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TOXICITY OF THE ANTISAPSTAIN FUNGICIDES, DDAC AND IPBC ...

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4.5 <strong>TOXICITY</strong> <strong>OF</strong> <strong>DDAC</strong> <strong>AND</strong> <strong>IPBC</strong> TO FISHES <strong>AND</strong> AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES<br />

Based on the general inadequacies of predicting impacts of specific chemicals in our rivers with standardized<br />

species and laboratory conditions, it is recommended that research on the use of mesocosms be initiated.<br />

Mesocosms could be set up to use river water and intermittent injection of runoff to mimic the real world<br />

(see Culp et al. 1999). This approach would require the development of a laboratory infrastructure to<br />

supply ecologically relevant species for testing.<br />

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />

The technical support of Anthony Wood, Eric Stockner, Blair Johnston, Joanne Scherba and Keith Tierney<br />

during this project was invaluable. The test chemicals used in this study were kindly donated by Kop-Coat<br />

Inc., Pittsburgh, PA (Troysan Polyphase P-100) and Lonza Inc., Fair Lawn, NJ (Bardac 2280).<br />

REFERENCES<br />

Adams, S. M. 1990. Status and use of biological indicators for evaluating the effects of stress on fish. American Fisheries<br />

Society Symposium 8: 1–8.<br />

Bennett, W. R. and A. P. Farrell. 1998. Acute toxicity testing with juvenile white sturgeon. Water Quality Research Journal<br />

of Canada 33: 95–110.<br />

Cooper, J. C. 1988. Review of the environmental toxicity of quaternary ammonium halides. Ecotoxicology and<br />

Environmental Safety 16: 65–71.<br />

Culp, J. and R. Lowell. 1999. Pulp mill effluent impacts on benthic communities and selected fish species in the Fraser<br />

River Basin. In: C. Gray and T. Tuominen, eds. Health of the Fraser River Aquatic Ecosystem: A Synthesis of Research<br />

Conducted Under the Fraser River Action Plan. Environment Canada, Vancouver, B.C. DOE FRAP 98-11.<br />

Envirochem. 1992. Lower Mainland Region Antisapstain Facilities: Assessment of Operational Practices and Environmental<br />

Discharge Study. BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria, B.C. Pp. 1–56.<br />

Environment Canada. 1997. Regional Program Report 97-15. 1996 Annual Compliance Report for the Antisapstain Wood<br />

Preservative Industry in British Columbia. http://www.pyr.ec.gc.ca/ep/programs/eppy/enforce/0main96.htm<br />

Environment Canada. Draft 1998. Water Quality Guideline for the Protection of Aquatic Life for Didecyldimethylammonium<br />

Chloride (<strong>DDAC</strong>). Guidelines and Standards Division, Hull, Que.<br />

Environment Canada. Draft 1999. Water Quality Guideline for the Protection of Aquatic Life for 3-Iodo-2-Propynyl Butyl<br />

Carbamate (<strong>IPBC</strong>). Guidelines and Standards Division, Hull, Que.<br />

Farrell, A. P., C. J. Kennedy, A. Wood, B. D. Johnston and W. R. Bennett. 1998a. Acute toxicity of a<br />

didecyldimethylammonium chloride-based wood preservative, Bardac 2280, to aquatic species. Environmental<br />

Toxicology and Chemistry 17: 1552–1557.<br />

Farrell, A. P., E. Stockner and C. J. Kennedy. 1998b. A study of the lethal and sublethal toxicity of Polyphase P-100, an<br />

antisapstain fungicide containing 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate (<strong>IPBC</strong>), on fish and aquatic invertebrates.<br />

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35: 472–478.<br />

Farrell, A. P. and C. J. Kennedy. 1999. Studies of the Lethal and Sublethal Toxicity of Antisapstain Fungicide Formulations<br />

Containing Didecydimethylammonium Chloride (<strong>DDAC</strong>) and 3-Iodo-2-Propynyl Butyl Carbamate (<strong>IPBC</strong>) to Fishes and<br />

Aquatic Invertebrates. DOE FRAP. Environment Canada, Vancouver. B.C.<br />

Government of British Columbia. 1990. Schedule - Antisapstain Chemical Waste Control Regulation. September 1990.<br />

Henderson, N. D. 1992a. A Review of the Environmental Impact and Toxic Effects of <strong>DDAC</strong>. British Columbia Ministry of<br />

Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria, B.C. Pp. 1–44.<br />

Henderson, N. D. 1992b. A Review of the Environmental Impact and Toxic Effects of <strong>IPBC</strong>. British Columbia Ministry of<br />

Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria, B.C. Pp. 1–32.<br />

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