ko te tipu whakamua o te upoko, ko te waha, ko te ngutu r~nei kei te pito rawa. He kai tipu ng~ pakeke me te kÇhungahunga. Ko te whakaaro he hanga pai, he hanga kino r~nei te w§whara, kei te ~hua tonu o te noho taonga o ng~ tipu e whai hononga ana ki te w§whara ki te Çhanga o t‘tahi whenua. I te nuinga o te w~, k~ore te w§whara e whakararu i te iwi i tÇna whenua ake, engari t‘r~ ka noho hei hanga kino i whenua k‘. Heoi anÇ, m‘n~ he momo w§whara e noho motuhake ana ki t‘tahi otaota kino i tÇna whenua ake, t‘r~ ka ~ta t§kina atu taua w§whara, i runga anÇ i ng~ here tã taratahi e tika ana, ~, ina kitea k~ore Çna pirinoa, k~ore r~nei Çna p~nga kino ki ng~ r~kau m~ori, hei reira pea tukuna ai kia rarau te noho ki tana whenua hou. Kua whakanohoia k‘tia mai ki Aotearoa nei ‘tahi w§whara hei patu i te kÇhe me te kotimana, ~, e whakaarohia ana kia t§kina atu anÇ ‘tahi. Kua 140 miriona tau, neke atu ng~ w§whara e ora ana ki t‘nei ao, ar~, nÇ te w~ o ng~ tipu kano tahanga (ng~ cycad me ng~ r~kau whai huainohi) me ng~ moko tuauri. Ar~ te huhua o ng~ w§whara m~t~toka kua kitea, nÇ mua noa atu i te orokohanga ake o ng~ tipu whaipua. Kua tino heke haere te maha o ng~ tipu kano tahanga, engari ko ng~ tipu whaipua, i puta tuatahi i te takiw~ Cretaceous, kua tipu kia mano, kia rea – e 200,000 pea ng~ momo puta noa (haere tonu)
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