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LAKE STATES FOREST EXPEW MENT STATION 

U,S, DEPARTMENT OF AGR FORESnERV

Over tb year8 there b e been a, s-1 but ivrtaat 

research in forest genetics in the 

there has been a poang enelss of the stance of tree 

improvement fn %hi# reeo s it appeared 

that a meeting of people ~ctive or intereatad in forest genetic@ 

might be worth while. So after consultation vith 

foresters and gerneticiet s in Mnnesota, kli sconsf n, 

we decided to sponsor a Lake States Forest Gaetiee 

at Eagle River, Vtsconsin, on 9 and &rfP 1, 1953. 

TMs Conference provided ai9 opporl; ty (1) for those en 

in fareat genetics resemch to report briefly on what th 8 

done and what they have learned, (2) for tbse interested to 

the status of auch resesrch fn the Lake States, and (3) 

for interested pespls to gaiet splG pmblgma neeaw study, Out- 

of this Conferesles tbre Bevelloped the Eeke States Forest Wee 

farprovsragnt Co se of nhieh is to "courage and 

coordfnate forest geneties i ties in thie ~eglon, 

f believe, represats a firward step of far-.rsachi~ng ilqps 

I sbutb like to eqress rqy -reciation to all who ~psrticipaaf sd 

fa this Coderenee, Specid 

Babeock of tkhe Forest Ceneties 

S, Paulsy of kmwd rsiw, anel 93s, C, Heimbwger of the 

Ontario Departmat of s and Forests, *O came 10% distasacea 

to nreet with us, aasd Lo M, M, J P ~ ~ cmd P ~ P Ms staff at Trees for 

Tamarrow, Inc,, for the exesfle9t nreet?bng place a d %tPcilftfes 

Llaq mde avallaBle ta us, 

U, Be DICK 

=rector, Lee States Fal~est 

rimat Station

2r50 p.m. 

3:20 p.m. 

j:@ p.m. 

The Fassmr: Staturr of Fcreet -~ree Breeding 

in Q Q 

C. C, Bsfabnbul~pr, Ontario bept. of 

Laade Rmeete 

'free Breeuag Progrrun at the Petaw~~), Poraet 

riaeat SLaLf an, 

mls%, e ~pt, af E~~LPOW~~B 

and DeveXopment. (Paper read by 

J. H. Btcclckeler.) 

Boreat 0.nstiea Wrk in the Eortheaet. 

Scott S. PauXer, rd mives~@du 

4:45 p.m. The Forest Genetice Steering Cornslittee of 

L b Iam& XorWweae BQ&@B, 

Panl 0. Budolf, Lake Statea Station 

78'30 p.m. Fo~ast 

Genetica Bsr 

%rated by kodachrome slides). 

B. O. Bitt, University of Wisconsin

Panel discugaion on god= hardZer treee: 

10:pa.m. Meeaseresistance. 

& J. Biker, Univerrity of Wiamndn 

10:50 a.m. Insect rests 

H. J. Macbloney, U. S. Bureau of 

$4tomlogy and Plat -rantine 

1l:lO a.HL 

ng, Jr. , Wfamnein Con- 

servation DepartHteont 

1l:jO a.m. Site factor@. 

Stephen He Spurr, Uaiversity of 

Michigan 

~ha;trmas: M. Be Dick@ , Laka States Forest Experiment Station 

1:40 p.m. Lessons of the Paat. 

Scott S, Pauley, 

ard University 

2:25 p.m. The Forest mnetics Research Boundation. 72 

eat B. Babcock, Exec, Vice-Rea., 

Forest Genetics Research Pornbation 

2:55 pen. Tree Seed Farms. 74 

J, He StoeckeIer, Lake States Station 

69

Almst from its inception the Lake Stales Forest Experimnt Station showed 

an awareness of the fnrportance of forest genettcs. In 1928, only five 

years after its establishment, tkke Station began a study of red pins seed 

sources, This study, pl ed by the late Carlos E, Bakes, was followed 

by other seed source projects conce g Scotch pine, Nortr~w spruce, white 

spruce, green ash, ponderosa pine, ean, larch, and jack pine, Iaa. 

addition, a number of exotic forest trees have been planted to test their 

adaptability to this region. lDccept for an atternpt with sugar mapbe in 

1928, the Station's tree breeding program has been confined to field- 

testing of poplar and pine hybrids developed elsewhere, 

SEED SOURCE STUL)IES 

Red Pfne 

Because of its valuable wssd properties, dfness, rsPa%;Pve freedam from 

insect pe~te a.nd dissarjes, and adaptability Ls saw eoile, red pine 

(Plnus - rasinosa) was, and has remained, the most widsly plantad forest 

tree species in the Lake States, Rowwer, stands ra~tcEble and readily 

available for seed colllsction were somewhat limited, It was logical, 

therefore, that the first genetics project of the Station was a study to 

determine how much racial variation there might be in red pine, Three 

groups of plantings were made, 

Prior to any field. plantiw, laboratory tests of cold resistance were 

made on ld seedlings of jO seed eources in the fall of 1929. Frees 

were hardened at O°C. for one week and then held at -6.5~. for one day. 

Results showed in generd that seedllings of northern ori&n adjusled 

themselves to Pow teanperatures better t those of more southern origin, 

In 1931, red pine stock of 39 Lake States and 2 New Ena;~and origins was 

field-planted on the Superior and Chippewa Nationd E'srests in Mimesata 

and the Euron N;~ational Forest in Lower Mchilgarr, 

In 1932, stock of 146 Lake States. 4 Northeastern, and 4 Ontario locali- 

ties was planted in the sms three loedities, 

in co6eration wlth the University of Minnesota. 

- 2/ Forester, Lake States Forest weriment Station. 

* Titles marke& by an asterisk rqresent papers whleh hags been candensed 

to some degree over the presentation aven at the Conference, 

U.S.D.A. - S.C.S., Mtiiuauker, Wis., 1953

The droughe sf 1936 largely eif minated the Chippewa and Huron plantfngs, 

but thcae on the Superior came through dth only light (1931) to moderate 

(1933) mortality. 

ysis of results from the 1931 planting, when the trees were 16 

years old (from seed), indicated that the best lots were from northeastern 

Wmeso$a, wi%h eome f re>m northweetern Mf messla, north-central Minmso ta, 

a d northeastern "bbf econxsin nearly gee mod, Lots fron New Uaeuad, Lower 

mehigm, central Wiecone%rm, a d sorthweslem WfewnsZn $id not show up 

oo well, * 

@Lock of 3 red pine see& source8 m the L&e States a d tfie 

st ms plats& on "a;@ Chime= Ratio Tarwt. At the end, of 14 

gra~ng seasons in %he fiela, growth b d be= gentardly excellent and 

there ameared to be no striking differtsneers betwe- sowees, Stock of 

the @an8 lots me plated in northwestern Psnnsylvaia at the same time, 

Destinct differences betwea eswcss were rqsrted in Station Paper No, 

49 of the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 

$naereasin&y vduble resfits rs-hodd be forlhcsdnsg from Lhese plantations 

ae the trees g s w older m d have mre opprtqmilies to eqress their abp 

Latfon ts the environment of the plmting site, 

Scotch Pine 

Scotch pine (pinus sylvestria) was one of the first forest trees planted 

f n the Lake ecause it was fmibiar to opean idgats 

a d because nsarsesy stack was gtvdlable. Efeeauss of the platings 

&id not &evelop satisfactorily, a stsldy sf seed sources seemed a&viea'blte, 

The StaLPod =Be %bee groups 0% pletntings including a number of see& 

E3BU668, 

Sesteh Hine etoc1rP: af 20 srb&aa, representing both northern and 

catral &rope= t;ylpes, was plrtlnted on %he Superior md Chippewa Mationd 

Foreetrrs in mmesota aad the Huron EatSo~ld Bolssst in Lowr Michigan, 

(e~%ock sf 8 additio-1 eowces was p19anted in these sme lodities, 

DrtsughL a d fire destroyed the CMpp~wtz a& Earon p1agLationej lea%4ng only 

%bt on the mperior Ratio Forest for continued obsemgztion, Uy? to 19 

years from seed, there bd "iden ed &iff erencee between sswrces dth 

%he mre rapid goeh of centrd pea ~ources offsetting their poorer 

form. However, during the winter of 1947-48, t catch pines of central 

ope= ori&n were BnJwed m 

ope= or Asiatic wwces, 

stack of 24 seed cee of Scstck pine "ld~~le p%a;r~.t;sd sn a, good 

%he Chippew Batfo Farest, N%neteen of these lots -re of 

ed &wing the ~nter of

In 1941 Scotch pine stock f ram 10 European sources, received from the 

Intermtiod &ion of Fore@% Rsewrcb Orgdealforas, me f iel&-plated 

or, the Chfmew Ratis Forest fn Mimesota a d the %@Lee National. 

Farset in Lower MgcUgm, 

On the Chippewa Bational Foreat, the winter of 1947-48 caused severe 

to $h&poe oswces wMc ig%aaited fn areas of climte tiha 

imew, On the atbe d, those sowces whfc from elfmatic 

es sidlas $a the Chippewa a~iuffered little or no 

istee NaL%omP Forest, severs srJbn$er condf 

fvds were mod - better tfve red pine plaLed 

as a check, gelg.t.11; growth also wag better t red Pi I3.e but vf3'r-i 

considerably according to source at the end of 11 years in the field (13 

years from eeed). Bcept for one source f mm Finland and one from 

Romania, however, all Scotch pine lots had been heavily attacked by the 

white pine weevil, 

In the Lalee Btatefs, Scotch pPne of a nmiber of sources kLas suffered so 

much 2nJury a d mrLdBt;g from clifnatic a d biotic faetors that its 

general use ae a forest tree carnot be rscomenBedc Since it bes have 

some vdue for epec%a p oees (~hriatms tree production, sand blow 

planting, etc.) and poss for groMLng In southern pasts of the Lsdre 

States where the SCwopem pine shoot th ldimfts the use of red pine, 

some seasch slng.llild be eontfnued for dy races of good powth characteristics, 

Ponderrsea Pine 

Because of $$a dsswhl resiataace, pondero~la pine is probably the best 

pine for plating in the prairiesl-plaine region, Its dde natural range 

makes it certahtrs that gsnderosa pPne b s developed a nwnber of races, 

It is ~IPCPC)P~~Z~~ 

to learn which ra;ees ajre beet for variours localities. 

Pondero ~a pines ( ) grow from seed orfgienating in westers 

Horth Dahsta, eastern Mantaw, weetern NeBraska, and the Black Bills of 

South D&o tro, were plmtaed on a @mahills arw in nortbcentrd Mbrth 

ta in the wring of 1940. Mfferences in growth between sources 

are not great, but there bve been disLInct diff erences in 

arrd saartsm Mantm~4, bve b& d%~$%xsicdly leaa Pn3 

and vestem Rebrash ersmces, 

ly beeau~e of 8 t rap%& ~ 8 eowth, its use for pulpwood, and 

tabilf ty for soil#, Jack pine b s been plated 

e&csmrively in the L probably will contfnue Lo be plagted 

wibly, "P hbejlg @%de futws glmtiags the Station bsr undertaken some 

seed ssmce a d we of mther tree etmes,

, Jack: pine @tack sf three Kinnesotla eousrces suad one Lower Michigan 

source was planted on the Chippewa National, Foreet adJrzcerrt to red pine 

plmtings. %r%y differences between souarces were insig;nificant and no 

recent ap23rai sd 8 ase availalal e, 

, on the Rursn Pjlatfsnal Forest fa Michigan, the 8btion plated 

ns grown from seed gathered from trees uithEn e atand which 

were 1-10, 11-20, a-40, 41-60, and 61.9 years old. the Hmon 

National Forest plated Jack pine grown from seeds co front trees 

aged 11-20, 21-50, 31-40. 41-50. 51-60, 61-70, and 71-80 years. Although 

there wa,.s a general tendency for the oldest age classes to produce smIler 

cones and smaller seeds t thsrse which were yo er, little difference 

was appesent in the nwrsery stock they produced, A% the end. of 10 and 

14 years from seed, plantations of this stock displayed no aignificmt 

differences attributable to age of mther tree, 

, jack pine stock of nine seed origins (four from 'disconai 

chigw, a d one from northern Eauana) wa8 plated on the 

National Forest. At the age of 10 years from seed (a31 favorable growing 

seasons) there were no a~tinet differences between sowees in s 

growth, or susceptibility ts weevil attack, 

Cwrently vnder wagr iga a Jack pine seed s;surce etuw in cooperatfbn ~5th 

the 'L'nfversity of Minesota, the Consemation Departments of Wisconsin, 

Minmesota, a d MicMga, and some industries, Thia includes 29 seed 

collections in the thee e Stakes, each re2resenting a @tan& considered 

good for that locdity, One-.yecas-old stock now is in the State 

nurseri es aL Wbinelander, Wisconsin and k?iXlow Wiver, Hfmesota, Meld 

plots will be set out in sever& locaPities in each State in the sprfng 

of 1954. 

Spruce@ are premium pUpwosd Lreeer and there is increasing interest in 

planting them, It is advisable to know how far afieldit is erafe to go 

in obtaining seed, and whether of the emtics are sujtable for this 

region, For these reasons, the Station has mdert&en two sets of tests 

concerning spruce seed sources . 

ck of nine spruces, as follows: white 

six sources from the Lake States a d Ontario; 

) six sources, mostly from the ZT. S. S.R. ; red 

from PemrrsyBvagia and North Carolfna; 

the Chimew Eational, Forest, Minnesota; 

) from South Dakota; 

; srfentd spr-ace 

casus region; and Serbian spruce (P. omol-ika) 

e ma$@ on the Eicolet XationaP Forest in 

northeastern Vi~cansirt, Lhe Superior and Chippew Natfonal Forests in 

northern Mimesstta, %be Hiaweatfaa Nta"cicrrre%! Forest in @per IklffcMgan, asld

the Bmon 2Zatfo Fore&t fn tower Ws$ra,%g&* The ~dvere droue;ht an& 

heat eon&%tione &uriag the e er of 1936 largely eliminated t 

ings on the C%rimow, H%awtb and Earon Ia%i~na mi~esta and 

coneideraBle mr$dity the Superior RatloN Foreet planting;, 

en tb HicePst escape& with rsfatfve%y l$ght inJu~, largely because it 

mie pp~t@@%@d &J @d3 &8p8n OVBE~LO~, 

I?he EicoleL g1mtf ng has &emonstrated the m~"tfBtpa"%,ility of the red, 

in, Serb%= ad orientd uces for this Ise&i$;y and some die 

difference@ in powth, a vd, ad brdiaess mong the severd 

spruces. The unfavorable winter of 1947-4g 

cetussd ai white spruce, a d n~rt 

spruce, T W ~pruees 

~ B U %ere& ~ -re neeae 

wMt@ sg~w86~, bu"$$ree@ of northern s80w~eg suSGered less than thee 

from dlder elimtes, In @pi of severe def oliatisn, however, there 

was little or n.0 mr$&%ty fn bts, Fifteen years after planting, 

gsneraly %asked bet tes t sulg other species. Some 

e &one qate well, dtho~h weedl injury is becorrrthem, 

stock of $2 

%to& lh~ion o 

pem sources of Normy sprw~, received from the 

re@% Releach O%r"@n%z~t$~l~~, ms f %el&-plmted 

on the CMppem Xatfond Porest faa Hanesota a d %he4 lMecnrbastee ]Nation& 

Farest fn. Lower WicMgm. W 

land and east Lo Jwslavfa, 

s raged from Norw~ south to Switzeria, 

a d P01&gd, 

ing the open winter of 194j-44 most of the Lots on the Chippewa 

.I%$f ered serious mrtdf Ly, Thass pP 

1ved better a d su%f essd less weevil 

years in the, ffe%d t white pines ( grown with them as 

check Pots, meir gowth was less t e pine, although tw 

lots were about eqd an he2ghBi Lo asssef ate& pf ne. 

ee vew ragid cowth %n %ts bmelmd a d in some parts 

of the eastern United States, It has been plated on farms in the 

southern Laps States, but f dormti on an varictt%sarr traceable to eeed 

origin bs be- lacHng, To obtain earn8 Pdormti~a on racial variation 

e m basch (Larix decidua) 

of this meebes, of 11 8 0 ~ ~ ~ s 

P 

aad one of Stbsrlm IsCh (L~ ) (grown from seed furniehed 

tiand *&%on cf POP^;% ~rganizations) was fieldplated 

ae 2-1 traneplats in .$;he 49 on the Chippew National 

Forest In Wmeso%a, Nicslet Natfo rs Wtsconsin, and in Kent 

County in Lower Uchf gm, Check lads sf mtlhve ta a& (Larix - laricina) 

were plcanted f lra each block 

tely, the me Bxr3~asae9, in sMpanert.t;, so that mortality was 

ssvePe in Lowsm Mchdlen, mderately kPblljtv Bn Ytr%esnrsin, an& mderiate in 

Mtmsretota, %.a view of %Ms c%rcms"eee m d the abort time since plant-. 

ing, resdte are not yet avp.aflable,

meen Ash 

In 199, geen ash (~raxinus var, lanceolata) seed we 

collwted from 83 trees in 39 f Nort 

MinnesoLa, Ism, Nebraska, sas, and Omahom. In 1935 and 1936, 

la'boratorgt tests showed tbt seed from the northwest wrt of the region 

produced the mst drowht resistat plats, wkrile southern and eastern 

seed produce& t bse least drought resistat, 

Stock grow from these seed collections in two nurseries (one in North 

ota aad me in ~abraeka) efiibited varibati ons as follows : seed from 

northern areas gerdgated more slowly mb produced stock wkfch w s smaller, 

had smafler, ker green leaves, an w for a shorte 

etock from 80 ern =ease Winter e in the North 

increase& dmet directly ~ t the h e rlinssg of see 

Ldy, field plmtirzgs of this etock were damgsd eo tbt valid followup 

resats were not available, 

In additton to %he geed sow- projects, the Station since the 1920as b s 

%@@Led over 108 tree species mt%ve to ope, Asia, a d sther regions of 

North Agteri ca, in addition to those inc ed fa provenience teetg, 

which kave the abf lity to sow mder Z&e 

vdue ia P"u"e;.tare breeding psrsgraaas, 

States conditions b e some 

The following 60 species have been planted: Austrian, Bal 

Chinese, Coreican, Japanese black, Japanese re&, Japaneae stone, Japanese 

white, Korean, limber, lodgepole, pinyon, pitch, Siberian stone, table 

mountain, western white, whitebark, and Virginia pines; blue, mgal 

mowiea, and S pruces; hhusiaja, Japmese, Korean, and Siberian 

larches; dpine, an, Eatlries, and mmS, fire; CMneee, Nereican, one- 

seed, RocQ Mougt Utah junipers: oriental arborvitae, baldcypress, 

tree, f)oue;liasf eaa speckled alder; MtaS, Aeiaa, whlte, 

ope= white, an dts birches; Euseia, Scotch, and Siberian 

ehmian linden; maplee; Wlropean muntafnash, Rueaim 

aberry, oeesg+orietnge, fisshrua--olivs, &W ta fx, Pereiag mlnut, and 

gclden willow. Several other species proved unsuitable in the nursery 

and were not field-plmted. 

Tree breeding probably represents one of the greatest opportunities for 

increasing the productivity of our forests. To be successful, tree 

breeding must be based on (1) a good underatanding of variation within 

species, and the extent to which it is heritable, and (2) the participa- 

tion of trained geneticists. Neither were available in the early days 

sf the SGat%saBe work,

In 1926, an atteqt was made at the Upper Peninsula branch to crosspollinate 

between bird's-eye maples and at the Forest Products Laboratory 

in Madison to grdt an root cuttings from 8~6h trees, Both efforts 

failed, seed colPsc$ed tn the fdl. of 231928 frsa trees having high 

ees of cwqfng my heseditaq birdgemaye factors were sown 

at the Upper Peninsula branch, but largely failed to germinate. A 

large number of cuttings were made in 1929, but the grafting method 

employad at Madison was unsuccessful. Some observations indicated 

tbt the btrdb-eye ebraeter was cls sef y associated with suppression 

of young seedlings. The hereditary nature of this cheracter, however, 

was neither proved nor di sprsved, 

Because poplare produce wood useful for a na~ber of products, are rapid 

growing, and y are relatively easy to propagate from cuttings and to 

hybridize, they have been widely used in tree breeding work. Beginning 

in 1924, the Oxford Paper Comp ord, Maine, in cooperation with 

the New Pork Bcatmicd brdera, &eveloped hybrid poplars representing 

combinations between 34 different species, varieties, aria hybrids. Cuttings 

of 30 clones were sent to the Lake States Station, and field tests 

were made between 1935 and 1940 in several localities in Michigan, 

Wiscansin, M%mesota, md Nor&& Zti&o%ao 

Most of the ky"bsPPds sew 5 $0 7 feet tall the first year in the nursery, 

and about j feet more when they were left for a second year. Growth 

was lees fa "the field, averaging about 3 feet per year for the best 

god sail, coqlete g o d prqaration, and thorough cultivatisn 

tks first few yeus. kder other conditions growth was poor, 

By the end .sf 18 ywrs thorse clones which had shorn climatic adaptabili 

ty either hsd succumbed to or were on the way out from cankers. 

AZ1 these Wbr%ds wsse developed from black poplars and balsam poplars 

and none from species =Live to the Z&e States, Hardy, fast-growing 

hybrids doubtless cm be developed from other species. 

Hybrid Pines 

Pines ia generd are anong our mast vdwble tlniber trees. Possibilities 

of increasing their productivity md diness tharough breeding are under 

investigation a% $he InsdItuts of Fareat Genetics, nacemille, Cdifornia. 

ly in 1950 the Institub sen% seed of 10 wbrids to the Lake States 

Station. Included were 5 hybrids of western white pine (Pinus mnticola) 

and ea~ltem white pine (P, otrsbus) and 5 hybrids of lodgepole pine 

(ge var , ck pine (P. banksiana). Stock of the 

latter hybrids grown in the Bugo Sauer ~ursery at minelander will be 

planted in three localities (one each in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota) 

in the spring of 1953. Stock of the parent species, including one of 

local origin, will be planted along with the hybrids. Stock of the 

white pine hybrids will be planted in 1954.

Sines ita est%tlslfebent the L&e States Forest meriment Station has 

made seed somce studdes of eight forest tree species and field tests 

of about a score of exotic tree rrpecies, It mde some early attempts 

at breeding sugar mple, has fiela-plated stock of 31 hybrid poplars, 

and bs stock sf 90 hybrid pf nes in the nursew in preparation for field 

testing, 

In view of the imense unL of work needed in forest genetics these 

studies do not loon large, Yet they have already made some contributions, 

and because of their lonettme nature will yield more. They 

hage demnslrated racial variation in red pine, Scotch pine, ponderosa 

pine, wMte spruce, Norw~ spruce, asld green ash, They have also 21lustrated 

the msuitabiEity sf a nmber of hybrid poplars for this region, 

Results have eqhasized the need for replication of field tests in a 

nwdber of locdities to avoid mpredictable losses. Finally, these 

stMies hve pointed to the need fojr a great deal more research in forest 

genetics in the Lake States, 

PmEICATIONS OF Tm LBE STATES FOEST EXPmlmT STATION 

IN THE FIICLD OF FOREST GENETICS 

Bates, C, Go 

1.9~g. Tree seed farms. Jam. For. 26( g) : 969-976. 

, 1929, Some problems of seed production, collection, and distribution. 

For. Chron. 5(1): 17-29. 

1930. 

The frost hrdiness of geographic strains of Norway pine, 

Jour. For. 28(3) : 327-333. 

1931. A new prfnctple in seed collecting for Norway plne. Jour. For. 

29(5): 661-678. 

L&e States Forest merimeat Station 

1928, ClbmtPc seed sources for Nor pine, Tech, Note No, 5, 

1 p., mfmeo, 

1929, nurseryneen prsf er r~outbern seeds. Tech. Note No, 19, 

1 p., mimeo, Also: Jaw. For. 28(2) : 232-233. 

- 

st hardiness of races of Nor pine seeaings. Tech. 

Note No, 22, 1 p,, mimeo. 

IqJl, Centers f ~ collecting r 

N o r w ~ pine, Tech, Note Noe p, 

2 pp. &meo,

Seed origfn affects s fva of seen ash in the nursery. 

lgJ7* 

Tech. NoteNo. 128, 1p.. mimeo. 

A fasbgrowing a& ~nter-harw wbrid still to be 

found for the L&e States. Tech. Note No. 153, 1 p,, ndmeo. 

Meat, L, J, 

1936. Drought resistance of green ash as affected by geographic 

orign. Proc. M i a . Acad. Sci. 4: 38-42. 

a d Shirf ey, L, 

1937. The effect of aeed origln on drought resistance of green ash 

in the Prairie-Plains States. Jaw. For. 35(11) : 1060-1062. 

stan, E, A, 

1951. Is Sack pime tree growth aPfecLeB by age of parent tree? 

Note No. 358, 1 p. , mimeo. a.so : Timber Prod. Bull. 

uth) ~(12) : 11. Aug. 1952. 

Rud~Pf, Pas 0, 

1936. Pedigreed trees. Minn. Cons. 37: 4-5. 

rtmce of red pine seed sswce. Proe. SoAoF, meeting, 

Dec. 17-20, 1947: 3&4-398. 

red pine aevelogs best plantations. Tech. Note No. 296, 

2 pp, , amea, 

%er &amage t~ SeoLckl pine in northern Minnesota. Tech, Note 

%om 305# 1 p., mimes, 

17 pp., dmeo, 

e States. Sta. Paper No. 14, 

1958, Scotch pine seed sowces for northeastern Mlmesota. Prsc. 

Mi=. Acad. Sci. 16(1448) : 25-26. 

L950, f9wfa"l;on %n Scotch pins, Paperrs Miekr, Acad, Sci., Arts & 

Letters 34(1948) : 57-68. 

Ler a& seed sowee of flernted pines in northern 

Mimeso ta. Prac. Mim. Acad. Sci. 17(1949) : 74-79.

195%. Rwsesq "sbvfar of red ptne stock of different seed origins, 

US=, Forest Service, Tree Planters' Notes, No. 8, pp. 3-4. 

a d mlston, R, A, 

1953. f)Q age of mother tree a d age of cone affect development of 

young jack pine? Jow. For. 51(2) : 121-124. 

Shirley, HarQ t, 

1937, The relatien sf drou&t and cold resistance to source of seed 

stock. Mm. Horticultwcist. Feb, 

Stoeekeler, J, He, and Rudolf, Pad 0, 

1949. Winter inJ a d recovery of conifers fn the upper Mdwest, 

Sta. Paper No. 18, 20 pp., mimeo. 

In Wiseansin, the State Conservation Department and the U. S, Forest 

Semi ce a1read;y bve ahom di s ti n@i shed leadership f n reforestation and 

iqroved ailvPcuPLme, mey heave mde fworteent an8 extensive efforts 

to restore the natwa3. resources provided by trees, Thus, they have 

attached a de~tiny to much otherdse useless land, 

To ageist dth certain phsers of this work, the College of Agriculture 

has been breeding forest trees for disease resi~tance 

since 1935. 

Three erroneous erilieisms sometimes W e been made against tree breedely: 

it rivds silviculture, it takes too long, and it costs 

too mch. Let us consider each one briefly, 

ActtPaPly, tree breeding is an adjunct to and supplements silviculture, 

The graces8 of cutting Lhs best trees axdd leaving the scrubs for seed 

trees leads Lo eventuaji degeneration. A sound tree improvement program 

shetad eg%oy eomd silvicatursil practices which would elimimte such 

decli ne. 

Things that take a long time must be started at once. However, the time 

reqdred to ogntbeeize culd ts uee improved wi eties is not nearly so 

long as sften Lhou&t, vegetative prop tion &nd better breeding technique~ 

perdl results in a relatively sbnrt Lime, 

(TM~ paper was illustrated by kodachrome slides. )

Tree brssd%cg % B expensive, of cowse, lfke ms% 

long-time research, 

However, cne sho~ad coneider the overdl cast %a terms 

in the forz of fndustrf d &eveloparrend, eqle6ymenQIp a& m m land use, 

Them tree bresdfng becomes a Bk@.Q;N 

item with a hi& priority, 

The ba~fc proes8uree for breeding trees are relatively sfmple. ney 

have been BevePaped and provsd ath wrf cdtwd crops, They inelude: 

(1 1 ssPec$%an of oatstaeiing bvidas dreadSp psesat, follow 

ed by tbratqh testing and screening for desirable characte 

superior native trees; (2) similar critical selection and e 

related trees eloewhere tkt bve shorn unusW9y dee 

teristics; (3) additiond improvement by cross-mllinating trees with the 

best cbaracleristim ad by giving t%;lgr~@ tests to the seedfing progew* 

In wtholo~, we have hen partledafly concerned wSth developing trees 

for disease resistace, The reason we bve done thf s work is because 

the geneties ibvolved is simple, while %he pathology is relatively complex. 

Work at the College of &ricz%lttare bo~1 bsen in eooperektion with lnany 

dif f @rent wencier%, f ncluding particdarly the Wisconsin Consesvatf on 

Department, the United States and %tat@ Depmtments of dlgriculture, and 

varioue f ores% industries, especially the Nekaosa-Edmrds Paper Coqany, 

In o w work to develop whf te pine resistm% $0 blf ster rust, 'l&ssre, 

W, H, Brener, T, 3% Kouba, a d R. Fc PatLon bve b d active partieipatlsla, 

1x1 ow mrk with gogletrea resfstat to taker, rust, and eo on, Messrs, 

J, E, Km%z a d Ke B, Shsa ~ T S 

been particularly active. 

FrequentXg, dffficat a d caaplex questions arise in coanection with any 

wrk of thi8 kfn8, Success &krowh tree breeding depends on coordinated 

cogperation of y different agencies over a long period of tine, bk 

fed that our progress &aroTJ;$b$ LLElve bsen practically impossible without an 

opprtwf ty frequently to conou t; ow csllsaees ira, the Department 

BisehemisLry, agineerfng, mL~molog;y, Genetics, Soils, Wild Life gcS-.. 

men%, md so on, Likewise, we k ve secwred mch helpful advice from 

professfand men in the Forest Products raboratory and in the State Wn- 

servation Department, 

ly aelected a63 trees and since then have accumulated over 60 

seleetf ens, If I cofidi, t&e you ta the BlPster Rust Nursery 

n mpfds, I wodd @how YOU a aUTnber 0% trees which have swvived. 

extremely severs epidemic@ sf blister rust infection. The early work is 

described in the Journal of Foreatry 41: ~760, 1943. Further wark has 

confirmed md extended these stuaea, ng the first 163 trees, we have 

amroximtely 3 dozen wuch po@~e188 a hi degree bf seeistance to the 

blister rust fmgue and which give promfise of sumivfng in areas 

where %he eradication of mbea bushes is not Feasible, 

Obviously, breeding these resistat trees bs not in conpetition with the 

Bibeas eradiea%ion pregra, &$her, o w work sugp1emeats Ribes control 

in thihs; wq: On apgroxfmte1y hlf af the white fine sites in Visconsh,

Bibee eradication is so% feasible for one reason or =other, Bust- 

resistant pines appm to be the only mswer, 

Oar work on poplars was be in f93fS tander a stinazlurs frons 19r, Raphael 

Zon, He pointed out that mre raw celldose could be secured from the 

right kind of poplass in a suitable Location t other species, 

Recently, poplars have received increasing attention because of improvement 

s in various technical processes %kt pesni t greater utilization of 

wood from this comon and widely distributed species, Production, ho+ 

ever, is seriously limited by disease, prticularly by mo%ylon canker, 

This disease has infected large nunibers of trees and bas made certain 

investmen% s go bad that originally appertred fsohproaf, 

Some tJidely touted hybrid poplars developed elsewhere have been unsatis- 

factory in Wisconsin because of thei r susceptibility to cankers, especial- 

ly those caused by Septoria and Cytospora, Rowever, these poplars have 

shown a relatively high degree of resistace to H wlon canker, 

Our work i.m Wisconsin has been df rected primrily toward selecting the 

best poplar trees sf the -tip.@ species, Nso we have secured elite 

trees from elsewhere, For several years we bve been 

between the most prodsing selections so as to combine 

to eliminate the poorer c act eris tics, including disease susceptibility, 

So far, we have collected from one source or another over 400 selections 

which are being tested in various places, We have fleatest hope from 

trees that have already grom well in l~isconsin and have demonstrated 

their ability to withstad Wfsconsin weather, insecte, and disease. 

Doubtless considerably improved trees can be secured by crossing such 

desirable parents, 

The techniques for i ng cross-yxallinations are way, Rowever, in 

hanain~ pollen, seed, and seedlings, we have encountered n 

stacles, Recent emeriments have overcome important difficulties, We 

now feel confident that we have overcome the important ones and that we 

are ready to move forward as rapidly as our facilities and personnel 

will perdt, 

For a ouniber of years research b s Been cond~cted at the University of 

'Wisconsin an vizrious fsreirrtry problemrs, This wrk is carried on in 

Genetica, University of Ifisconsin,

the Soil8 DepaaLmen% by Dr, S, L trile?s, PP1 the PatfrsZogy Deper tment 

by Dr. A, J, Riker, wd in the Wtomology Department by h. R D. 

ShenefePt, Ul of these Ben are ares?lste& by other wllqWified pro- 

f essiond men graduate ~tudents, 

Redlaation sf the need for a pragram of forest genetics research In 

Wisconsin reeated. fu the initiation of such a program in 194~. The 

reeearch fa cm~ied on in the Genetics Demrtment of the Uhiversity of 

Wteconsin Iz c~speration wi tka the Wiscern~ia Consemation Bepar txnent, 

The genera objective of the program is the improvement of the planting 

stock used far reforeatation, B e work kl?ls been orguized under the 

f ~ l l o wsgeefffe i ~ ob3ectivea: 

1, Iqrovement of the genetie: q %ty of the planting stock now 

ming into reforestation through the utilization of seed har- 

vested from the best exieting -live stads. 

2, Se%eet%on of euperiar trees by progeray tests, 

9, wr$Bizat%on %or $he prsducl%sn of iqroved strains. 

4. specialized rrtcdies. 

I woad Pike to discuss the first of the abJectives Pster, 

SnECWON OF SWERIBR TmES BY' m G 

To date, over 250 fndividml tree selections heave been made in Wisconsin, 

~nc~uaeh are select 

ma, white pine (P. 

r;p; andM& 

large-too the& aspen 

uelng a$ the preeeaa 

classified as phenotnica1y plus trees, However, they will be carried 

dong in the testing wrk, 

Open-polEimLed eeed was collected from y 0% %he trees in the fall 

of 194&. This spring (1953)~ nearly j0,000 transplants raised from 

tkia seed dl1 be set out in grogeq test areas as well as in sever& 

breeding csllectf on seas thL bve been establl shed, 

Basrc to any bree8fng program is tke bu%Eu~~g of a collection of 

breeaing m$er8aa The eeed a d eci%on csdlleetirsq to date for the 

~ieconain Forest Genetice project includes 28 species of Pinus, 5 

species of 6 epeciea of ltnd 3 sgecies of - Abies, These 

reprsr&jen& d3.m provinces, 

and 13 foreign countries, and do not include auy of the Wisconsin indi~%dM 

tree csl%ec.&fons mentioned earlier, En order to avoid loss 

sf a11 or a ~ r of t $he collsct%sara By fire, Bigease, insects, etc., as 

well as kving $he mterid more readily at perbps have ft

flowerfng about the same time as ou~ mtfve mterid does, 63evergf;b 

breeding collectfon areas br%"tpe been sstabIfshe8 Lhro~hout the state, 

Ontit uea is do be established on a 20-acre tract which kfeas already 

been &located far thhs puwose in the UnZverst ty of Wiscansia kboretm 

.In hdiesn, a second area % ~ s at the Griffith State %Qwsel~;y a"cisconsin 

liapids, the Lhirl msa is near Lkbe Trout Lake Fsreetq Beadqwrters fn 

Tflas Coraat;gr, md a fornth area %be established somewhere in the 

northwsrsterra pat of the state near the brdsrm %;iwseq, 

BID1 ZBTIOlT FOB PRODKT1 OR OF I WRO'Bm STfaaENS 

Wbrfdtzation studies are "sing csn&ucled relative $0 the establi~hmart 

of desirable clones or strains of natural and hybrid coniferous forest 

tree speciese fnitigafly, particdm eq3rrcasis is befng dfrected Lo 

Lhe iqsesveman% of ow aaLive red pfne, Dr, HeZm$targer, of the Depart- 

ment of %=Be ee~ld Foresta of C others hvs e~r88sed 

opinion tbt two or mre atrai exist, Following the 

ice iklgasions eentmfes %a, the re 02th again, In so dofag, 

put of the species mve& q the eastern side sf the Great Lakes and 

past up the westera side, Thra- the cenlwies of "isoLaLionU by the 

wi$ter barrier, di stfnctly different race8 have developed. These . 

races or strains, when croas pobl5nated udes control led csndi tions, may 

give rise Lo progew sheaw2ng Wbria vi~r, merefore, r=rse;ses are being 

mde between &iff csrsnt geographic tries 0% thi h~ species, 

Controlled poll% nattan wark is dracs hing performed using the selected 

red pine trees growing in Idisconsin, Coqatibility tests wlth this 

specLen% are in progess, The prsesib%%%ty of groducfng hybrids between 

red pine md some of the other pines is being ewplared, 

The WBrfd resatfag from cr(9ssfng jack pine and Isdgepalte pine 

var. latifolia) which has been produced by the Institute 

aE Porest hnettcs md others shows prods@, WfsrLs are being made 

Lo praauce thf s wbrfd here by ut%%%z%ng sef eeted native Jack pine and 

crsr%fs%ng it dth Iskrslpa'lie pine pollen suypltied by &he I1Snstitute of 

Forest Genetics, 

Xo m3or wrk is pll sd imediately ~ t wMLe h pine since the Forest 

Patbgloa Research &X"BUH) ~ I F J dreizv mrPert& breeding wsrk wfth 

this species relative Ls white p%ne b%%s$es rust resistance, Cooperative 

efforts a-e anticipated on certain pbses of tkbs work at ct later 

date, however, Breeding wrk '14%&h vwf aus spsciee of spruce (Pf cea) 

The tree iqrovement work dth &woods k g t&ua far "Den primarily 

concerned with Selection of desirable prent trees has been 

started, me gro&tnctfon sf hybrid sseaings h s been undertaken and 

attempts are baing made to produce polyploid material with our two more 

%wartat speef es, treabling a d luge-toothed aspea, Since df sease 

re~$s$mc@ ira such m %III"E)BL"$~~ factor in the poplar breeding wrk, cooperative 

efforts mst be mintafned Mfh the Foreat Pa%halog;y Eseearch 

the

Vegetati~a gxe~aget5on of eel ected pzmt mter%d fa eul iqsr 

wuch %he x'crect tree o~es8ar mst mster (%=d%d u8es %rids kave been ' 

iaitiatsd with red pine fn an effort &a find a teehiwe for inducing 

root f srmLPon cn entt%ngs, V ~ ~ O Uteebf C ques, nedia, hormones, etc. , 

have besn smpXage8 in Lhase aqerimen&se greeghauae g.ra;d"ting has 

Be= peeorme&, howmsr rssdta $8 date bve be- mor. m, C. E, Olson 

bs Just finished om greea~use pine g&$i%ng and dll bs&n gafting 

epruce, We pf an to &a mme f leld cspi free-lad &~lqfting of pine aad 

pss@$bly epruce later %his sprfng, 

Methoas to fnduce precoctous or early flowering have been sought by tree 

breeders for Bone ti-, We have est&Pfshed 14 test areas in central 

axs& northern Wieconsin in order $0 $es% a nmber sf different msthods 

for Lhegr effeclfvmess in s$imqa%fng flowering on red pine, The 

tseatnent s tnclude spird giraing, sed-cireuPar @sfling, wise stranem 

lation, and checks or controls. In all cases a definite treatment effect 

has been noticed, with the ~pird gtraing being the mst pronomeed, 

Death af the terdnals md in one case even death 0% the entire tree 

resated from this treatment, As a reeat, new meas were established 

in wMch root grmfmg was oubstftuted for the spiral, @ruing treatment, 

ms first sf these %rids will. be read this year, 

In order Lo help o w Consemation Department plan its annual cone-bu;ring 

pros=, a cane crop gredfctican ey f s mde, genesdly annually* In 

addition, some con+picHng time stazdies hoe besn undertaken, 

Attentfsn is bebg given to other specidi~ed problams, These incluae 

%he establisbent and weraent of seed-tree arc de, improved equip. 

meat a d methods for controlled pl%%naLZon wrk, production of polnlobd 

material, etc. In all phases of our work we are cognizant of the need 

for close cooperation beheen the various research groups relatlve Lo 

the production and testing of f -roved farest trees, 

VE4mT OF Tm TIC QUU:ktfW OF FOBST ]&ZtMTTNG STOC=IC 

I have reserved th%e Logic for discussion fast becauge we feel thslt it 

fs one of the most imsrtmt phases of sw wrk de cPiw imsd;tat@ 

altentfon, We feel that the mst effective step ch cm be taken 

now Lo iwrove imediately the genet2c ~ M%ty af plaurtfng stock f s the 

eetabfPehe~$ of a eeed pmcwement pltyn tcrhich %nvsfvss certification, 

blearilwes @Boa& be t&en ta brfng mder wernenl for seed pmductisn 

exiistfng ~elecesd otilaads of farest Lrses sf the species mst %wortant 

ts the reforestation warfig In %he Lake States redoa, The inferior 

%ndivldWs sbdd be romed out of these steands an& eansnt prac ti ce s

esLabl%shed which wad favor seed productf on, Ths ereed 

versted wodd w&subtedSg~ be sf 

is sscusred by present mstbde, seed barnested from these 

seed tree reservations woad be cejr%i%"ied, 

Seed-tree orcbrda% or farste ehofald "b eestablf shed to suppfy future needs 

for forerr$ tree eesed of iqrovea genetit: qdf ty, Progeny teste will 

seme Ls deternine the best parent& combinations Ls be used or left in 

these ssedmtree srchrds, Seed collected from the eeed-tree reservations 

mentioned ebarlisr wad seme to meet present seed de ds, Egentmly, 

hawever, mse md mre seast% coda "b produce9 in the eeebtree orehardrs, 

TMs seed wdd be of improved genetic qW%ty, 

We feel tbL this pbse sf the forest tree iqrovement prsgsam 9s so 

fqortant tbt a proposd b s been drawn up for the establishment of a 

psogrm of eertiffcatian of forest tree eeed used in Vieconsin, This 

prspssa9 was pressntea Lo ow Consematlon Departmat Past August for 

their consfderatisn, 

Ig eoncluaion, I mud like to ew tht OUT progrm, like the generd 

d sf forest genetics, is i e diaper stags, There are 

ges La come, We feel for te, however, in being aible L 

up with thesew science, Fur we are encow~yged by an ever-fncreas- 

fng interest fn the nerd fieM of forest genetics, conf erenee 

with its fine atten C@ attests this fact1 

WON OF THE WTmRSZV OF MImESTA 

mer tesince 1 wg;rleed sn Lhs yellow pine prove ce sqeriment on Benton 

mat at the &f @st mvsr Station I bve been interested in that phase 

of fsresLxgrc When I came to G%oqu@t, little was being done in that 

field, possibly because suela s$r;idies are costby a d resuts s e %low in 

codng, True, we were doing a little dth various exotic species of 

but there the general idea was to find sanething of value for 

& plating, As % traveled thro.iagh "the; north eountq on a now 

probably forgotten e ey of cul-over Zeunds mre t 25 years a@, I 

was %qseasrsd by the great var%aLIo~rr 8x1 the forna ad. development of Jack 

pine, It laersmed Ls me tbt there =st -k"ve develo~ed strains or races 

of tMs gpeeies do= $ha@ the years, Today, I m not so sure tbt 

wkt I B ~ W wre strains or racets;, 

~oreaT~. miversi ty of Minnesota.

1x1 1939, I eucceedad in getting hof d of some B 8-Jones fmds for 

a stuw in provenance of Jack pine, %%$h the sf nrious forestry 

agencies in the "& d States am& CmarSa, we colbeetea sreed fmm 38 

locations, We pl e& -to "cst neb% only the influace of provenance, 

but dses the effee of the ckracter af the parent trees, Thu.s in 

some Fifacss $h eed was col%ected from 3.0 IndfvidMs of goad form 

and 10 indf vid B of poor form, in some cases from good stands and 

frorn poor a d f n some cases fran trees dth won-serotinous cones 

in a reasn &ere serstfnous cones were nor Collections raged 

from as far south as b u Claire, IJisconsin, a d Peterson, Minnesota, 

north to Atzbbaska and Lesser Slave River and from the coast of Pd 

in ths east to Saskatche frr %he west, Seed was extracted by 

after opening the cones in opr electric oven at 1‘30° F. Germination 

tests were mde and the si%e of seed determined, The stock was sown 

in the forest nwsengr and plated fn plots of 25 trees in a cleared area, 

The elletct location for each selection ms determined ran&omly, A spacing 

of five feet was used, As far as possible, all plots were made in 

triplicate, 

Survival eraa;r;rrlas were mde anudly, and for a nmber of years height 

growth, form, and the presence of insects were recorded, ft soon be- 

erne &tpparen"cthat %najecLs were bavfng a tremendaurt influence on the 

e trees, The shoot bores ) and the pitch 

er (Petrova albfcapitma) w endsrs since 

they often destroyed the leader and eventually the tree became an 

"apple treeH jack pine, regardless of the source. As I watched these 

trees develop, 1 eoqdd not help but wonder f f of ow poorly formed 

jack pine were not the respll,L of these outside influences rather t 

site, Possibly all our good virgin stands were the resat of coincidence, 

originating oJlsfle there m s a mlnimu of Insect epidedcs, a minimm of 

fire, a &nimm of rabbit@, and a mini of diseases. 

mere fs not much to C ~ O O B from ~ between sources so far as s 

concerned, The lowest s rcent fn the Wellst 

ssuce as cowarea to 186 percent in 

rpaied Fsgsia 0,24 feet in mbe &u Clai 

sources, hnual height growth 

election to 1.07 feet for the 

New Jersey seEeetSon, me Mew Jersey selection was a plantation from 

ly fron Minnesota, In ensral, the far northern selections 

have shorn the slowest growth rate, 

ing the winter of 1947-48 we had severe winter injury. hny native 

species a d aa$wal etauads fn %he woods showed severe bgbrowning,tg Ibst 

severely affscbed were the selections froa the Southern Peninsaa, sf 

Mlchfgan, in which 93 percent sf the trees were injmsd, 

Because of the 5nzpeeet bmge, f "i;s been BqossibPe to arrive at any 

reliable ~onclusion as $0 the effect sf the parent on the form of the 

tree, Possibly as the trees grow they will pss the zone of insect 

dant%ge and develop into nore tnieaS, trees, 

The gf@%ficmt and vdwbfe %nEosmtPon ts be b d from thi s stuw fs 

get ts come,

The wrk in forest genetics a% the University of Minnesota School of 

Forestvr askas from tbt which Dr, SG 

csns%@ts of thssa proJec%s, a311 of whi 

sen bs &ready discussed, 

ee selection projects, 

Msne involves active tree breeding, One of these is a Popflus 

se%ectiesn stuw, a second is concerned with elm tleatectiona, and the 

third involves a seed source study of Colorado blue spruce (~icea - pugens). 

Ths poplar selecLSan mrk was be at the School in 1947 and additional 

collections were made during 194 dlbsut 150 selections, i ncluding 

Both Wkrf de froera sources and %elected strains of sever& species, 

are inclazded, Th jor objectives of this work have been three: (1) 

Lo find selections wfirich are hardy mder IEEmesota c%fm"ec conditions; 

(2) to determine which selections show most rapid growth; and 

certain which es%ectisne ape resistant disease ( including c 

leaf spot, and rust) and to insect inj 

me orPgi~ld collections included mterids provided by the kiversity 

sf Wisconsin, by the Northeas"tn ad L&e States Forest Ewperiment 

Stations, by the Cabat Fsudatfon, by the Indian Head Station in 

Saskatchewa, by the Ssil Consemation Semice, and by nay others, in 

tzdditiozl Lea selections of rnateri al from promising cot tonwoods In Mmesota 

and Vtseansin m&e by the Sehool, The cuttings were assembled at 

Rochester, baimesota at the Maya Forestry and Kortfcultwre Institute, 

where %bey were plated Snf tially in nursery rooting beds, These rooted 

cuttings were planted out in 1948 in 12 tree blocks at a spacing of gxB 

feet, andadditional fieldplantings were mnde inlgbg* The site condi- 

%ions 9n the plm-kiaczg area are sxtrefaely famrable with bo ttomlarrd loam 

eolls lyfng Just a few feet above the fluctmting mter table, me area 

on which aoet of the platings were made is subject to periodic spring 

flootTlirzg, 

%ch year eince eatszlsliabent, rscor&cs bye been taken on these pliultings 

with the cooperation o f the Departmsnb of flat hthologr; and mtomlo&y 

at the Univers%%y, These recards prcavide dazta on the height axld diameter 

growth, $he form, resistmee $0 disease a d insect in4 

sel@clions, 

At the time of the Past inspeetion af the plasllatians, when the trees 

had @ne tkowh five ~sdng seasJon@ beyond rooted cuttfng~~ a nmber 

of selee%ians h d attained average heigbts of 30 to 35 feeL a d average 

diameters at breast height of 5 to 6 inches. Many showed severe c 

ing. A most interesting relationship between insect atgack, cankering

and wetwod has become frsereezsfn&y appaent and is now being studied, 

However. considerable additional mrk must be done before this problem 

can be cowl e tel y clarified, 

We recognize that it is still far too early to draw arqv significant 

conclusions ~efaLIag to the success of these poplars. Nonetheless, 

there are amng %he nmber in the plantation several which appear to 

give promise for wider planting in Mimeso ta. Seven of these have been 

@elected @sf larger Block platings at -cheater and for trial under the 

much mre df fficpll t site csndi tions encountered at the Rosemount Agriculturd 

merimeat Station, These seven include: 

No, 21 

No. 51 

Pondus deltoides (u, of \{is, Ho, 6) 

- ~.~angulata x P. berolinensis (Oxford Paper No. 32) 

- P. charkowiensys x - P, balsamifera (Dow No. 88) 

x P, robusta 

~.-nimbot Foundation No. lg) 

-_1_1 

- P. del toides (collected at Waukesha, isc cons in) 

Urban poplar (collected from 30-year-old plantation 

in S. Minnesota, parentage unknown) 

These se%et=tisrrs are also being planted on the camrpus in St, Paul where 

they cm be more closely observed, 

Popflus robusta Wch gives every indication of being an extremely good 

prospect for Lake States planting has been pulped on an experimental 

basis by the Central Research Division of the Marathon Corporation of 

Rothschhld, lidiseonsine Uthough the find evaluation is not yet com- 

pleted, these resdts should soon become available, 

In additim to $Labs work: with poplars, a small trial is under nay to 

deternine whether an extremely fine group of quaking aspens discovered 

at the wetico-Superior Wilderness Research Center is the result of a 

favorabf e genetic @-up or sf exceptionally good site conditions, 

Aspens 34 inches in diameter without defect discovered there, have been 

reproduced by root cuttings. In 1949, they were planted along with 

root cutdings of amen from medim and par sites a,t the Research Center, 

at the Cloquet Experimental Forest, and at the North Central Agricultural 

E~eriment Station at Grand Iiapids, 

The work with elms has been undertaken to find whether species or strains 

wMch are ~esis;taallL ts Butch elm di'sease and to phloem necrosis have other 

desirable growth cfiaraeteristics and are brdy in Mnnesota, Zardy selec- 

tions of Ulmus pumila showing the rapid growth so desirable in windbreak 

and shelterbelt gliuatings, tshich st the same time are resistant to wind 

and icestombreakage, are also being sought. Japanese elm (Ulnus 

) ,is being gropeat& since older trees in the state show mimy

M- a y desirable c eteristies, psrticuarly for ommen%& and slsade 

- 

tree use. The ~utchelm-disease resistant atrain of Ulms 

(the Ckrfietine B3~e elm) b s been fomd not to be b 

UTme 

the true Chinese elm, is being tested but emears of 

P 

questiogable brdfnese, In order to facilitate vegetative regeneration 

of elms, as well as other trees which appear to be desirable, a hwnidity 

er has been eontatructed in the School h St, Paul greedouse where 

eqerimentd rsgeneratisn ~tudies will be undert&en dwing the next few 

years, 

COLOMBO BLm SmUCE 

In addition to its ommental vdue* Colorado blue spruce has been Eomd 

to sbw the highest s ivd anoq dl conifers on the ba~y soils of 

western Mimeeota, Here it is in high denad for wfndbreak ;platings 

as well as for ornaental use, However, at least over mch of Minnesota, 

this species shows suscqtibili ty to Cyto spora ca&er which destroys both 

its ornamental and its protecti on values. Since Cytospara is usuly 

considered to be a species attackjlng only weakened trees, a eelection 

which is faly hardy in Pllinnesota could be eexpected to show resietmce, 

In U, S, D, A, Miscelblaneous Pubkf cation 287, a sho\nrs the rage of 

Colorado spruce as extending from the Caad border nearly to Mexico 

dtho~h it is most aa'bundant in Colorado and Utah, An effort h e been 

mde by the Scbo% to ~"Dtain seed from as wide a geographicail, and elevationdl 

range as possible. To date, 14 sources have been secured from 

locations scattered throughout the Colorado, Utah, and morning r 

of the species, fithowh lhne shows three sWl areas in Ilsnt 

which the spectes occurs, seed from these areas has not yet been obtained 

and, amears %a be vePy difficult to secure, 

Dlnring the spring of 1952, eight sources were planted at the CloqueL 

Forest nussesy and the remainder will be planted there this spring, 

Then trasplants becone available, they will be planted in various 

areas throughou* the stete to ascertain whether any swerior strains 

have been located. 

FOmST. GmXTICS 1iZe)ltFC AT !IPCNPGm STATE COLLEGE 

The firlslt wark at Mdchigrsxl State College endeavored to secure a d pro- 

duce trees suP.%abbe to the wide aversity of glan"tng gites witfain the 

stale, Professor Beax* an8 later Professor Bogue, hoped to ffnd species 

tht wdd produce wood qwity, and at the same tine, 

as rapid or faster the native species, 

DfvisPoa, Mickigm State College,

Professor Tsogue started a forest nuaery in 1904, from wuch western 

pinee aod firs, as wall as eastern white, jack, and red pines, and 

white spruce, were sold for forest planting. Professor Bogus also 

estw%ed a uboretm for Ms ff rst .I;r%ds at East %ranrriw, wf th the 

hope that "progeny testsw would follow this early beginning. His 

selee tione included the f OIL OW%^: 

Pf nus 

Pseudo t swa taxif olia 

~astanea dentata 

And stherre 

The mjsr%$;y of .$&(eee taeees lived to produce fruit, and many of them 

are still dive, 

fn it@ 50 yews of service to the Mfchegm pblie, the Forestry 

t;mrent cssparated d%h the Unf ted sates Bemrtmeat of Agriculture, 

Bmeau sf Phmt Pndu@Lrys in %ride of emtie trees, Nth deciduous and 

coniferoue, me mst promising of these tfide were mnese chestnut, 

eee of' this erh>ecfes reached fratfng age before 

e room for the new b~lding construction following 

Vcf4r1d Yar If, 

Professor Chi ttenden establtshed a Orid plmtatisn of &paus c-anadensie 

(wkich is considered a Wbseid beween P, 

about 1917. ~hese-~ maderapid growth and were 

with white pine, and still later (1946) were harvested 

far the9r Imber when the emanding c uc~ overflowd onto their site. 

In 1926, Professor Chittenden secured aome wbrid poplar cuttings and 

plated them at the k ~ " Etlare~t =er%meaxt Station at Sault Ste. 

%ese pplars md rapid growth f three seassns before they auccmBaB 

.$a emker ecnd w%axter in4 

fa $928, Bsfe~sor Reflson of o w ISg~rticuSture Bepa~txnest started hie 

nut cultme work &"$;st Lmrezgxlg annd continued it later at the W. K. 

Kef Farm near @&a, Mich%$a9, BoPesssr Msflson did some Wrfdi~ation 

work, dthowh the mj~rity of hie wsxlk: n aslection of 

emtic a d mtf ve ocfon wad frcam prpami~ing irndfv e which he grafted 

on nstPee ro~L~tock~, A large acreage at the Ee was &8voted 

%a a "nut or~krd,~"i~ I8nud orchrd" h s "been gs;s&usfng crops 

sf nuts for some time, Uafartsarrataly, no one Snavidual has devoted 

much time to csn%fndng %Me work since Rofeesor X$%eilsonPs death, 

The next wrk e%P, It%ichig~%%1 State WB %rids of exotSc conifers at the 

W, K, Kellogg Forest nwr @La, where gsndero sa, lodgepole, Aus trian, 

ess red pine were established in forest glabtiona each of one 

acre or more,

In 1gj4-35~ the Forestry Department secured from E. J. Schreiner, 

OSord Paper Companr, Oxford, Maine, the Polls~ng bbroih poplars for 

trfdg at %st $mei ng: hdover, Bmford, Maine, Oxford, Rochester, 

a d Geneva etf es, These hybsf d popgas were plate& in rows at 

ms.4; Lav~~fng md, eu%lfvated, mey mde vesg. rapi& QBW;~~, 

ing jO f eot and 4 to 5 inches deb. h. in five years 

er inf ecLisns rdned the plmtatf on about the time they 

reached interesting s%ze, 

In 1941, Scott S. buley, then a graduate assistant, experimented with 

crosses of decidusus trees at Michi State College, The war 3.9- 

Lerrqted the fine mrk be started at bfichiga State, 

In May 1941, I established a planting of the following &%rid poplars 

tbt the Forestry Department seemed from the Dow Chemicd Csqay, of 

Miam&, lciichigan: 

ITo. 52: 

8'0: 57: 

NO. 69: 

mo 75: 

No. 70: 

No, 78:: 

ITo. 94: 

34-0. 97: 

Moo qg: 

These poplar h;y"bride were irrigated asnd cdtiva,ted, ad. they mde a. 

remnrkable growth of 6 to 8 feet the first season. These plants were 

cut back the following spring, and the cuttings produced were used in 

trials on other college properties, 

In 1942, a new plantation of these varieties was established in the 

awsexry an edtivated growd, 

irrigation, a d again mde m 

The third year they were I to ers were developing on &t%$ 

They were estivated but received no 

W growth of 4 to 6 feet in height. 

ches in dimster, but leaf rust 

9 varieties, Dwing the next tks years, 

Liedby all the varieties we 

tation was destroyed in 1946 to e roan far new C%B~GL"OOIT) "Irzldings, 

In April 1942. the Forestry Department initiated a series of wbrid 

psplar plmtings in cssperatign &Lb the Daw Chemicd Coqagr, testing 

three new varieties, as well as five of the varieties plantad in 1941 

and 1942. The test platings were distributed across the state from 

north to south at : 

The ar Forest -@rim Station, S aat SLe, llarie, 242chi 

The elom P%aMtf on, celona, Miehigm 

me L&e C%w merimen% SMtion, Lake City, Ydeksigm 

me Eel%ogg Pora~t, AuesLa, MichiPga

The reefits of these %rids as reprted by &r, L. W, Gyseil in the 

Michigan Agricul turd Experiment Station warterly Bulletin, Vol. 32 

(I): 156-165. st 1949$ are: 

1, For each hgibrid, the total s ivd was mrked by large differences 

between test areas a d plots sfson by test areas showed 

ivd to be best in the Mancelana planbtton where the averetge 

for tw blocks was 96 percent. Hybrid 31 had the best average sur- 

vival, for d P plots, 

2. On the average, approldmately 60 percent of the rtems surviving 

were original; the remaining were sprouts, AT1 of the s 

@tens ftz the plowed and fitted plots of the Ifellog area were 

oridd. 

3. 

The average height and average diameter of the aybri&s in plate 

those of the Kellogg area were low, In the plowed arrd 

fitted plots of the fatter area, the average height of dl. hybrids 

was 3.9 feet and the average d, b. h, , 2,5 inches, 

4, Some of faetsrs affecting grofwt;h and s .o.a3 were borer damage, 

caraker e, clilruate, and soils, 

5 mder the csadiLisns of thie experiment, the fisfbrids tested amarent- 

%y be af g~ssibze c~mescfd vdue only faa the %outhem Mic=kbig;~-bn. 

test area, the KelPogg Forest, on growl& which was plowed and fitted 

before plmting and cultivated after planting, Here, on the basis 

of sqerior height and diameter growth, hybrids and 48 were the 

best; however, both were highly infected dth the fungi causing canker 

ge which rnw deerease future swrvivd asld growth, 

FOREST GEmTfCS AT Tm WIVIERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

Stephen B. purr- 

The Sehoal of N~l,turial Resources at the kfversity sf Michigan has ases9- 

Lained ra 8&1 progrm fin fo~csst genetlcs ~finca 19p when res 

initiate& to develop chestnuts resistant to the chestnut blight, In 

keeping with the tradition of a libera arts miversity center, each 

staff menber hcs been peratted to develop his Interest in forest genetf cs 

~niversi ty of Michigan.

independently, without the setting up of long-term group projects. Be- 

cdsuee the School of EJatura3. Besowees ha8 close contact dt;h strong 

depsknents of 130t a d Zoology in the sane b~Pding, and because no 

agricultwdl experiment station exists at tine University, the research 

program in forest genetics has nded to remain on a s&S s@alLe a d LO 

stress the interest of inavid stdf members m d gradwte students, 

At the present time, work i s in progress or has been initiated on four 

general problems : (1) the development of blight-resl stant chestnut 

trees; (2) the testing of gonderosa pine for resistrulce to a. rust Lelataa-. 

tively identified as Cronartium cerebrum; ( j) the develoyment of a Norway 

spruce strain resistant to the spruce gall aphid; and (4) the testing of 

ope= races of Scotch pfne, 

Blight-resi stmt Chestnut 

me chestnut bligfnL spread rapi fly Into the souLheastern past of iE4ichiga 

frcm 1927 to 1929, Chestnut planted in 1906 at the Saglnaw Forest near 

Am beoor became ideeted with the blight after 11931, BeginnPng about 

1930, a loneterm program was initiated to develop blight-resistant 

chest~ut stocks, 

Chestnut is gative to southem Michlgan as far north as St, @l&r Comty 

and provided an important nut crop in the state as lsng g o as l88&, In 

1931, Michigan orc ds were yielding 5-43 bushel8 of chestnuts per acre 

practically every year, bringing a price of from $60 - $100 per acre to 

the gower, 

In 1930, owr 2,000 seedlings grown by the Division of Forest Pathology 

from seede collected frorn bligh+resistwt trees in EClsrea a d Japa were 

tested in Ann mbor by Professor Dow V, Bater, These trees were gown 

In pots tht they could be trmsplaated into the field in %he pots 

tlii"c;aul earposing the roots. By virtually eliminating the possibility 

of death ttue ts fadty transplanting, it was poetsibh to teat "che geed- 

Tbws solely for hardiness in southern Eaichigan. Ellost of this mterid 

was mot frosbhardy, but 37 nut-bearing trees were eelected for fwther 

study. In 1949, nuts selected from l 5 of the best trees were planted 

out, a d kave been carefully followed since, In 1951, a second selec- 

tion was mde, tMs being nuts from the best single tree, Forty aee&7l%ngs 

fro% %t?is generation are now in a cold frame, a d will be, planted out %a 

the near f ultase, 

In 1950, mother lot of 100 seedlings of Castaea mllissina wd crosses 

and C, dentata were o of these 

ted iz pots for three years. These pots have been 

phesd 3.n p9ts with top light &$lee& to force JuveniTe height growth, 

%he trees dll be planted out in the University of Michigan B~tamical 

Gardens this epring, and gJjtlP svaa?t=mlly be nratched dth the ~srsllections 

obtaiaea from the origina3. 2,000 Tor hardiness, nut production, and nut 

9.Wity.e 

-.. 24 -

The chestnut breeding pros- 59 well dong and aweus veq prornisiw, 

It ell lead ts a revivd af %he nut-sowing industry in southern 

e 

Busf-s~es%h~P;a% Ponderosa Fine - 

TUB is a eCsv of .%m ganderasstl. pine pxantations, one hwvily infested 

with the ru~t fmme, and the other e~ healtw stand, These plantations 

aad others r~retererztirng PSve fadditiond seed sources are now under study 

by Professor 43sw V, B~tef ad, the Labo~aLory of Patkz6loa in Forest 

Pract lce, 

i%. 

Resistance to fmgi vwies &mag races as well as rrpecies of trees, In 

1928, pnderasa gins grown from Black Slls seed was planted in the 

Stinchfield Wosds a mar, Since that ti-, cr*rubt fungus tentatively 

idsn9;if is8 aar has - together with "winter 

destroyed a 3. de The mjority of infections 

have occwrsd fra the part of the plantation nearest an oak forest - an 

alternate host far Lhe nsL should the fungus prove to be Cronartium 

cerebrun, 

Iln the second platartion, which is also near the oak, and, which bas been 

in the field fer a Eongsr period and therefore more eubJect to chance 

fnf eetation the firs%, no ruet occwa, IHiffermees in the 

of nwinte~ H%l,"wPthermre, are also apprtrent between the two p1anta;tiona, 

Pins stock frsm fow differrrsnl sources has been obtained and has been 

potted for later $%@Id inacuPation teets to determine the susceptibilf ty 

of diffarsnt1Mncahs sf @tack Lo tMs rust. Afifth ~ource (~ebraska 

Sand ~illa) dll be rspresented by stock that is to be rhipped this 

spring, Haturd idecllon testa, as we11 as laboratory and greenhouse 

inoculations, are p1 

It is hoped t9118L fmm LMB a"t& the eu~ceptibilitag of ponderclsa pine 

to tMa met ne8, A coroll objective, of course, is 

to f solats st FOB& pine that be safely planted in the 

neiaborhsod of 

qruce i@ infected with the astern gall aphid (Chsrmer 

me sf ths trreeg, have been heavfly atbaeked while nei@Mring 

and even fndsrloeki~ tress ar9 mtsuched, h study has been initiated to 

deterdzre whe r LMs ~aaeisrta%~e~a i~ genetic, anti to irolate if posrfBle a 

otrain of pJo ~prtlice reeistant to the gal1 aphtd, 

This ietl on by a merduats student under Professor 

e ~ad"l;.tabLieh~nt of ca plantcation from open-pol 

seed, areem@& from the idected plahtioe; the rooting of cu-%tings from

oth suscaptibie and resi etant trees: and controlled polliaation of both 

resf stmt a d namesiatmt trees, The idti& eLu& is echsdded for 

completion about 1955s and will probably be followed by other studies 

along the -81~s lime, 

Seatch Rne Seed 8owce 

In the Stlnchff s$Q bboads of the Ui%%versity of M~.@Mga;p near &bore 

%bee eomcss of Scotch pine were plate& on eidlm adJaceat sites %n 

lgjd and 1933. Theae three plantatione, cove s in dl, kvs 

be= fsllczwed cerrefaly ~linee $ha% tiaeo Per 

been es$aTsli~he&, each glraaatatien be been @vea carefu tManfw 

tsseetlment ae reqared, me large@% lr>fajnta$ion, represents xdesd frssl 

east Baltic Scotch pine trees (the so-called Riga strain) whf ch are wcrlbfmoua 

for their high fty, l"he t w sm1ler atations r~presret.zaL 

sroutbwerrs tern ope (~avarisn) and northweatern ope (~a'orwegian) stock. 

In Februery 1953, a graduate student at the &lniveraity (~illiam R. D. 

~c~regor) completed a master's theais on the three plantations. His 

thesis ineku&ea a detailed study of the grodh a d developmen$ sf these 

Lbee plalations, In addf tisn, 2% present8 the resdts of carefd 

merrsureaartat of 38 le trees %n each stad, These trees were edue9.%ed 

to detsrdne the n e a d @om% of inJwy md croskebess from &1 

aowess, Pn geaerd, the Bh~varfm trees were fomd ta be the fastestgrsw%% 

md the =@ trees the slower~bgrswfng, On 

Ze @train wccars the ~ trd&%~~t and sbwed the least 

MeGregar coac%uaad Lbt, 5n genesd, the Xorwe&w tr 

tion wd. a% theil~" grohkil rate was eoataiderably Mgher % 

thL of tltasaga ~s%rdn, TMs mnc%urs%csra irs %1"u'bJsct Lo further stmes 

as %Ire pleurntatisns develop, 

"Pfns SchaaP of Eat%z~d Besomeee 0% the Udveref Ly of !cl%ehiga %s rr~L 

esacerneta d%h $argesccr%e tree "&;reeding prsaams such as em log%cbilr&1y 

rfsd sn by fsrslslC emeriraermt atka%io~ts a d grad cell ege s, 

Bsr%c interest ie in %he solution ~f Sm 

%a fore@$ gen@licli%, a d in %he tratning of @adu;%$+Xme1 atnaentbs in 

Lhds field, tang %a1 a&vantage 06 the close relatiansbfpr tbt edet 

"kstween the School sf EaLwd %ternmess md the various biaaler&caP d+ 

pmtments in the Upbfvers%ty of MicMgw, 

In at9d9tf sn to $ha proJcsc$rj dteec;sl%bed &;love, a nmber of etrrrllar prslsltams 

8le~l;esPd iao d fsr the S~UQ 8ff resistmee of wkL-8te pine t 

Is in a rs%hPte pfne 

pXm"tkba"%tisrz %s directly gropr$iod to the? cfrc ssence af the leader, 

a 8afjkdrr of wHte g%n@ ZE 1eaderli~ tb~~~%%X~dlg skl%)dd be 181863 

c@ai&wfvs to ~898%~ %he ueausl tme of %pee, One of the

at dtizlcMfeld8 Woods seems $0 bve mu~w%ly tMn leaders, Seeds collected 

from Lh%e pla%slion wP1% be pPmted wath other seed sources in 

areas where weevif s abotmd to tte ternnine (1) whether the narrow shoat is 

@netidly controlled, and (2) whether thia strain is actually more 

to the weedl t sther azaterial , 

Uthou& rn Ikirge-r?3cde ~ S 0eql~36tfon B or tree breeding trials are contemplated, 

%% is bped to establish a small field planting of carefully 

selected eta&af hom@netfc origfn, Bn areaof about 10 acres may 

well be raet as%&@ Eole %Us purpose, It is hoped Lo plant here naterial 

of horn seed sowee, and of born genetic constitution, Promising 

hy'brids w1l be inclmdsd, lllthough the plantfng will be small, the 

site dl1 bs caa"efPlllg prepared, the trees wfll be cultivated as needed, 

and carefa obssmations will be made, This material will be available 

to interested staff md aaduettes for further research, We believe that 

carefaly terrded f deld trials this nature, although small, will provide 

far mre information of a fun ental nature t can be obtained from 

casWly css-bli shed large~~ecale field platings which receive a minimum 

of care, 

Through etuaiea of tMa tne, it is hopad that the School of Ratural Re- 

sources of the University sf Miclzligan will turn out an increasing number 

of grsdwte sludlcents tlsgrouguy a d coqetently trained in the field of 

forest gsnelics, 

BREEDING WRIC OF THE * 

Robert C, Dosen- 

!he Nekoo semwaseder Paper Co has been growing, planting, and cutting 

trees for years, wane engaged in forestry on almost any scale is 

copizat of afad faterested vitallly in forest genetics. We at Nekoosa- 

Mwardss hage rrttempted to f sllow genetics principles as closely as possible 

in our work, 

An industrid approach ts genetics can perhaps be 8 ed up by the state- 

anent, tfEow caa we by frallowfng proper silvicu3lturd practices bring the 

greatest vob~arme sf ma& from ow foleests to our mill in the shortest 

possible LPmelH 

It hr%s a1-g~ been &%fffcdt 

Lo get the proper informatlion on seed sources, 

Loed seed brs been used whenever possible, but there has been no guarmtee 

that this seed faas come from superior stock, Ykisn a nursery is planting 

over 2 millisa seeds per yeax it Pa not dways possible to obtain the seed 

locdly, aad we have been forced to purcbse from the open nrarket, One

$g eteg for tall nuasrg pr~ct%ces mad be proper eeleclion of seed 

from beS"initeXy born taamces th"td been eolbeetsd from guperior 

or el%%@ tress, 

We at Rehoa+E&ward~ bve ~sessrt mn;~g of the et~tlclss from the Institute 

of Forest hnetics at mace-ill@. California, and became interested in 

their W O I ~ on the lodgepole-jack ,pine cross. me cones had come from 

3-& pis@ p9%1en a d a snL $baa&eple pins and ehowed atartling vigor, 

"$Ff then $hrawht, C- we eetc;bBlish by arebcjrction or haf'brfd$l;atisn, or both, 

Ssregtrir of rsxe@pl;its& vier tttat .tail11 px(oduce quatfty wood In a shorter 

tiae, mere are def%n$lely horn differences wZthin a &ven epecies, 

md $here a f f erences between &iff ment species whoee utilization is 

the rms, %e: 

Jack Pine 

Solid wood. per cord ( cu. f t. ) 95 -, 9g 83 - 86 

Bark volume par cord ( cu. f t. ) l2,O 14.5 

Density (~bs. per cu. ft.) 25.0 24.2 

Yield - pulped (parcent) 44.9 43.6 

Strength teats (~ba. per iq. in.) 660 - 750 600 - 640 

We next looked for the correct amroach Lo use, Has ft selection or 

parhape hybridization? Nepco choae first to use hybridization, testing 

the feasibility of using lodgepole pollen on a parent jack pine. If 

tMe @roe@ -re auceesefu%, haw would the progeqy test En the field? 

Bow was the hybrid vigor; will it last or carry on when compared with 

native stock? If the aforementioned were all favorable, the question 

then arose: how will we praduea seed on a large sGaEeP 

We firat bagan pollinetion croeses in 1948. We have had a great deal of 

eosperat%sa from Dr, Elietsr at Flacemills, Cdifonria. He sent the 

pollen 4;o us, arad dao seed^ %kt Be wanted to kve testea here, In 

1951, following the pollination and maturation of the seed we planted our 

firet kfJrBrid Jack pfn*XsQcslpo%e pine in the field. This was followed 

by a plplanting in 1952, and in 1953 we vlll have one more planting. 

Definite differences are noticed in the hybrid trees that are planted. 

At the present time, it might be stated that we are checking these progeny 

of jack pine and lodgepale pine and probably wlll carry this on for 

approximately =other 10 years. If results are favorable, the big 

question then ir, how can we produce these at the rate of 1 million par 

year1

Becaa~e of auch evidence to euppsrt the imgortance sf seed sowce a d 

becacuae Hspca a hrge plmt~ng gr~~m, the csq initiated 8tudZr 

in. 1450 to tee% gsa@aph%c sources sf red md jack pfnes and black and 

WM tie spruceaB 

Seed eolleotiana fallow the regions ee$ up inn the re& pine study by the 

L&e State@ Pwea$ ms~Sment Station, with subeslleclions in each 

re&sn, CoP1ectighne3 are limited Lo MPnnesrsLa, W%seonsin, and VKper 

Michigm, 

Twenty five sources of both red pine and jack pine were collected during 

1950 and 1951, an& were planted in November 1951. These will be 2-0 in 

the apring of 1954, at which time the jack pine is scheduled for plant- 

ing in blacks of 14fih rows at a 5x5 spacing. 

Plans call for planting the red pine as 2-2 stock in blocks of l~fit14 

rows at a 6x6 epacing. Each species will be replicated three times 

in Centrd Wisconsin a d three LPme in One%& Couty. 

e 

- Jack Pine Seed Sources (1950-51) 

Eerth Centrd Mimeeat& North CenLrd Minneeota 

1, Ha 2, &x 

2, Ilaeca State Park 2, W1ww 

I"$, Backue 3. Backensack 

Centrd &&mesota - vestern Wisconsin CexltrtzB Minnesota ..- Weatera ttPfscsnsfn 

1. Pine River, Mim. 1, St, Crcsiw hrk, Mnn, 

2, moner, Vls, 2, Tsegs, Wis, 

as Stg CroBx Park, 14inn, 

5. Brainerd, Minn. (2nd collection) 

Horthsaetern MmesoW 

1, Bet% Lake Area 

2, ABSU~ 25 axes m my 

N;artbeastem Mmesata 

1, EmLing -ck River, ay 

2, N~LL L*@ 

J, Hear eecond lake, Eeb Trafl, 

n~ 

Ead of E&ee (~innesoda-V9,sconsin) Head of Lakes &@a 

1, D ad, Wt8, 1, Iron Rliver, Wis, 

Cornucopia, Wis, 

WaehBmn, Wise e State Forest, W%s, 

BNe Mver State Forest, Wig,

Jack Pine Seed Sources (1350-51) 

mer ESenninerulEa sf Mcfr;igan mper Perninsaa of MicMgan 

1, Rs& Bvsr - Muising; area 1, TrouL Lako (near ~ewberry) 

2, Eekiberry 2, Shinaeton 

3. IPdmer 

Rortheetsrtsm "Wisconsin mil lower 

mer MicMgm 

1, Pine L&e (near Mnocpua, Wis.) 

2, Farinefte, Wise 

3. Ee~bfm, Ma. 

mrtheariltem Wisconsin and lower 

ZJplpsr Michiga 

1, Hear Minocqm, Wis. 

2. Conover, Wis. 

. $t, Gerraafn area, Hieway 

70, ws. 

4. Marinette County, Wis. 

5, Keshfm, BIIis, 

6. Gladstone, ~ich. 

Centrd Wiseonsin Centrd Wi scoasf n 

1, ka;y I, Mllstaa 

2, Xspco Lake, Port Edmrds 2. Ray 

3 Wegaco MPrreaq aea, Port Post mwar$s 

Edwrarae . Adms 

ly in 1962 a project was initiated for breeding native aspens for 

grolwfng in northern huld central Wisconsin. "Pe ahfnelander Paper Company 

axld the Ifiaaaralhss. Corporation Jointly 

Belsft College b s mde available gre 

supporting the project, an& 

use, laboratory, and office 

facfliti es, me god of research is determine whether adding one, or 

tw, eom1ete eets of the nuclear factore which determine a tree's inherit@& 

life ptelatfa, to the dotlble set of s~ch factore in the cells 

of the srdigstsy wild tree 

crmaing the per acre producti an8 (2) of improving 

uwn th@ gurs%ity and utility of the ffber by productfng a longer 

one, 

Sfnce sever& %ems wM& are not feudiliar to all who are interested in 

$he genette iqrovemat of forest trees ase almst indZspensabbe to a 

deaseriptfssi sf tbie ~>roJeet, i L mety be useftiL to deffne them here, Poly- 

psloid trees differ from the ordlmry diploid trees, tlpsn which we now

depend, wttn reepect to the number of sets of those microecopic, linear 

trasd ssion stmctwa the cWomsomes which present in the 

~arclef of &3 of their 8. On these chromosomes, collectively, re-- 

sfde d l 02 the inher3 wuch are transniftted 

Is off @P%X in WendeI%ara fasuon, 

According to greaent information, the vegetative cells of ordinary wild 

aspens, as well as those of nearly all aspen hybrids, are each inter 

remated by emctly 38 eb;somosomes in two similar sets of 19 each. lshis 

double aet condition is referred to as diploid. A 

d, 9s aw tree which contains more than t 

sets of chromeomis in its vegetative nuclei. If there should be three 

such seta, the condition is described as triploid, and the four-set con- 

dition %e horn as ts%raploid. 

Since $Ens@@ astinctions cmnot be understood very clearly apart from 

some acquaintace with the actual reproductive processes and with the 

eritaunes, thsre be some value in coinfng a term 

e md calling al lyploids "extra heredi tyIt treea, 

thereby distinguishing the triploids and tetraploids collectively from 

most hybrids snd the great mass of wild trees of non-hybrid origin. For 

want of a more precise non-technical tern, the "extra heredityf8 tag will 

be enplsyed En thf e rqor%, where appropriate, 

The meet geaerd effect sf increasing the number of sets of chromosomee 

beyond the diploid condition has been enlargement in cell size. Sometfmes 

in&%ufd& plate me also larger, fn tree species the length of 

trachsid ffBer, WMC~ is related to the strength of pper manufactured 

from ft, be incrwsed, but there also be a similar effect m n 

ffber &imsLel~ a d wa%2 thfekness. All of these factors, plus others, 

&fee'$ the qUP$y of paper mde frm the wood pup, and only by producing 

suffics%@& variety of extra heredity wads for testing is it possible 

LO dsterdne eiLher %he neL effect of dl faetora or the particular effect 

of one factor ups the chraeteristics sf the paper, 

The deaim of the present prsdect envisions the possibility of secwing 

native tr%,p%of& trees of Bath q ng asrpen a d largetooth 

tsction gsf natma%%y prsdueed t ofds in the forest, by 

involving one pP~boSB pwent wkere a satable one c a be found, and by 

artif %cia'$, prod1~,ctisn of telrapIsi$ trees, using colchf cfne treatments, 

%a 8wie;&@n, dl of %%lee@ tmers of amroac=h have yidded extra heredity 

breeang =te~ia%e, maa8 of wkr%ch ax.@ psod~ing a d others too we& Lo 

A ersar""ch for trfplsid aapas In sst~ereriE localities in the Lake States 

mrs fni%is%ed la@"& sr, iessad will continue thfs season, If trip1 

amens oecm mtwa iaa Worth merica, Swedish experisnee with P. 

aad other evidence would incline us to look for individuals and ciones 

ebrac$erf aed by excqtiom1,Iy sapid gro.wlh, mucsdly large lsaves ruad 

Bartab@, a& lags atombe

TripIolB aeedlfagr and gerbga deo s Pew tetraplaid aeeainge mr%h 

Lqfw %a W%seonsf n might also be eec-ure& by sgplyfng pollem f m ~ 

ts femle ceduns of 

=%%~8 &%PI@%& %fee43 of bo% 

Tb@wSk% %he eom%ear of Dr, C, 

of &ma$ a d WatersO snch pollen m$ig x&~&e avaf9able s 

A third msLhed For ~eewfng extra heredity stock of &mpea ie bg ass 

sf colcMcine 02 eoBe beher weat c&I.~@&~Q 6f interfering in cell 

d1d9isn &a swh 

of rsot dfg and ete averted from cell@ kmving a QaubTe set 

est, aethod %e br 

e suecsesful, nor does 2 

Effert~ of %hi% kind in en, homver, give eo~e 

esnc~w~ement~ and the ae%had is a 1a1wable one bewase Pt offer@ 

the gae;issiBiPi%y sf combinfng 1% an extra haredf ty tr the divergent 

gsnetdc conlrfBu%foa~ of tw parent@, both sf which be seEecGed 

h were fnvolvad earlier fa crssae8 w!hich have produe 

rently dee2roble prsgsny, Bablfng the ~mbsr of c 

ees sf asewing s tetraplot& 

wMeh f s f erLILe, 

d hfbritl oes&s for coPcMcine %reatmeat cortmla 

were prshce8 during the Xast taevsn weeks from about 20 diffe 

mtgng~a Th8~b C ~ B S ~ ~ B 

ab ma8e fa the greenbnse by %he ~ 9 % 

method of piacing flower-budl-baafing branches froa trsea of both 

sexee in water, tr&xmferrfng pollen ts f s caLHna after &bout 

a waekg s dmel~gment, a d %hen cming for the braehea mother tw 

sir %ha@ 

weeks mtil %he seeds fipsn an %ha aLUne, 

FXsws+ba&-bear2 ng braashe@ were ob$aBnsd f rca a amber of f reso 'in 

W;B~~bnlf n, Mimesoh, a d %he 'Qpper Penlneuls of #ichf 

several caPlecLisno sent Lb09qh the wopsraLian af th@ Eaadmtesa

Bruck sf %he Eake States Forest merimat Station ad the Quetico- 

Superior Wilderness Eeswrch Cen%er, Pollen e 

ged with, or cent Lo &e, Scste Pau% 

$ton at &marl miversity, md ppS.~r breeders 

Betherlads a d Itdy, Ie oimflm activities 

in other reepeC"$@, there &I 3een ssm cooperation with the genetics 

snd path010~ trse breedfng: proJeets at the Ifhiverei.ty of Wisconsin, 

asd wi$ls the Cloquet Ewexlimental Foreat of the University of Wnnesota, 

n& Wtch C6iqaw at Cloquet, the Mimaso ta and Wisconsin Ds-. 

pgertnaenls of Consematisn, U. S. Forest Semice r ere, the Lake States 

Forest ~xperirnent Station and ita branch at Bhinslsnder, Wisconsin, Trees 

for Wwfrawp Ine,, foresters with the two spsoring companies, and 

others, A @de has been prepared to assist foresters in the field who 

me Prr a ~ sition to help lacate superior trees bearing flower buds, 

As early 88 p~~s$%%e, chromosome counts will be made from all types of 

anasterid, md these dl1 need to be continued over a considerable period, 

probably, in the case sf seeflings tseatea with celchfcfne, 

CsP@kicine&reatgd a8 esntrol untreated seedlings from the same eeed 

rJIoureets be eet out tMs spring in fenced test plantations at the 

Mpeo E~erip~lientd Feam, the U, S, Forest SesviGe ksme Experimentd 

Forest, on 1-8 provide& by the Beloit Iron Works near Beloit, and 

psaafbly aso near %thsckilB, Wisconsin, Detailed records of 

characLeristics dll be kept for dl materids teatad, 

A9 early as the end of the aecond year of growth, wod 

lager geedaabfngs mclJr Bs ready. for testing, The proced 

e had sheetss, subJecL them to the us 

for gaper, m(% detema%ne the pulp yield per 

of bleacmng rsquf red, stc, Later, it f s 

of aver&@ f%ber length, width and wall thi 

to %hose seemed in the manufacture 

sical tests 

irn thsecs tests hs been discuesed with technologists at the 

Forest Products Laboratory in Maason and at the Institute of Paper 

Chenaf stq, 

Tw &n pbses of forest tree breeding are cs fly recoei zed, 

the congaematfaklal. pba~ie md the fncfidduaf. se tion phcrse. !!!he con- 

pbse ainns at consemfng and pemetuating the best germ plasm 

of sdeting tree popPliLeotisns, ususlPy by means of vmious cutting methodril

firastsd "zwarde $he met eucceesful natwal regen&rra%Po~ft of apueb p 

lebtfoas, btb&rs of' bak seleetioa we ueed ~wericsla efiratim$: ds 

we sometirnss osfeeted a d age& for @sea pr~au~M~g~ fPh@ @eed %hue 

obtained Se used 30th mtwal arLPBieid resgenarat%sxl, 

osed to %he need@ of artif 

i cf ab regensr%rb,f on f n. grovi of wwerior genetic qWity cs2lected 

from sslactsd %nadd @%$her dfrectlg 0-2 from so-cdl@d 

seed orchrds whsrs such tre 

in such a er tht the kesdtbng se terfd is mre el% 

genetically superior to that obtainable from natural stands. 

ve are at present chiefly concerned with the indivi 

tion e of foreat tree, krreediw, O w cMef aim io to @em 

of astfficiaf regeneration md $0 EI Y seed or plat =tepid %kt from 

a genetic etandpoint is beat sufted for such needa. Our tree breeding 

actidties are closely li&e4 wfth tree plating s%$v%ties md are center-. 

ed in eeas wbre eueh aclivi$%es ~ V erata& B a de for ~latfag stock 

netic quality. Pzom 1939 to 1952, a31 forest 

w&ra carried out %n cesperealfs~z with the Wbc~ 

eedfw of the Associate Cornittee an Forestry 

Beseaarch Comcil sf C Ue In 1952, the BBssoe9ate CoIlua$Lte%a on, Forestry 

rector af Fwestv, Departnaent af Besowces euld 

Development, assumed the responsibility for the sctid-ities of the Sub- 

In a slhnrt deecr%ptioa;r sf tree brsea~ ecLf"B"jt"t;e~~ fn mads, Z well 

etcart czt the we@$ caa8.l; a d bean with "ee m~k: of F3r Am Porter 113, 

British Colmbia, W, P~ssi~eag, 1s eqboyed by the Cagadet Bepastment sf 

Agriculture and is selecting western white pine for resistance to blister 

rust, A, sia~ble tree plmLlng progrm is mder on the coast of 

British CslmBia, a d B W B T ~ forest nwseries are spemtsd in %Us connactionby 

the &oviac%d Wvesmment, m-e aaaia spseiersplmted on cub= 

over areas tbt lack satisfac$ov m$wgn%. regeneratfan me Bty=las fir 

and SiLh spruce, Western wMtep%ne is a&rslr$led$y a veq vdu;iLbfe 

species, 1% toad be raise8 in the n~scss%ee rand planted eilow 

with the other two species dth vev good ecsmdc resate, if we had 

plat ntaterid LbL we hew wdd 8umf~~ ma@% nalmd conditions, 

With such pff,f.ailezt ~rrratdefid we cadel, hope to fncrease the promrtion of 

wMte pfne Pn $ha mas% forest wd $hu~ whole ten& .Go praduce mre 

dfvessiff ed a d vauble kfnQs of trees, 

Ijtlr, Bsrter is, a"f;pressrral; sn 696. the ~e%ec%ion see3glingIy reaE~Pi&nf; 

fndfvidU western wM%e pines in the mre accessible coast forests, 

~tatsrid irs gd$ad or?, stock %q~rted from the %vabar;cac nusssq 5x1. Montam, 

and the pdt% b9 $esbb;~d in a diessssea ga~~"r%@n \Is%Lls, =beer artd in a 

climte flnat fs vem fptvorable to the slatma infection sf ~9hiLe pine 

by bfieter met, Later, mterkd fro% &he fn%srisr of B 

dl% be fneludsd in &he tsetg, a d $hers Mil also be a c

some ef 0 5 1 eastern ~efection8 

far resista~e~ 1% a d when good re- 

sist=% mtsrid b e been selected md, tested, it dl1 mst probably 

be use&, fn one way or aotber, for seed prokction, 'Xthe seed produced 

in LMs er will be in good de d by the existing forest nurseries, 

m$. elsewhere, 

Br, We B, Cram i o wrking at the Farest Nwsergr Station, Indian Head, 

Saskatchewm* The Forest Mwsery Statf on is operated by the Canada 

BepartaemL of &sfeatusre a d is distributing plating stock for prairie 

shs"i.l;ebeltrs, There is a need for better climatic and soil adaptation 

as well as mre vigorous growth in the species used for this purpose, 

The =in species coaeerned is Caragana arborescens, a shrub native to 

Stberiaandnow widely usedfor shelterbelts in theprairies, Selfsterile 

in&vtdulals of vi@rous g~owth are being selected, tested for 

combining abili ty and seed producingczapaci ty, and propagated vegetatively 

for the es$;&oblisheraL of ~eed production uni ts, Rather wide variatisn 

fn sever& f mpartaat ckaracters has been found within the material 

of $his species introduced thus far into the C dim prairies, and 

additfond mderial 5s being assembled from the United States and elsewhere, 

Several inbred progeni es have been produced and are being tested, 

Work wtt'S.1 whf $e, Black Hfllrs, Norway, and Colorado spruces presently eonslsts 

largely of the seedbed gerfor ce of one-parent progenies of 

sel ected trees, Variation in the atification requirement of the 

seeds, a d in the proportion of good nursery tran~lants produced has 

been fomd, me mterfal is being subjected to further tests for vigor 

and ahptabilitg, White spruce enters the southern prairies both fmm 

from the east, besides being native to the northern prairies. 

nically df stinct forms occur in different regions and offer 

a dds scope for hybrfdia;a"tfon and selection of superior types, Colorado 

Bpruce is dss being used in prairie shelterbelts and lends itself well 

ts further iwrovefi~ent in adaptation to such a new habitat, 

Work with Scotch pine is proceeding along eimilar lines, Material of 

different geographic wigin and of seeddeadng age is at hand, mrssry 

ce %ests with onerent progenies of this mterial are under 

wwp( Later) BUC~ progenie8 Wf%I be tested for their performce in 

shelterbelts. Similar work with Manitoba maple (boxelder) is also in 

profless, on a rather sWl scde thus Pas, 

Vmfous poples of "$ke cottcaawod a d bdsam poplar grows are Being 

~dely g1mted fn prair%e shellesbelts, and a fairly large collection 

of different efpsnscse3 a d seedlf ag pspaations of this kind has been 

assembled at Indian Head, The fzative cottonwoods root very poorly from 

cuttinges r%r%d sf the so-c&1ed RNzssian poplars are subject to 

r, Thenort L paas, a hybrid from North Dakota, has 

been. Mdely plated fa receat yeas, but roots rather goorly from stem 

cut$iws a d Is a @%,OW SOW~%, mbrfds of various nsztfve popfara and

Bugsiw pplars bvs been sbtaPne6 a d s e being tee%@& for rooting 

capacity fron stem cuttings a& *nerd perf0 cs tn shslterb~Zte, 

The wrk of M, Eolst a"c$h P~e%amwa Forest merSma.t Station, 611 

Xvos, Ontario, ibler being described in a etepsarats paper ad, asse 

it is only nentfoned here tbt he wrks dth spruce, 

larch, 

Dr, A, We S, XmLer, of the Dfviasion of PSsrLicatwe, Ceatrd west- 

mental Fam, Ottawa, hrs; in recent yeme started rasnns work in breed%ng 

for resistance to Butch elm disease, Crosses between the diploid 

- 

Elmus pumila and the tetrmoid are be%% LrieB, UPms 

pumila is being trea ce ebsmsone dau"bing, 

and amarently resf s na varistiess kv~3 been i&llportsd, A1Q.t 

the BQmiaion merimatd Station, L8Aoaam%ian, Quebec, whiLe elm seedlings 

are being artifieidly inoculated with mteh elm d%rrsaetse and 

methods sf vegetative progqtatiaa of elZn wsrked out, Dr, Enter h s 

&so gro&uced some 'bf ack curat x red ~wrm"fGbrid~ for wrk dth 

blister rust resis-ce in wMte pins, 

My own work is being emried out at the Suthern Ewerimmt Station, 

Maple, Ontario, under the direction sf the Bivfsion sf Research, On$ario 

Bqartment .of L~nrmats asld Forests, ern& is, in part, sqwrte& by gcsnte 

from the Ontario -search Csmcil, I% %8 concerned with white pj.nlp, 

aspen po;yPEwo, and, wre reeermtlg, with 2~neeaed pines, ms wsk f s 

closely connected with o w Divi sf on of Reforestation wMch operates 

several nuserf es that sqpPy plmtfng stock Lo famere a& to cow* 

ane nmicipal forests, It dso colf acts seed and operates a eeed extraction 

plmt, There are fairly large earetas sf rslba~ldoned farm % ad 

on light soil in so~therm a d catrd Ontarfo tbt are sadu&t$ly beiw 

replanted with stock p~odu~ed by these nmserise, P"Jbanting is also 

being done on some cut--.aver =dl burned areas dth, ifasP1Sfi~fent mtwd 

regeneration, 

mite Fine Studies 

mite pjbne was ogle of the min ~pecses raised md plmted at tbts bagin-. 

ning of reforestation aeLivPties 1x1 the early paat of tMs cenduly, but 

blister rust and wsev%% soon restricted the use sf LMs very vdwble 

species, Work hn selection far resfs-llce Lo blister sue% follows the 

1inesalreaQ estii%B~iarksdby Dr, A, J, mker %nrt8isjconnsfpa, Graafts are 

being produced in the g;e..se&ou~sie ad outside ~ $ scietn~ h esllected from

trees tka% are free from the dtsease mder con&f.P;ione 0% severe natucd 

infection, These graft8 are being set out in specid bads that can be 

mvered with lath eereens a d bwf ep, md euktdected to artificid inscu- 

%a"cign, Bf ack cwmnts are being grow in a lath burse to srrpply the 

necessary f nocam, 

The plmtation of wMte pine at P~inte maton, wq?lpe@, is owl main source 

sf resfslmt mterids. In additfsn, we have sbmned scfons and seeds 

frolm apparenaly resfstat trees in Fbe as well as some 

sf Dr, Bker" eselected clones, Coo Northwestern Blfster 

Ruet Cgsaatrol Project of the U, %. Department of Agricuf ture in Spokane was 

initiated in 1951, a d we tule at present gsotting and testing some of their 

sqposeay resistant western whi ine selections and are sending them 

sons of our selections, & exc e of pollen with various org;aniza%ions 

in the United State3 ant9 EXl;rope is dss under way. The work is being 

coordinated md kept trp to &ate by the Dfvision of Plant Disease Control, 

Bweau sf Ent;ontolog;y and mat Quarmtine, Agsfctlitturd Research Awnistratiorr, 

U, S,D,A,, 'tJashfngton, D, C, , which receives euhd distributes reports 

from workers &$k bli~ter rust in wkite pineas fa the United States 

a d Cmada, 

The wM$e pine weesPfl is being taken care sf by asPecting outstanding 

trees, free from weevil a"&tak but grswlng mder condi"t;ions of severe 

weevil infestation, fn pfmtrations a d -turd stmds, Graft8 from 

such trees me first subjected to the stmdard tests for resf stance to 

blleter rust =d, 8Luaed th respect to leader thickness. The so-called 

slendsr leader trees of the entomlogists have been found to be less 

susceptible LO weevil attacks t trees with thick leaders, Leader 

tMcknese is aWfttet4lg a chsacter that is stronay influenced by the 

ern~iranmat, a d the @aft@ e.t first show a rather etrong influence sf 

the e%ze of the arid scion@ on their shoot thickness, Later, in- 

herent differences in shoot thickness become apaaent and the different 

elsnee become mre miform fa thfs respect. me materid is grafted 

on sather miform stock md is growing under uniform conditions in the 

awsery, 

The native wMte pine is fmther being yzed in respect to its se@+ 

gation into ecotnes and climatic races by means of strain tests, In 

the fall of 1946, a fairly large seed collection was undertaken in 

different parts of Ontario and seeds from selected trees, selected 8 

a d bdk col%ectian@ from aeverd %oca%f ties were assenibled and later 

sown in three of the Provincial forest nurseries. The resulting material, 

about 200 thousaad plants, was set out in 25 test plantations located in 

mathern and een%rd On%apio, a d one fa CQ;uebec. 

One strain of western white pine a B seeds from the platation at Points 

maton, Qaebec, are incluaed in thls. The plants are set out in repli- 

cated lots at a qacing of 2+x5 feet, to provide material for very early 

tlkn%mfng a d indivi selection. These strain tests have already 

yielded preliminary information in respect to inherent superiority in 

growth form md growth rab, abouL the rraost prodsing Poca3itiea for 

geed mllaetion, f sr reforestation p

fn &aditLon to "las~rk%ng ~5th pure em"$rn and matem *hte pines, other 

species and hybrids cf +needled pines are being assembled, tested for 

resistace ta blf ater rust a& weeviling, a"6devtftabmted in respect to 

other cksacter~, &%@rid of thf s kind haa been ottkf3ed from several. 

arboretan park@ a d b~tmfcal gardens in tkez Cnbtad States tint9 in Wope, 

Some such &brids have %een ~roduced BZ Hapla. Of these, - Rnus peuce, 

and 9 ts bbrids wP th eastern w?d te pine are garlicpllarly proni~f ng because 

sf their M& degree of reeis$ace Lo blister rust aa& their early flowering, 

%lac resf etmce to B1Ssder rue% aeems to bve a different genetic 

basis from tbt of eastem white ptne, The early flswering might Be a 

v&u"ts$e character in %he production of stock far nafting, to induce 

early flowering in other breeding mterids of wladte pfne, It is possible 

Lh% sther vdwble c GriffitMi, the 

wrarr white pfne, 

Bath are crassable with the North herfcm white pines a.nd we have hybrids 

at bnd, 6a evdutisn in this respect of the Amdaehtan white pine 

has ?us% been sCarted, 

Aspen Studies 

In contrast to the work with white pine, tLe "i,nrk dth aspen poplars is 

at present not directly comeeded ~5th $he reforestatfora activities of 

QW Department, It f s an outgrowth of former wrk wi"c the breeding of 

poplars for shelterbe1 ts in the pratrhs, We bxpened to produce some- 

LMng t b L vdm"Ble md are receiv%ng fwther reque~te for pop1es 

suitable for the presduct$on sf mtch stock ad. pdpwod, As aspens 

uswlPy y%elQ better m%ch stock thm csttonwcasda u d bdsan poplaxs 

and $hair wbrids, and dso VOW on medim ferLP%e soils that 

usurally are mare avai$a"%sPe $0 forest industries %n Ontario, the breeding 

work at the prssent time %s concerned only dtb amens and thef r 

kzybrf ds, 

Of the native aspens, P, tren%sS,of ties 1s the wsl triadelgr dietributed in 

Ontario. We have very of "shis gtpecies in northern and 

especially fn northwestern 'Cntario, mis rrr%$er%d b s yirelded very 

hybrids with northern forms of European aspen in Sweden. Proasing 

resfit8 have deo been obddned by crossSng good trenibling aspen 

from northern Mimesota with P, adenopsb, a Chinese aspen fond pxanted 

in Bochester. New York. ~or%hern trembling aspen does not grow well 

when plated in southern Oatart o, probably beaesc~e its by length rcsq~rement 

s are not eatlsfied, Wem"ol%ng aspen, gative to southern 

Ontario, hs been crossed with Po3 i sh aspen in Blra k, aad some of 

the mtsating veq heterogeneous k@%r$d seeaings sJesm to be of promise 

to us, In recent yews, we have been sending mlaben sf dtrenibling aspen 

Ba increasing q tities Lo mrope, especially ts the Scmdina~~ur 

@omtr%es, %or the productton of wbrid aspens to be s o m there for 

mteh rstaek, A dwaf fom of trembling aspen that flowrs very early in 

lib%@? h s been f~md fn southern Ontario, a d this farm is now being put 

fnta use as 

mterfae, 

fing s$ock to anduce 

%me bestern forms sf tenbling aspen een s b 

Lained a d tested, but these are susceptible to a 

aw condi tisns, 

rust under

The c$her na%fve specf es, P, does not seem to be as &e- 

pendent on dgy length as P: d we hve s'faccessfaPy W .FP~~ 

material from the northeGnost parts of its range, as well aa from the 

sgauthermost parts fn the mibed SWtes, wutkdern eSa$t?~rfO~ 'blsfa 

speef ee grows well on Eight aanw soiHd, m8 for this rwson aaarg 

Lo be proasing for pxmding work* 

P t kgybrf df zes 

are fopmd abm latter epecies is p"fated, Only a 

very swl p~spsrtbosrs of such ky7srfds Beem mpt;?ble sf @cawing Yfnto Imge 

trees, however, me greater part soon become etaeizded and decadent 

mder natmd condi"corta, agltho~lg;h they dl Gow very well in a cat%vated 

nursery. The cross P. alba x has been made =ti..-. 

fieidly severdl times, udizg srids for this p 

a d b s y%elded seeafngrs qtn9,te sPmLbaao to those found in nature, &me 

of $he oldest a d largest naturd hybrids of tMs kind kaPe been We9 

into eall"~~a,tian an8 appear to be most promising under swr conditions, 

P, Lomentasa x grandidentata 

e ara ida 

ith us But are as yet 

for aw determination sf their forest quity, 

Ewopem aspen, P, bs been fntrs&uced from severd parts of 

ope aad a popGl m Czechoslovakia, ' of excellent growth form, 

has shorn such pod gowth tht we are etarting ts progwate it for test8 

on a lager scde, Thfs 8pecies is sseaetimes baay chewed by grasshoppers 

when yomg plants are aet out in grassy areaa, in contrast to 

the native aspen species, .Thtls far, %L has not beea attacked by maqlcaacr 

er, Lo wMch P, and some faras of P, rseem high%. 

ceptible. b?:e obtained some of t& Swedish triploid aspens. 

a d "8;hese grow qete well a& flower a"oatl;y with US$ altho9;yigh thus far 

Lhs growth $s not auprh~r to tht of QW best native aspen materbals, 

We thus have abml%at aepen m$er%aIs a% hand foa~ a very proariisfng breed- 

Iw pre)grmgb md also clones 0% pure qeeies a d Wbrbd~ that ma6 f* 

m@c%ir%%elg be put to wrk fa proc%ucing pod mtch @Lock and pa it not far amjor bottleneck, Thfs boLL1ensckis Lheproble 

gadion, Aspens are notariou~ly difff cat to OW $FOE ~geeds a d 

&iff f mltf es are enesmtered in raissng wbrf d seeaiqs, 

be done by usfng very Intensive hor$icd$wd techiques arnd is thus fm 

no$ econsmicd1y feasible on an industrid scde, Xt; is psstigible, kf6~ 

ever, %hat soil condilf oning agents and fundeia4ies %n time will help us 

in solving Lhf s problem, Aspens c ot be propaeted by stem cuttings 

by &direct plmtfng in a nw~eq* It &S been ~ 88fble do 200% %iten 

~uttfngs of &wens with the afd of plat growth bornones fn specidly 

prepared propwatisn beds, but as yet not on bur f niSPn8Lrfaf scale, &capcageation 

by meas sf rssL cuttings is qPrfLe feasible and. has "$a put 

into practice wZth several forms sf P, ope, but we hv8 

not found thia practicsl under ow. conditions. Grafting of aspen@ on 

rooted cuttfngs of P, d"a is &so ~adLe feasible but probably too emensive 

for in&ustrial'-amlieation. Budding has not been successful to any

degree in oar hot s rs, 1% is poesible LbL bencbgsrafting of 

aspexl cuttings on ti with mod rsoting capacity 

in time might be perfected to suc"h aaegree that it will lend itself 

to i%r&~lstrid applieatf on, This is the msL prodsing approach to 

bts, a d w are w43rHng on it, 

f Ssr?l$ie-rse the akimte sslutfon of the prop~ation pssbf em lies in the 

breeding sf aepen @bride with satisfacloq rooting capacity from stem 

cuttings a d otherwise acceptable as plating mterids for match stock 

and pdpwod pro8uctione We b ~ fomd e 

h god rooting 

capacity plmted in Ontario, of which br 

We hve d430 o"b&aed a pspaalion of 9, 

ids are available, 

grzriaa origin, of 

excellent growth form, and ere each ye> obtaining additional P. - alba 

materids from Europe and elsewhere, far further tests. We sve found 

that rooting ceapae9w of is parl%dly doni crosses with 

aerpsns, The crosses f3, a d dba x tremula 

are particularly promtit d inexhibiting hybrid 

- 

vfgor, It still rewins do combine %he useflag cbsacters of P, dba 

md available aspen mterid s in such a ner that they will produce 

amen-lfke hybrtde with good roo"eng cspe.city from stelsl cuttings, This 

will necessarily require the raising of more tbm one generation of 

WbricYts adj8 even ~5th the best techniques available, $&e some time, 

a Hard Pine Studdies 

The mrk Mth red pine and other 2-neeaed pines is wain closely tied 

in with reforesta"%on, Atthe begfnning of rsrg; work at P~iaple, Ontario, 

some 6 - 7 years ago, the prcblem ms purely q titalive: we needed 

moss red pine seed for our nwserfes a& emeriments were startea to 

increase geed production of yowg red pine plati%tisras, Intenstve 

tk%ming and pmtid gZrdling have given vew promisix results in this 

respect, 

In re~en% yearso the mropean pine shoot mth hs been ixlg young 

red pine me% Scotch pfns in southern Ontaie, so much tbt it has becorne 

a serious problem, The breeding of a red pine b-gbng resistance to the 

abaot mothiehf&ly aesfrable, It probably dllbeaery afficult, if 

not iqoss$hle, to accoqlfsh this throw, selection done, Thus far, 

it hs not been possible to cross red pfns wfth a99o"t;her pine species of 

the Laricioaes grow, do 'idq3ifch it belongs, &thou& dl the possibilities 

have by fa not been %Pied out fn Lkis se~pect, It may drso be possible 

ts wsrk with Au~trIaa pine wbich has eon8 reeistmce to the rshoot mth, 

a d d.&$1 this species as a basts Lo produce Wbrid 2-neeasd pines suitable 

for replacing red pine em& Scotch pine in area8 where the shoot moth 

is sow srprsblem, mfs looks like a lone%es%.~aps%sject, bu.e bt is well 

mrth wMle, because southern Ontarlo is %Ig ao nems the on9y area where 

the pine sMot mth hs become EL serious problem, mis latter phase is 

now Being carried out in caoperation with I~s, Holst,

As abmdoned farm I ~D~s w%1f be ple;l%zLed w, reforestation aetiP-ities 

Bn southem Ontarfo are bow6 to deerease, As the popflation incrwsee, 

mre inLensive sfIv2cu1 tma1 a d agemnent ntetbds -will be 

economfa1ly pesible on a wide mea fust "& the north, and other 

research sta"$one might then con~eivably "a eehs&%blis&ed there, men 

the, presa'a; work will ~ ~ p a 1 bacQround y af .l;echPeal ewerience in 

the fndlvidd selection phse of feilaerad tree breeding, At tht time 

we dso shod& be thinHng mre a"bsou"r,Lhe csnse fond pksase t 

present, This will apply rticaarly to the gement of the mre 

taler=% $ree mseies by m s of 'varfsus kinds se%eetive cutting, 

with at% f %cia2 regeneration supplementing exist 3. ng natural regeneration. 

PmAMAWA EY3IilEST EnEIitI:3m?T STAT I OW - 

The obJect%ve of the work in forest genetics and tree breeding is to 

produce strdna of trees wueh, fn a defined environment, possess the 

ability for m m u%i$iza$f on sf the produed$lve wpaeltg of the forest 

soils thus increase the ret in wood and money from the forest. 

The degree sf success in obtaining thfs objective is based entirely on 

eder" howlec%ge of the genetfc ca sition and the local 

vastations of the ~pscies coneer If euch knowledge 

is not available or f l ~t ineoqlete, the tree breeder mst work for sola- 

%ion sf the problems imol~ed and jofn and promole cooperative fnvestigations 

closely related do Ms main line of inoestfgiatioa, 

It 9s oMoarrs Lht; the yfesLd from the forest toad be increase& considerably 

'by proper fire prateetion, f alsasiva silvictdltureil nethods, cloae 

tat% f % eation, ma intellf gent ement, TRbf,le these m 

esncerne8 dth p%atec$%on ~cnd fnrproveaat of ec system asreadg Iln existence, 

tree breeang is concerned w%th sebeetfon of the best tmss found a d 

dth crea"efon of eaasei;Mng new agd better, 

m ~ n g 

drsfPned, the rs%tJecti.us for tree breecfing a d %%a place fn the 

genera forest research program, we my -.urn to the Petawawa breediq 

prsga a& gfve %he rwsons for the Pine of investigzttfon we have 

ebssen, me wad-ursine fndustrfes are of consi&er$"ols f 

the Ca32aaa9 @conode systera, Of these, the pulp indust 

IPs me %he moot i-rtmt and d msl sxclueively based on a supply 

of coniferous wsd, With the facilities available for tree breeding, 

it ttas been sf iqsrLa;gee to linnZt ow efforts and concentrate on the 

me% %ra;por"%at epseies, The sgruces asd the d pines are therefore 

OW naec%n f%dds sf BravestPgatl~a,

In the following are listed Bone of OW main prs"bems, 

It is of tremendous iwortance for the tree breeder to have a clear 

picture of the variation found dthin the species with wZlich he is 

wrking, 

tjhile the genetic comosition a%-.? the =turd variation can be studied 

in the field, the cXfna3. variation mu~t be investigerted in various experiments, 

Botanical no , herbarim nraterid maps, and handbooks 

of dendsoloffy mizy f ish a preliminary fr for the investigations, 

The stud;v of local yield tables compared with meteorological 

data serves also as a valuable guice, eepecially where a species has a 

nor tbsouth distribution. 

Very little work has been done dong these lines in North America, but 

from the available materid we may. obtain the following information: 

The white spruce now found %2 the eastern and middle part of the North 

American continent is descended from a spruce th", during an interglacial 

period, aim south and! east from the gene ceutrwn arovnd the 

Bering Sea, White spruce seems closely related to the spruces of Japan 

and eastern Chfna. It is difficult exactly to picture whit astribution 

white spruce had during the Wisconsin glaciation, It has certainly been 

in the east and may have gone south along the emerged contixientdl she1.f. 

But how far west was it fcund? Bog pollen analyses indicate that it, 

together. with black spruce, may have been found in the upper Mit~lsissippi 

regfon, 'Be clinzate along the east coast tias very wet and foggy auring 

the glaciation, while the climate in the mfdcile of the continent was quite 

dry, 

This fact has some influence on the white spruce types of today, 

The eastern types seen gore sensi%iiv tt a change in moisture than to a 

change ia teqerature, while the opposite seems to be the case with the 

western types, The provencsnce emerinents at Petawrawa indicate that 

there are two dfffersnt thermoclines, one pointing east and one pointing 

west, This ispecflfar, but in part "o explained by the influence 

of day length. When the day length dins is investigate3 we 

find a good cnrrelation for all types from the continental part of the 

Province of Qpebec and westward, p11hfle the coastd types from extreme 

eastern Qpebec eurd Wew B s ~ e behave k qui t e cliff erently, tJe have, 

ee race formtion ~rhich does not follow the 

rtat fact to keep in mind and it stroney supports the 

importace of keeping the selection gpmgrarn f nside one well deffned 

climatic reeon. 

wer.lmmts destmed for tho 8tud;y sf cf~~ntbl ~rariations serve the following 

theoseticd and practb& p

2, To define nore emc%ly w:mL influence the clines hve on woo2 

prsduc tisn, 

j. To wrk in the above information with the general forest claasif%eatioa 

for preparation sf Pt~ts for seed distribution, 

4, To set out races sf both ~sitive ilnd negative ?rdtle. 

:Jith a tendency to oversimplification we may aw that selection work in 

a speci flea area prove useless if a race from ans ther area can out- 

grcw the "=Live efl on hone ground. Several such cases have been 

reported in the European provenance literature; the mat impressive 5.9 

the ease of the Ge races of Nor= spruce being superior to the native 

Norway spruces in southern Swede2 and producing Zb5O percent more volume. 

ck --- Spruce Problem 

An interesting problem is fomd in the relation between red spruce and 

black eruce, Bath species s ived. &actation in eastern North America, 

Red spruce ws appmenfly o dy fomd in the ai?p&acMan Mwntains, where 

it Bevelsped in"k; o aveae$s @rant, relatively slow growing "ttayer typeR 

able ta eome$e with $h~ dmods, Black spruce s lved in a mch 

longer east-west f ri:%e;e south of the glacier and developed into an in-- 

tolerat pEoneer species ceabPe of inmdPng raw soPls, etc. 

Thia indieatee that we bve, fight under ow noses, tw species which 

bekave pwsf oLog%c&ly like the opean md the Japanese larch, and 

therfefose d&t prove aa vduable lin producing an heterottc hybrid, 

Bed spruce .types from the .outhem llgpdachians have been collected for 

fupther inveratPgaticsn of thPe gosafbilitgr, and hybrids made about 18 

gems @ve pmPB;tse Piahat 8 fa@% @QWII~& Wbrf CP be produced, 

Xorw~ epruce b e bersa 9rsjidel;g plats the Bit@& 

State@, In s art'tae csndwted svss 85 been psssible %Q 

find mee we11 ahpted %a clfmte, bla investfetion, fmthermre, 

reveajled &kt breeBfng $92 weevil resfs&aee d&t bs possible and the 

best types have been combined by controlled pollination to obtain 

~glcaterf a2 for fwther invsd~tigetiokto. of $Me pr3si"is8liWe 

Red pf ne $8 pecafas~ ia "bei~lg hwl iritmd @Boss pine and gowfng minly 

on sww oils, a1 %he e there 2s but little varfation 

$nt, form aad bataid f atlllrcas, md f t seeas veq cloee to being a pure 

lf ne, l'ha sepslsd proveanaslee eqerf lrtent;~ tndfcat ed dind vrtrfation, 

even though the materid has not been analyzed from this point of vier,

a9d a closes: st~zrl~ dght reveal the di stribztion of certain 2hysiologicd 

races. Only in one case reported from New York is there a strain 

wMch is sorr,ewIm;lL afferent from the rest, afld %~hich urfght show promise 

of being a, plastic tne, i, e, , a type eapcible of aL%qting ttself to 

en~ironntents, Such types are very useful in forestry md fqortant to 

the tree breeders, 

Very Little is Penom about jack pine but our general iqressfon is that 

there is @te a vaiettion both within the stands and between afferent 

climtic regfsns, 

Ve have here Li sted etone of the problems in the most Icrportmt conifers. 

For fwther study, provenance experfments are under in red, white, 

black, ITorwq spruces, and in red pine and jack pine, These experiment~ 

are in various stages of progress but it is planned to have the 

test platations established in various iqortant climatic regisns with- 

in the next five yeas, To that end, 3 seed bank has been established 

at Pe%aww% to Lake care of the see6 uatll the collections are complete, 

Process %n tree Breeding is based on selection of good stand material 

and it is earpected that the selection is only of value within one general 

climtic ?e&sra, at least as far as growth is concerned, 

To secuse progress, a large number of trees must be tested and, as the 

rating of the seP ected tress must be based on the progenies, various 

methods can be applied. 

I, Qpgn polli~ated seed ia collected fron each selected tree and 

kept separate in the trials, This meth~d is relatively simple 

and a large number of trees em be tasted, 

2, ContssPIed pllination with either one father or a standard 

* psllen mixture, This method is much more laborisus and 

relativelp Few trees can be tasted, 

3, Self-pollination, a somewhat faster method than No, 2 especially 

if larger bags, in wkiich male and, female flowera can be isolated, 

~~t?dr 

Method Ho, I It-bls its lirmitatio~ls e~pecfdly because we dr, not know the 

m e parent, The tree uight have been pollimted. by a pollen mixture, 

which might e-ress the averwe genotne of the stand, or it micht be 

pollinated by soBe trees one yeas md by sther trees the next year, %Je 

believe thawr that the donlintznt growth enes of the female tree should 

energs In the progeny test, The ease with which a large nmber of 

trees c a be Lestea es this method very important,

Nethod8 210, 2 and No, j are mch slower to mrk with and only a Pimi"ced 

unt sf seed em Be owlained and only relatively few trees can be 

tested, %ese mth$s are well suited for det~,iled study of t!te v~rf a*- 

Lions in sal ppaations, The self-pollinatton technique, espeeidly, 

looks promising and vduable to the tree breeder, as it mlght be possible 

ta determine the breedinz vslue of slng" e trees 5y. the behavioltr of their 

self-pllinated progenies, 

Sinae trees sf the previously 11lsnt3.r .lei conifers have been selected for 

pheno typicd appearance, and a 1a.rgc nt. ~ber of open-30Llinat etP o=le-r):2aren'l; 

progenies are now under trial, 

A fairly large number of artifi 

been established both in white 

b ~brids and self-pollinations b e 

Nf rway spruces and in red an& Jack 

pines for deterninin,~ the breed tr ilue of single trees. 

Through cooperation it bas b 

red pine and jack pine with e 

we might be able to produce 

sible to cross the Petawawa types of 

and western races in the hope tlwt 

ic type or even be able to cambins 

frost-brdinest? z~ith hlgh yi 

other species will be %&en 

This work is stSlP in progress, and 

these investigations, Several spruce 

wbrids have been atte~npted bu 

for publication, 

rcsults are still. uncertrzin ard reaw 

Mpnltiplfcation of selected material is an important pa.rt of tree Ereecing 

w3rk, Yeskrave evidence that the techniques used in the mild climte of 

are not too successful in the continental climate at 

y iwrovements, aiming at an average survival 

een mde on the grafting technique and on the 

grafted plants, Both greenkrouse grafting and outside graf tfng are done 

and aterials suftaible for vegetative propagation by cuttings been 

produced om a scale large enough to establish seed orchards, 

'fe bve fwthermore put a great deal of work into producing root stocks 

suitable for the induee~ent of early and abilldant fl~wering, In hard 

pixes and in spruces we have found suit~ble mterial and intend evenlully 

to produce our sm seed for root stocks, 

bother iqsrletnt promen? is that of indueirrg trees !in the fsres"c.t;s 

tly, Various melhds of girdling and fertilizing are used 

to increase seed production, Some of the nethods investigated seem quite 

promising a d might svent~lafly 5e applied in practid silvicultu~e, 

&ad facilities for propagation are fsmd at Petawawa, 11 greenhouse with 

attached work roonhasbeen built, Our nursery hasbeen ealargedco=eiderably 

and an irrigation ~ystern instdled, Labor supply f s qdP;e 

satisfactosty., as we can draw laborers from the station crew in the busy 

spring perf od, 

- $5 -

Xn the glateriaf at d at the ~jtatiorm several atudies hve been cnder- 

taken for the investigation of resistace to fungi, insects, and low 

temperatmes, The ph;).siologieal response of plants to clfmate is con- 

ctatly recorded in our phenologicacl observations, Way in the prove- 

nrusce elrperinntanls, 

Tfmber y-i el8 and wood quality studies have buely been started but 

preparation sf yield tables for various locd areas have been made by 

am Branch a d may, &en the work Is cowleted, serve as a usefull frame- 

mrk for investigations sf tifnber yf eld, We have also had under study 

the possibilities of fqroving the fiber length ic impartant pulpwood 

species, but we are still lacking a good saqling techniqua, In th9s 

respect, a study of wood-density seems promising, The b,.oo$- producers 

are more interested in a9 increased production in tons ~f cellulose per 

in a small increase in fibas length, 

(~?y of the "tee breeding activities carried out by the 

Forestry Branch of the Department of Resousces and Development in Cmada 

revee31P to you that s2ecial stress is Isid on basic probless of fund&- 

P;d vdue to a future, more detailed, loca/ly conducted breedlng 

progriwn, In this way ms laa 1 use of this large research organization 

which 98 represented by field stations froa the Roclky Momtains 

and ecsstwud, At the slams Lime a morelocal improvement program ia in 

progress, This latter prograun fs jntended to show "ee range of improve 

m a t that can be made and how those ingrovetrtents ca 

general field of forestry, 

be adapted to the 

FOREST GmErflICS ?mm IN THE NORTHEAST* 

Scott S. ~auley- 

The following brief s ry in outline forn; of forest genetie research 

tacti-vities mder fn the r'crtheast is based primarily on Dr, J, fd, 

WbbrfighL8s 8nA, Directory sf Forest Genetics Research in the United States 

and ~anada, " (USDA, Forest Service, !:ortheastern Forest Experiment 

Station, Sta. Paper KO, 53, 1952) and Dr. Hans Nienstaedt4s ttReport on 

Forest Genetics Research in Hew England and Neighboriry: States," reeojn%l;y 

cornpiif ed mder the &uspi ees of the New England Council b Forestry 

ad. Forest Industries Cornittee,

P, Fsderd &encies 

A, I)epartnent of ef~ature 

1, Forest Semice 

(a) Eortheastern Forest merimat Stetion, Upper Darby, Pa, 

E, J, Sclfrr=lP.e%nerB J, W, Wrist, A, F, Hov@ 

f4;$briaza%ion, seXectfon, and field testing of cotton-. 

woad a d bdeem pop11~b.j~~~ e&~pPe, birch, ash, pine, and 

qruce, SeXee"&om far weevil resistmee in whiter pine, 

2, Bmeczu of $%at Irmdustfogr, So5 1s and Uicul tural Enginserf ng, 

mvisian of Forest 1E"atBolow 

(a) Beltsville, Md. 

G, F, Grr%~.att, PF", I31, Bessy, 9, Diller 

Studies sf bPi&t rests ce in chestnut: introduction 

of sxstf cs, ktybridizatisn, selection and field testing, 

Tests of resfstmce to Septotfaia in Populus species, I_- - 

eeotnss a d wbrids, 

(b) New Haven, Conn. 

urn A, water 

Tes$ing far disease resistance in ]PoP~~.us clones, 

TI, State Consemat1 an De~rtments 

1, New Hawshire Eores%~ md Beessation Commission, For 

Demonstration Forest, Hfllsboro, N,H, 

spnuce and Sco tch pine, I 

1x1. Colleges, Ukriversi tees, &ad mesi ment Stations 

I, Connecticut miea$up"aS meriment Station, New Ifaven, Cam, 

A, He Grave@, Elrzlae Xtenstaedt 

Continuation of Elr, Gravest s%udies in chestnut which h'tra 

been in progress fop yeme. 

Bacial stuaies in heasek, 

2, University of New 

Howard eisbrsl 

~electiok and testing for resis cia to white pine weevtl, 

3. State 1JrniversEf;y csf New 'Yo*, Sysrtcusle, X,Ya 

R, R Hirt 

SsLection a d frebd tsstfng far rests ce to #hi te pine 

blf seer ns%, Select%an for resf stan to chestnut blfgbat, 

Iiacial tests af frOQr

4. Boyce Thompson Institute for nant Research, Inc., 

Ya&ers, R,P, 

ayde Ckn&ler 

B[$bridizatf on, selection agd Leeting of larch, natives 

and exotics, 

5. Wria bors Cabot Fomhtf on for Boteuti cal Research, 

Earnard Wiver~i ty, Peters 

Scott S, Baaey, fiber% G, Johnson, Helgs Irmns-Moller, 

#m, Jo Gabriel 

Studiea of variation in Papulus, Pinua, Quercus, Acer, 

Beta& a d Picea, 

- 

Although the a3ove outli~e presecte et first glance a rather impressive 

arrw of forest genetic research activity in progress in the Hortheast, 

one ahodd not be be&led into concluding that silvicultural thought 

aad practice is in my more advanced in that area than in other parts 

of the country, BvTronmntalfst dgctrine is still firmly entrenched, 

and m h silvieul twd research a d practice is still based on the asawnfrtion 

that intraspecific diversity does not exist in Northeastern tree 

specf es, 

maating is dlone on a comtparatfvoly mdest scale in most Northeastern 

slates, md tM9 silution accomt for the tendency to place greater 

eoqpltzasis on the rsodemize; of economicd, rather than biological, 

aspects of silvic\;lf tural ement, Unfortunately much of the planting 

stock tbt is utilize8 is still grown from seed of unknown or uncertain 

origin, TMs is a pecPl?tiarly ansmallous situation, in view of the fact 

that forest nurrst?ry practices in the Northeast are otherwise of high 

crilibre, 

In Jarawps" 1951, foresterrs in the South took the first step toward formatfon 

sf a genetics research coordimting comtttee, when they mt at 

Atla~nta, he, "to atsaess the status sf ow knowledge of genetics as re- 

lstsd to trees =lid Lo determine the atatus or extent of the application 

of this knowledge. "There tms also the hope that leads would develop, 

pointing the cou~sle which research in the forest genettcs field ehould 

take, and the part each inai7jidU13;L and orgaization should play, As a 

resat of t u g meeting, a 22- Goamnit tee on Southern Forest Tree 

f.rqprovsmat ms sr@vdzec3i with its medershfp representing all phases 

of forest.~lg. in the South at the techrrical level, lPhis cornrmittee met 

for the first time in June of 1951,

The centrd cornittee first orga%zed p r 

Geographic Source of Seed, Cenetic Control of Seed (production of 

genetically superior seed). Tree Selection and sing, and. Progeny 

Testing. The ebiraen of these per ttees a ntfcleue 

of menibership were selected from the centrd c tee, Additional 

members who were especiafly qudffied to offer in the p~ticfl- 

field of subcomi ttee respnsibility also werg cbsen from outside the 

central csmfttee, mess subgeet mtter comi ttses were to draw up 

possible research programs in their respective fields and report back 

to the central committee, Arrcane;ements were also mde for the pre- 

paration of guideline publi ions showing b w Lo @ about genetics 

work in a reasonably somd ner, and for publication of a serni-annual 

news letter, 

3uring the past two years this co tteo has sponsozed eight publica- 

tions and reports on.. tree improve t work and has undertaken a regio 

cooperative study of geographic sources of esuthem pine seed, In 

addition, it must receive mch sf the credit far a general wave of 

interest in southern tree imprsvernent research, 

The cormittee has defined its obgectives as: 

1. To &vise ad assia~t those Interested 19 the Sqrovement of 

southern forest trees in wr&njng and conducting research 

and devel opment profliams, 

2, To provide a clearing house for inPs tion on forest tree 

iwrovement , 

j, To provide far or assist in coordination in the conduct of 

a South-ide program of tree improvement research and de- 

velopmen t , 

4. To foster and encourage the advancement of bowledge of 

southern tree genetics, 

In July 1950, ta meeting was cdEe& at Mssoula, Montana, to form an 

informal and continuing forest gsneties steering co t tee contdning 

representatives from all interested agencies, to stirnulate interest in 

forest genetics a d to coordfaate research in this field within the 

region, This meeting provided as opportunity to review the current

status of foreat tree improvement work in the Inland Northwest region, 

and out of it developed a cormnittee composed of representatives of the 

following orgaizations: 

Bureau of &towlow wd Qmrmtine 

Division of Elieter &st Csntml, Spokane, Mshington 

Forest Insect Laboratory, Couer d' Alene, I 

Bwem of ma$ In&usL~j, Wfls, and &ricultural Engineering 

D%vfsion of F011"e~t Brzth~loa, Hssouta, Montana 

Man%=&% State 31% versi ty 

School of i$ret;tlay, Missoula, Rontana 

U, 5, Forsat Semice 

1%0p$kXem mcQ ;2c"fowta%s Fcrest and %age Experi tsent Stat io~, 

Missofla, WnLma 

Rortk-iern Regfsa, mvisia~i, of Timber Management, Mi ssoua, 24sntaqrr 

Washington Stats College, PPallmn, Washington 

Department of eronorrg. 

Department of Bortlea ture 

mviaisn of Forestry md e Kanagement 

Thie ea;r;ur;iltee, in csntras* to the Southern Tree Pqrovewent Co3al%tee, 

eont~ins no representative sf industry. 

The fmctions of the co %Lee at the outset were listed as fsllos.,~~: 

1, Compile literahre on genetics. 

2. Disseminate informtion, possibly through an unoack%e&aed new* 

letter, to include reports of progress on loctzk prsjwts a d 

work in other re@oas, 

3. Prepare definitions of superior trees or stands aa a guide for 

field men in selectian, 

4. Keep oriented on main problems, screening projects and setting 

priorities, 

5. Direct projects to graduate student8, 

6. ROM meetings at appropriate times. 

En 1952, the co ttee carried through Iten 3 by issuing "A Guide for 

the SsPe~tion of Superior Trees in the Northem lRodlry Mosmta%ms, " "8 

PGpage report was priblished by thgl Narthern Rocky Momtain SLatfofa,

We have heard of the work being done in the -rest genetics field in 

thls and other regions of this couatry as well as fn other countries, 

Probleas needing study in this region are, I am suss, of a sidla 

nature to those being studied and prsmsed for rstuw Jln these other 

places, 

First I wodd like to say thett in tdking about sawlinzber trees, veneer 

as well as sawlogs are included, 

A wrd dght be said about the relative inrportanee on a. mre or less 

e basis of sawtimber production in the take States region, 

lion acres of commercial. forest lad in the three states is 

some 10 percent of the 461 million acres of commercial forest land in 

the United States, Of this 50 million acres, dl. but the s 

poorest sad has in the past produced, and will in be capable of 

producing, sawtimber, much of it of high quafity The inadequacy of 

the supl?ly of good grade swtinber is shsm by the continued over- 

cutting of our sawtimber and the s 1 proportion of reqdremeats sqplie8 

by the Lake States foreats, 

With over $bas?+fom"i;he of our fsrest Pads capable of produefw high- 

value sawtimber, a long-range program such as is involved in genetics 

research should give adequate attention to improvement of sawtimber 

productivity, 

The principal rsawtimber species among the ssft;wo8s are red or Norway 

pine and eastern white pine, To grow better pine rsawtimber faster, 

the problem is primarily related to reforestation, Although more t 

2,800,000 acres have been planted up to the prekient, probably almost 

half of which is red and white pine, there re&ns a large area to be 

resent rate of reforestation in the Lake States is about 

ualfy and appears to be on the increase, 

Since reforestat ion work involves a substantial cash outlrty, the quality 

imd productivity of the planted trees is of particular fnqportmce to 

those doing the planting, For sakifog production, the kind of trees we 

plant now w%11 affect the crop up to a cent OP more henee. Until 

the final, hameet at the end of the rswtio there will of course be 

tux o'pportuity to select md weed out the poorer trees, trees with 

slower growth eharaeteri stics, poor bale form, croaked md rapid taper, 

heavy anrd persistat branching, twfsted gain a d sther mdesf rabf e 

characteristics, We need ta know what to look for fa terms of external 

have sign% f i cmce asr to her2 tabili ty, Forestera 

lectfon of trees in fnternedfate or selection 

cuts or select seed trees to leave could then be aided, by this infsraaatiorr*

Wf tka the cost of planting the trass, sxclrrsive of amh~eq stock and 

the f%xe& costs of ownership and m~agemeal, the @me regardless of 

the claws of stock ueed, A csnsiderably increased east far S%OC~ 

tbt wif 1 increase production and q ity w2dd be @sif business, 

Superior gmwlh sate, q't.u%XiLy of the 8aw10g8 or ~Lher prcrducLs proitueedl, 

a d resf atmce to disease md fnsecLs wdd Justify hl&er 

stack costa, The only bnereased cosL of preduciw such eupsrtor 

stock: wad be $he increased cost of .$;he seed, Better growth rates 

woad reduce the cost of release an& increase 

w~u2-d reduce the need for close spacing and no 

Hwdw~ode present a different problem bewase they are dmoa'd entfrely 

reproduced naturally, Very few hrdwosds are r;r$a$sd, Becaszse of 

the speei&i~;@d uses of brdw~ods~ %he develspmeaL of %re138 'W"fth the 

mst delsfret"bla wood cbrac%erla$lea for these user is of iqortance, 

High growth raP;e, both d%meter a d he%gh%, s$rai&t s'1;@818, s 

Lrarrches, eelf p fng, low stem taper, resf stace to rot, an 

desirable chracteristics shad be striven for, If we hew mre 

8'jl)gluL how ta JuQe the desirable extern& raeteristies a d rigor 

of tress tbt are due %O heredity rather G snviron~ntent, the forester 

cod& do a. better 30b tomrd g~mving f utxxre stadsr %n 

tfon c-rx%ai, 

Thfs brief diecussion aoad only bpe $0 touch upon a fiw sf the pmb 

ferns md needa in growing mre productive s&wlim"%ser tree8 in thfs Lake 

States, A%knorou&pr~bLemanal~~I~ to provide a somdibtasis for a 

eosrdinated progsm on a long-r e basis, id seems to me, is urgently 

needed, 

30th paper mkers and foresters hve in @n& a &em tree wMch hss 

all possible desirable qualities Including long fiber, dense wood, 

fast gowth, ete, Howwsr, mst ffeld fsreeecrs do ~ o L kve the 

facilities or time to get into tree breeding veq geriously. I 

shell, therefore, limit nqy remarks to some practical genetic improv* 

lraents $ht we ern forestry operations,

Toby we are amroaching the height of an intense plantinp, period participated 

in by all types of ownershipe. At this pint people in the 

pulpwood field can help themselves by a more serious attitude to the 

mtter of seed sowce, "Phere %rs Biffidty to control ~eed wwce a d 

most of ten f t mst be obtdnred where availlrable, Bowever, we foresters 

have probably taken the course of least resistance in the matter when 

there is sdficient evidence to indiwls need of definite policies on 

seed collecting, 

The same casl be applied to grading of E W B ~ t ~ ~ ~ We k sometimes e 

lose sight of our goal in our streas for millions of trees and number 

of acres plated, 

Those companies who own their nurseries have a wonderful opportunity to 

practice quality control, particularly where nursery production and re- 

forestation are wider the same control, Most Poreatere and nurserymen 

in the forest";^ field are eogizetult of today's basic genetics and to- 

morrows~ future forests, md are ng steps to tbt end, For those 

who are not doing their beet in this respect, pLms bead be made to 

incorporate the basf e knowledge of genetics, striving for quity as 

well as volme produclfon, 

TICS Am CWTIITG PUCTICES 

Now, let us consider the matter of genetics and cutting practices. 

heal tw signe f ndf eating the sfnceri lgr m6sg forest 

owners to practice go forestry, However, in ow zeal to tp;y. new 

methods arid ideas we les~sn om caution and reach too energeticdly . 

to promising short cuts, 

Over the p&et 25 yeas, herfern kmestfgatsr~s bve bne mch good 

plicable forestry resaarch and more is now in progreas which will give 

valuable redta, It has been $a%& tkat If dl, our forest land reee%ved 

good foreatsy practice, pmduction of forest gro&uete coad be trrl>led 

ed, 1% sksPrldbe orafe to then tbt if we applied dl1 

w about forestw tow the tiw of wood ppmduced could 

be doubled, Pt f ollowr then that our big 30% tsm is to sell apg,1%cation 

of forestry research first Lo s~ls fozeslers, then t;o our operatars, 

Bfconslnfc zeaaons irm one form or mother are urwly cite& as to whtyT 

certain forestm practices are mt done, EeolssmfGs &a& be the ym+ 

stick in prac&ied fsrestq snaterlprfse, It isn" Lwye may, 

however, to prodect to-" aecsnoacs 20 to 50 yews hence, L 

might seem good ecennontles today may. grove tcs be fdss sconorrry, 

If one csnsiaerrar what 8 platation with ideeil swcing caa &a as eo~lpared 

to wild Pmd varying all, the way from ~lllatoeleed Lo eve-etaeked ertands, 

I don't mafl to be overly sptfmietfe by eeyfng the "sQ is the limitr" 

For aakc of clesrificetion, let us call planting the ABC end of forestry 

and hybridization the XIZ end. In between we hsve what I would call the

Ifmest"of good forestry. and it is in the D-to-W spread where practiqing 

fore~ters can be of influence by Laking the reins, 

Today, it sametimes costs up LD $40~00 per acre to plant. On such 

dfff ica% plmting c ees, tbesse%fcdEy, it mems tkt sne dght 

epend an amount approaching $Ll.(i-i per acre to insure regeneration by 

proper hmssting methods, %I .*NU% getffng Bnvolved fn the interest 

factor of finmcing, 13 aeme %rat 8% we d&L be consider~~bhy rsdu~ed 

on intersedidte cuts prepwasory to the find cut if thcnt is what 

is reqared ta get regefierat%an, It wuldnh 'be inf easibte do consider 

giving aww the stwage in intemediate TSI cutting, 

Toby, several Xiacsrisin mil la a2e bqying wood in hntma, Colorado, 

warning, and Cesada at very high freiet rates, Let us suppose that 

we can some day reduce average freight cost from $10.00 per cord to 

$5.00 per cord by getting mare local wood. On a mature local stand 

with 20 cords per acre, we theoreQic&l$ kve $106,00 per were to play 

with, It wdd amear a wise f~%~vsslrnat %a spend considerably more 

of this saved freight % is now spent, fn such a my as to assure regeneratian, 

Bere agai L mat be rscaeized %ha& the interest factor 

would reduce $he ac%W value of the fref@t savfq, II of e~~rse, am 

not advocating that we should spent the $40.00 or the $100.00 @,v 

acre af "but I am advocating a rmiew of ow tMsgllrBslg an stdng 

policiee, Money pat into ferestq work fs an investment, but tbt 

spent on freight is not, 

In the foregoing there are, Lo be sue, ecansmic a8pec t s no% touch- 

ed yon, but the point f b98h $0 leave i t if w dlontt incus some 

of these expenses now they will come ap in the fatme tand turn oat 

to be more costly, 

Most foreaters will agree that using a dismeter lilnit of cutting tolerant 

specf es is Better $ nathlng, but 5% fe basiwlly wrong for i* 

tolerant, ev-aged ~eciss, Pet E could qwte agreements or 

contract@ from beath public a d private forestry agessPca w11feh specify 

&%meter Xi&$ i~lj~;tL%g fcr $ach pine a d aspen s%ads@ 

91he 1onprd3;lsge effect, par%%ctCLarly in Jack gins mass cones 

open, is boa& %O be a net gezetf c deterioration of fuewe stads, 

Bow much this will i e I carnot answer. Is one foat per generatior, 

plausible or eve^ e~rnawkat esneemalivel In areas of S~SOLI~OUIconed 

mt-are jack pace, whg ks there a dtmeter limit at dl? 

Why do these practice@ persist 7 Is it the economics of (a) high 

marking costs, and (3) lack of profit in an operation by producers, 

cr is it a casual indifference by foresters as long ss they cen cootinue 

to fill today's qwta of mod? If it is economics, we shc:ould 

perhaips reconeider tb fi ea an M a regtaae~ation costs and 

spent for fraighl, If at %s prfmrily %sdiPfersnc~, thaa we ehoad 

face the Job of selling complete forestry to production foresters and 

their pro&ucer"a,

Certainly we might look more critically over the jurisdiction we have 

as foresters, with an ear bent to the long-term genetic considerations 

cas well as to the short-term present-&a;r;r economics, 

Benson H, Paul 

When growing trees for the production of lumber, the quality of the 

product is aprimary consideration. The breedingof trees for 

se, insect, or drought resistance, or for rapid growth, will fell 

short of complete success if the final wood product i of inferior 

ity, nmber quality, according to Richens (5) ,:$ includea both 

oaed and chemical properties of the wood, 

In the considerati on of wood omicaS, viewgoint, 

the interest lies in fiber le ringwood and 

erwood, which in turn influence density; t be high or low 

depending an intendedorprevailinguse, Highdensity is desired 

for great mec ical strength and high pulp yields on a cubic foot'& 

on an acre b , Shrinkage, warping, and other properties of wood 

dfectiag its satisfactory use are related to densi 

structure in one way or another, Appearaslee or ff 

growth rings in wood is mother feature eagerly so 

In cases, therefore, the objectives of tree breeding need to be 

two- or even threefold. 

The main object of tree breeding, according to some popular ideas, ir 

to produce trees of very rapid growth. This at first appears to be a 

mst wrtw objectivs. If trees can be developed that will reach 

merchntable sizes in a smajil fraction of the time now required, it 

will be a great advantage to the timber gower, Rowever, if for one 

reason or arnother, the wood produced from this rapfd g~owth proves unp 

esuftablgs foa~ its intended uae, then the user ~3.11 be at a great as- 

~d'tpaallt~es, 

Underlined numbers in parenthellas refer to the list of number- 

ed references at the end of the article, 

('~hia papar was illustrated by slides)

the fasts recomirte8 fa rapid grodb sf mnifertsue iepecies 

ccthnditiaes mlsl 1 0 -8~Z%ltie ~ $raviLy ad stren&h, 

Lheee fs excessive afcari&we dong 

ths @ah, For @om8 use@ wetgh the mad, sr hagh strength, me 

not iqorLast, This is tms fo y uses ad. whits pine, but even 

in white pfns it hers Bees f om& wP1m growth rllnge are as few asr 

4 to 5 per inch the mod is unsuitable for match stock. one of the 

fwrtatnl usee sf wMte p%nts, reasan %e Lkuzt fn cutting match 

sticks iron ed*rfng;ed bPo&s, y of the mteh sticks contain only 

the mak sari cad portion of tb gsMh ring ad, ars s reisultt, they 

lak the nec8 y rslrenga hfor strik%ng, Other white pine wood with 

12 to 16 rings par inch produced satisfactory match sticks, since in 

thfs case soae of the sLrsager fs erwod was present in each match 

stick, 

Initidly wid+rf nged woo& in ysmg ::outhern yellow pines us 

fibers them- 

e dth reference 

t in the fiber 

wdlrr e;jtverr 26863 to musWly hi& sa 

asas, ff rap%& cswth Pa 

s it unsujitable 

. time to aeco sines evsPuLi 

pected to take place very elowly. According to &tkr mehler (5), 

wood is the most conservative part of a tree from an evolutionaryatandpoint, 

Thia %e eviclenl f n a namber of genera, like the oak and 

pine, in wMch the wad of a nnunber of species c t be @spasated on 

the basis of fts atrwtwe, 8abdbwb botwica9 c tics of frzfit 

a d flowerla upon wMch ~~pecies c9ias~ificertfon %e have sf&- 

Pfemt difference, 

fa our mtive species, t%Bgre are nriaable widths of sowth rings under 

different condlitisas of environment, Use, thees variations in growth 

sassat from gss of a si3vf calwd natwe tbt take place 

y or a@ a FQS % %reatmeet of ia &and, Bfws may be wide 

at first a d gretdudty becsrjle xr Qwar as the trees become larger and 

relative grodng spetee of tsees becomes les 

in ring wfdth, f n the southern pines acmw 

obsemed in the sPze of fibril ea, W%th %&.%id slow grow"th of 

tress, the fibril arrmgement b mgfes nch 

ns(arer the pi*, ralthugSs perbps ao saaxaer in yeas fn widenringed 

treesD In~eatiie%%ane dong %Ma line are in gropesar, 

structwral tsndeneies s 

rigge also aff eets ams 

fmuaa r%fmeter growth, the obJectionable 

mod aeed to be s~ercsare, bl"lth of 

e 09 f2ndsbed lunnber, pabrticularly in 

egeci es wfth pronninmt 

8w~bd a28 present 

~$wsad bmds, men conaidsrabls areas of 

anflac@, as fa PIaL-998twCsd lumber, the

pa%a%-kaLd%ag e 

are rslativeZy wwd smfaee~~ 

the eprin~ao 

environment& conditions, The tot 

treme1y or wet ~odng seasons 

e%lmg~d, Total ~prin~ood dssertns to 'be infiamced By cram size 

ad, a$ k4; &"s;"- eroas I B C ~ ~ in O the ~ Lres, ;by proamity aQ the Gem 

cram wbn other factors euee sqWg 

In etuaies of ro.$awmcaa.% veneer fraa czrscoa&-gro*h M@aer...Pf~, 2 t was 

fomd %&$ *Be rfqs resUteB in &cn ~lzlhcsvt~an distrPhtian aP spPfnmod 

wad that gave an unbalanced sheet (1). The veneer from 

h rings a d mt &"ope Lhg: fine textwe desfraale for faces, 

PmiS~lc.&fala sf Bwla+f5r timPdsr yielding hi+eade veneer loge appwre 

%I"~"f~U$twd problem caltliw for grsowtbrate eontrol and alw 

g te, rid tb trsesa of perafistsnt &ead brajnchs, For this 

10 r%ngs per inch ie recornended far hf 

face veneer, 

We d%rsctisn sf grdn an& grse8nce sf PI e in mod bve been corn;sidered 

from %he eW&point sf dweloping strains sr wbri&s 

bve Mgb vdae on of %heir reLtracLi~eaes8~ H, G, C 

in 1927 grew a large percentage of spiral-grained offspri 

eesdr of spird-safned trees, As a resat, he ellaifas& tbt epfraing 

ms hereditaq, Eepwver, because of the varilz'ble seewrence af spird 

ng om mtfvs ~pscies, there f e sane evidenee %hat spird $rafn 

dmelops &so From sther caases, So s spiral, ga%n ell occur 

Q aLe in the fife of a tree, In cases Lhs dispee of spiraLZ 

c s, or it my ~ ird first in an ctian icamd then in mother, 

In gome re%-rsed psgzdersezt ghe trees, it was obrsemed that the degree 

of gpfra ms reauced by weelemtion of ~owth; and in one of the 

trees, the opird ~~"gver~ea iLe dfrsctisn, hnesrd sbsemations ill-, 

dicafes that ~p%rl%%i= e3888~f~f~ted 'With slow grswth asld become inden~iQ%ed 

Mth retarb%ian of growth hn Uamelsr, 

In%e~%o&ed grain amems mre likely to "tP hberreditaq ti 

Wlgr &ar~lte%Lsrfr~tic af me% trees of a species; for 

In Pidland, the Forest Rerearch Institute (3) tea ted heredf taw tendencies 

of fiere fin, birck %& tress from seeds 

of wren$ trees bving f i p1,lanted ix 1929. ~ t e 6 r 

r, 44.6 percent ti e and, after 9 sears, 61.7 

osald Be detg~eted in trees as 

yomg as 2 gears in the ~liwfi88 % stated, dso, that 

formtion elowed dam the growth. sf the birch euad that t 

%re- dmes%oped ga, basby &bit of brshnekfing, sreqtzf,r.lag p 

bee$ reed t aso, Steers were used, to hold ;yo 

qrfght) BIPC~ %he Madgag wad fibers caused, the stems to become 

creollsed, Ills F%dmdb,, ce~%"L.li~sg 2% graetieed %a rqmdwe %he best 

racid features of fiered birek

A few years wo czlrrly aepsa fa Wq1-d attracted meh intereet, In 

a letter from Schreiner (c) (1946) the origin vasa traced to a hybrid, 

reeatTw from a cross of peas w ~ t poplar s 

It ms distributed in t coun$v ao a shade 

tree, 'Phe mod af this ~rticaar clone h& fnterloeki~ fiber, and 

it is reported tOat individual trees ware sold st high prices ($700 

to $860) for f itwe and abinet use, 

ma& dnut is a mecies in which accaefonal trees ltfavs fi 

valued for veneer, me auas sf figwe in Wnut, like bi 

in maple, %a aot el ly umderstepsd, A nuniber of years ago, a highly 

ed black walnut tree, known as Lambas walnut (A), was pro 

afting, A opeeimen tbugbt Lo h"ip"e art@mted from that 

sent to the Forest aadluctar Eiaborstoq recently, showed no tendency 

Pillow (I), a number cf years ne9 sxar mple for the presence 

of bird" eye, He disco 

of dimples -- supposeay "ce f 

d the formation 

suppressed advmcs rwroduetfon, bird"@ eye 

in e.nraP$ trees, thea "a;hegr codd be mrkec% mdb Savore 

nings and the! pr~p~rLIon of bird81i3 eye increased ia a mple foreet. 

Wood from only two wbrida from the gine%ilm$e of Forrss"tneties b s 

been tested at; the Iti~atBioseztoq; a mt~lrkal Wbrid sf Jeffrey and Coater 

pines arid a Wbridl of kmbcone a d Msntsrey pine, Both trees were of 

relatively rapid growth, mey were tested for specific gravity and 

shrinkage, These trees a& not show t%w o~tstmdigg mod c 

tics in their favor over Lbse of %he gaent species other than rapid 

growth, Tho mod, however, was c&llzractsriracsd by dnorma3ly high 

Pongi tudid sbinkagrs, a3 th~wfr not eqUf33f ng high values obtained 

prevf ously fn the dd+rfnge& wood of several other eonif erous spec% es. 

ObJectfivee Pn tree breedtag, theref ore, shod& include the important 

factors that csgLroZ the use raqdremea$s of Lhe finnJ. product, Accentuation 

of a sin@@ pbee af devslogsmeal be insafficient, The 

amarent advtaalczge~ in voPme flshln per tree lead to a di eadvantage 

in the usefanes8 of the lmber fmm it, webll-rowlded background 

howledtge of envirssmentd influences u p wood ~ ~ qua1 ity is basic 

ation af obJectlves in tree breeding, A test of the 

ty of mod re~Ua.tifilg from ewerimeats An forest genetics needs to 

de, at Lhca sarliee-t ~ssiibls appor$a%$y fn order to ff nd out 

whether lev tncsrs 06 wad 8tm~Lwe 8dsL if 8ob which ones are 

moat s~ted for fu~dhear g318pmmL, me selection zznd pro 

of trees that produee fi sd ma& of erobove avesragts va3ue for 

species appews %Q bve rather deffni te ~ssibbilities, 

References 

1, hawmrars 

1927. Wdnut Hen Seek 2% ed Grain Tree, 

Comerce, ~OV, 2,

2, @hetq%axar, He G* 

1927, b Iaterfm Reprt an &ogress of I$~%ves$i@ti(ans into 

Origin of Tds%sd F5bse ,in 

Indim Foreeter, Jmudz~, 

3. Eleiecher, He 0, 

1949. The Suitability of Second-growth Douglas-fir Loge 

far "rPneer* 

Js of Forestry 4'7(7). July. 

4. HeiMnheimo. 0. 

1940. Om oaing av masur-bj8rk. (~ultivation of Figured Birch.) 

Skogen 27(9): 165-167. illus. 

(Trans. by Ceo. S. Perry. ) 

5. HoeU-er, hthur 

lg3'' Eersdity vs, WvfromenL in Pmproviqg Forest Trees, 

Journal of Forestry 37(9). September. 

6. Richens, R. N. 

1945. Foreat Wee Breeding and Genetics. 

Joint Publication Xo, 8. Imrgerfal Bureau of Plant 

Breediag md bne tics, Gmbrbdge, &&~und, 

7. Pillsw, M, Ye 

193i0. "'Bisdgs weeH in maple Are faQt me LO I)or 

Piardwad Beesrd, Chicwo, September, 

8. Schreiner, E. J. 

1946. curly ~spen. 

(~etter to Forest Products Laboratory, April 12.) 

The first wrk on i~roviag mp%e a% MUehiga State College started 

when an anc;awmus danor, %ateresee& in birals-eye mple, gave funds 

for research, Ls Bedemine the cause of birdDs eye in e m~ple. 

Profeersor Hewelltsslm of the Harticatural Dsprtment and 1 conducted 

thie ressarclks Seians a d cutting wood from eugm mp 

identified "bird% eyeit were eaewed from trees an the 

Lansing and from %be L&e State@ Fsres xgerfanat Statjlon branch at 

Ilukes, in the mpes PenfnsPllla of Michi I?he cuttings and grafts 

which were mdhe the firftt year were a conrplgte failure, 

Division, Michigaa State College,

In the second season of this progect, rswar mple eeeaimrgs were ptted 

and forced 59 the gee amber 'ir~ssre lfnedrout in 

nurseq rows, Baa mple carving the 

us+mown soot stocks. 

of the bPxf g d t s were eu~ecase%~~ but Svi Ly, together wit& 

Tbts production of mple eyrq md eugw i&r m iwortat crop fron our 

farm W O O ~ tgi O f n Mf cMga, Wf sconein, a d Wmesota, ae well as i n the 

Iew England States, "Ehe grass vdue sf the 1952 Grog for Michi- was 

apj~srox-fmtely onemf d%lisnr c%sl%&rs, Ohio, anrd New York 

have demnslrated tht a swar Bush omer $0.60 to $3.50 per 

hour in his rs P bush, dc3pendfng wan the sap swwn, 

There has besa as auP;sta~lgf%ng labar-eavPrmg device or mcfianicaf equip 

men$ Bevelaped &wing the past period of rapid fnerease in labor costs 

1 % dace the bag in the incrwsed selling price of 

e, it was long a eomoa practice to gtp;g a laborer f 

e swar bush wf th one &Ian of syrup* hple eyrup is selling 

for $5.50 to $6.00 per gal md operators e hire labor for 

$6.00 per day to work in the s buah, There 

meet these labor costs 1% to b csdy sap of' b% 

The $war canlent sf sap from mpfe treee us ly varies from 1.5 to 4.0 

percent by weight, dtkowhn, iL fi%srs ~rn as hi as 7 percent in a tree 

found in New IEQasagpreMrs, 

B by the f%ure%lwe Pnr q, Far these rasons there 5s great need 

he eelsctisn brersd%ng af rsaw strains sf s~ar maple trees which 

h qwfty Iumabexp. 5e"e~~)iay ad, at the same time produce sap 

Such 1~s Wbrfd or selection w911 do more to 

ce a d iqrovement of' the mp%e farm woodlot than 

By haranees we me- the ability ts wl%thstmd. the dfffidt features of 

the envirsment, They are easy enowh to 63 -- too mch or too 

little of teqerature, of mterrtme, of $I&L, md sf the various essen- 

tial minerd aalta; as well as too aaeh toxic miatesiaJL either in the air 

or in the soil, 

AI.1 of thgss faeto~s idluences tkBe growth of trees rtllnd -use physiological 

or nonpmasitic diseases, FmLhar, these faetars also fnfluencs 

the patbcsgegic bactefia sr fmgi as well as Lhe interaction between the 

trees md such rmPcrosrgm%~ms wMch w @dl disease,

Ewlier sn $hi# graqm, I epks about $see bresdiw far &feeas@ 2- 

g%eLanee with white pkas an& with fn comeeQigsn, Ist 

me emphasize that the breeding work is aimed at improved quality. 

Emphasis haa rightly been placed on diasase resistance where disease 

is the mst impcr%=L "c1or limiting growth. Bowever, wa how that 

disease resietmcs is only one item %a qWfLy, Ute of growth, tree 

forn, quaLily omthe wood, ability to wfrthataad Wiscenstnp@ winter 

(especially nneeasondibly early and late freezes) as well as other items 

involved in env%ramenl or rite such items are ~onaidersd in s@lecd= 

Bng a d dwelapfng e1iLs tresa, 

Tree@ Lb% WB hrw in one location may rmt do well in mother, TMc 

be eri$icd in the plating proem and Iflurse in 

wd reproduction, EeeBle droop is an e e Dr. 

R, F, Patton hs aemnstrated tht neeae droop is no$ a pareket%hc 

di~le(&~88, 

as we bd f re& at one tfme, Hseae droop develop@ when 

the 8vsmration of water from the neeaea exceeds the aHtake from the 

roots, The growing tissue at the base of the a@eELes f e BnJmed sr 

killed md the neaaea droop &om, %is is pwtimlarly baa da certain 

saw soils, where grass canpelition i s severe and where a rapfd d e 

creaee in the mislxre conten% occur easily, 

CroWng of mtursl or plated seeaings my provide a amber sf affic\lSltPeg, 

If the growth in the trees slow@ &m, they develop 

susceptibflity to B variety of insectr tan&. At the time L h 

crows begin to close, there 2% mr%icaar frcm root a d ba%L 

rat, Css$&n fnsect and disease problems -red @erfornsarly in 

I@ilmtartlione in so the eastern states ( e.g.. the Rochester rstershed@), 

#ores% sment practices, such 88 suitable thim%&gs a d 

Pmsoveme;%$,t wtt% ich keep the tree@ @odng vI@rouslyO do 

nnxeh %g3 @VBFCO~~ buch baards, 

Related problems have appeared when large aras of 

sfmtlar or idenlie& speeiea were grodng. For e 

Fbgflp~~, Homtain in northeastern Vi~consin, the fnsect~ and %sa%n& 

csmbined to pmduce Lhs barn bli&% complex and to destroy or tb airatp~ 

eowage $he J3ak and red pine trees OV~P e~nsiderable acreage* Once 

$he epfde~c btarLed, no barriers were gre~at to slow it do= 02 

poseibly to stop iL, 

SInce we are planting so trees arery year, %he q~esLisn of 

eometitfon ia aa exLrem er2one one dbt affects not ady e 

bat dso the rate of growth thwest af mine 

Lmdes a$ the enkrmce to the one C= 88e large 

trees Lkf mre tar pImL%ng, 

Xsarbg are si& th weed and case wqe$i&isn, 

They are lees t value of wood c~rregpongjlf~&y 

~ t c%~~rmiag~dr 

~ h

Ob~iously, el cati~ation is emenrive even mdsr famrable cis 

stances an91 P ssfbEe in mch rowh or @Low grou&, However, t 

recent development a% eelective herbicides e~gsste the pssibflity of 

using them far increaefng the growth of eeeainge dwing the ffrst few 

years. 

Another interztleling ~fLu$isn perbpei~ bearing on brdiness is the frequency 

with which certain species of trees form root grafts wnderground 

between inavi s, This h s been e 

e and ersrrtainr other specigs, as .zam by J, E, Ktmta, C, He 

, asrd their aesseiales, Wen a tree PB cut, the root system 

left in the GO-d frequently is a&fspted by asfgh"bsring trees to which 

it is grdted, This helps accsml for same sf the rapid growth shorn 

by neighboring rsl -sea $reelis(, Hot os99;y do &he rermafning trees have 

more light from above a9 well azs mre m8rsltwe eurtl. nutrfmtrs from bellow, 

but also thq &a sqan8ed soat bsystsnr, thermre, the s tnmpe 

remain alive for a time ma apro.ul8 are enceusagad, 

tfon fs available on the subject of ineeet resistance in 

Much sf the gensrd brracwouxaid mtesrid on which this 

di~rcuasisn ia baaed we obtained fretma Paint erg s ""fsect fiesistasce in 

Crop Plaults," ahlllthamgh hs stated &kt little lnrcd been done on forest 

insects, This dbseussion, which is pri fly dented to eusceptibili ty 

studies, io based partly on publishet8 mtsrial and gmtly on unpublished 

reports fremother stadisns, me problem of inoectresiotancein 

forest trees is exlrsmsPy coqli@ it woad seem that more attention, 

for one reason or mot he^, eean petfd. to studies of the resistwee 

of insects %a wntrsl rather to studies of the resistance of 

the plmt itaeff ta insect attacks, 

The entamobogtcer$ wrk comec%rsd wftb breeding trees far reeiertaaee to 

insects dlffero froa ree@arc=h iro%~ za coaLsol prome% A popuation 

must be bzPi1.t; 

ties in carrying an such a lonetiw 

or Isnenuatwfaag pmject such sr~ tree @0~ag, are rent, It ie of 

considerable f mteresl W w tb$ ssms of t evfous *seers have 

encorntared dlPi"f%cdty %a preveatlng Pnraect; e in their tree breed,ing 

or disease resistance etudics~, The pro in the Wet on suscgpLibility 

of ghes La barle beetle aL&ck a d suscel~>tfbility of pinea 

to reprsductisn weevil attack, cmried sn fn cooperation with the Ilbr 

atitute of Forest &ns%ice, sL naeemifls, Caifornia, are the outstades 

sf tree breeding Lo prevent insect attack, 

ant QurmLins, TP, S, Dep-tment of @ica$ws, Mil~zukee, Wis,

Much of tihe seasarch an res%slance ma auacqt%bf%ity b a bee^ ~ ~ " B B T B o ~ B ~ 

emsnt md cuLtfng practices deeimed to preve~t fillg%ber 

sea ins-ndsalreaw exfstent, mebekbeetle ~'1~scepLf- 

C&ffoli"aa md Ors-a, cad $Be ri~k-rating @@tho& for % fA@ ~~derosa 

pine tree@ hvs given excellent reeldte in condrolliag ge By th 

e beetle, Folleang these methods, =-a spsralsd a de 

atill ehow a suba%antid afferentid between the amber of 

e& a d the lsssse 5n utrated -@a@, SI12lar criteria 

have bcsm developed fxnd are befag tested in weetern white pins starndcr 

where @efec%ive laaSsg af $owv%@r &~@BB red"i~.e4;68 the 

sf Lbabsr killed by the mm$ain pine Oee%le, 

In the mrth Catregb Region same fnfermtion on limi$a%ion of atfack sr 

resistance to $nJ b e "astern obtained awing %he comes of resmrels 

n%3e;96%be S%Q&%BBJ of the rea-keaaed pans may, 

e, have shown that serious infestations dsvelop under certain 

Itisna, Choice of plmLing gitss, with &a%@ regar& to Lhs 

presence sf the al%e te hosts o%r which the wqha dev(Jlopb lis a v@lp;3p 

Spart&at factor f n prevention of @ever ge by "9;e WraLom t~lgi.$L%+ 

bw,, XsnJwy by the *f $*p%ne wee~l redwed %bough eilvf almd 

practices By creatiw ~ o ~r st-& ~ h ns, 5x1 the mrly y a r of ~ 

the pPmtat8on or -%ma ~tm$B, that w%ll Be mfairsrable far &@velopll~de.xrt 

of the w8evP1, These practf ces, &@in, are Lesf @sd $0 decrease suscep 

ti"bfr%ty %a staadc alreaw exisLen% and idestad, We hare %a en bsttep 

tioa asw to ad..;td;ere on selecdiotrr aP plating sites an& tree specie@ 

we were a yews am when "il~gesede plmting ~8 s%arf;ed in the 

L&e States, %su% mrs research i e % itreeded before we em ~c~elvs son@ 

Lhs factors tbL deternine suacep$%bflity or rest stmce, 

sB 

Bn corrsbectMn with %he aecussisn on mpPe ~yrup pmduetion a& $he 

eelectisn of mple trees ~ t the h highest 8wsr content fin the sap, 

attentfan ms cdled to the fact $kt mple is a fr~~vorsd bs% 

sf the farest &eat catemflSar, This %nsect %s fn outb~ed farm %n 

the $rails@ Statee at the presenk $%me md continued hww Geeatng %a 

de coud ree&L ia a reduction in @war ]0~0nL@j?laqi~ 

ing more gallane of eap to produce tb requimd 

concentratisa,

The aim1 factors to consider Pn 

elassee: (I) 

pee iwrovement ca be 

and (2) wildlife benefits. 

be eun imgsort~~ growing trees, a d successful 

efforts to reduce 9% wa8, bvez definite valtue, WilUife interests 

can ex.pect do benefit 4irectPy from tree iarovener;at by emphasizing dsl 

sirable ech;srebctsr%sLScs for wilaife, md in$arectly by the irrqproved 

co~lditiolss for game WMC~ wPPl rsrsat fmm other fwseovment progrms, 

hi& inJury ts Lrees is a special =%a-lplant wacLion tbt varies 

greatly in iqsrlaace with time a d loeation, The mst siaifficant 

ge occms as the result of a bro~sfflg a feedilng en young trees, 

rabbi ta, azld laares if presal in high h degnsity can kill or 

inJurs csmsrcid tree ~llpeelee, Porcupine@, sq~rrel s, and other 

rodents dao gtausea locd prsb3Cem~1, 

Three peesfble wwe are avaiIeable in which aid in3 cm be reduced 

by tree improvement: (1) reduce palatsbility* (2) increase early growth 

rate, and ( j) increase tolerance to browsing. (matability as used 

here refers &s the qua;liti es af et, plant tfbat af fect i ts releetion by 

grazing or browsing animals. ) We know f ram experience that the pal.+ 

tability of %nd?lvidW trsect vetrisrs, but we need to how Bore about how 

nuch of the vanriiat ion ilrr due to the genotype, Porcupine dramge in 

northern brclwso& etaas often demonstrates thia pin%, &me trees 

wed severely year etfte~ year while other nwr"$ trees of the 

ecies, size, we, and condition are untouched, The same apparent 

variation in pdateabflity 3.8 more &if ficubt to see in comection with 

deer a d rabbit da to ysmg trees, However, a stu 

utilization woad icate tkt certain indli.8.i 

are mre higMy prefer others where food sqpli 

rr, 

to offer a free choice, 

Faster earPg. sowth em reduce arriml %nJury by &ling the tree above 

the rabbit and deer browsing zone in less time, The more winters the 

yowag tree is eaased do browsing, the mare liksry it is to be injur@d, 

If black ash sprouts can grow out of reach of deez in two gowing 

seasone they are only eqosed ts ssrPous da 

rtmatePy t~ue tbt fast early fl 

rate wad Lead to Pnerea~e imigu~y in one way while 

decreasing %% in rarrothsr, 

& incrsabee fa the Lolarace ta browsing wsulld tend to rsd't~ce 

animal 

injury by r"educIli1g its i~rtance, Few fsrssters wad be@* the 

deer and bres their ration@, if the ysmg trees recovered from Brow* 

ing and sfrswed no pe ent effects, bfsre aein *e are faced with 

the question. "How much does this toleraace to browsing depend on the 

genotype?" It %a logical to assume that a program designed to improve 

general vigor will grabably prodwe etaek L h L will tolerate mre browso 

ing, but eqerinental wrk will "ts enseded $0 Lest thfs,

The poteatid beneffts ta wild1ife from tree iqrovemat sre Bi&ted 

only By the i innas%%an of the perttlon w%zs-fi&eri~ the& Direct ef forte 

could seek %o crease the ~stg%"Ba%Litg af par Bmwee pzmt~ $had me 

otherwise weed specie%, Seleetf an for seed prodw$ion c~shoadl se9au% t 

in trees %kt ~ 1 pm&uce 1 hwvier crops of m~%, ff flowering b t b ~ 

are inf9usscsd 'by the genotmo, me$ cropsa c0laS.d be inawab by epr 

ing out the period when Uff @rent stseks errs susceptible to frost @a 

resistmee, frost hsrdfnesa, a d rs8istaee %d other 

mental factore is increased, nfll be wtched earePu%l 

Be~y often, the el snsidersd tas por for fares% @owLh w e the asas 

on whieh the gmgl er met wsk, H~&bi%rjltt %wrsvemrrt operations oa 

farma wUlld be ~ t d e effe~tfve if a wider cbice of trees au316 shrubs 

were avaLf,leable tbL mad thrive umzder these p1mLhog conditions a d 

produce the tyakbe s er needed, Low (~erubby gmhh farm rasrd rersir%-. 

mcs to grazing, t ing md o.t;ker Blstubace wdd Be 86-L for QP 

this Job, 

I ndirect bmefits %o wflalrife from tree i~rovsrnernt mad ales be 

If breeding for disease resistmes euccseds in saving ch@s%;z%az% $ram 

the chestnut blfghe, a d the s&s from $he O& spec%@@ 

will eat better, These are Just twa enmles; d Be fr[9mde 

hother indirect benefit 4;a wildllffe wad& acer of faster 

tree wowth, Since Pees time woPlld tha be regdred for a Lres to 

sary size, rotations a& cuttfng cycles caad ba sharb 

Isr area cad& sqply tb min9 m%-s fzseaed fafor a?rr, 

economic cut with given cutting cy~le, Tbis Pnesease the 

fnterspersfia sf age classes and fqrave csna$iona for ela%Pe, 

Tim does t?ot perait 8% mrs detailed lietinsg of potenfia benefit@, 

Little factup kn0wPedge is avaflerble on the su-bdect a$ mf 

as they would influence the prsduc$%on of hsrrdier Lseses, If %s 8 

reasonable to assume &ht variations %a @ao%mss dkhkn Lhe @pacis@ 

cllg resfit in reduced pda%tzbi%lty, Peeter growth, a d Mgher .Isol@rt%rrcca 

to browsing. If combined in a given stock. these qualities could reduce 

=%a inJuw to the desired level, 

The subject o f wildlife benefits from tree improvement is a wide-open 

field for e ~ a 

active 3, tion, but even less f s about &hi@

era Z ahsad like to r beire w h t wia el% b w bat somtiates 

ely, tb% hr&fl;~ess a@ ds cold resistaee f s only one 

adaptatiopt 0f bak p1-b; s envlromen$, ltPar a tree tb 

aand to &%Lri"~f4~ %t nssds $0 be euitek2, tn dl, respects to its planting 

The abr rrwrcstatlang the Lrse ia natwdly k+lf il~fj~)or%&nt sleaaent of this eits, 

and the fwo e sf Lhe &@scription of this air %n t 

factors cm y be OV~~-@I~~C~B~B%Z(B& 6~ the oLher 

that the root@ of %he tree ms ~mmuded by sofX fro 

tb nutrition a d mler rsqared far %if@, d 8pseiss mst be 

the soil faly ae aucb as it mu@% be akpted ts the egtimts, 

Oar prsblen, then, is no% redly b d8vele)p hrdier trees, for we hsve lot8 

of espeeieg tht care brQ mder the ms% extrame clf~lltatee, of the Lake State$, 

Bather, it ie to dev@lap ilorees and. ~ecies which dl1 be actspted to the 

various sf teler needing dforesttztion in our reaomr, 

Ill TS FOB Bb WOD mmST 

aments are mre sr less obvious, but they well be reiterated to 

point up the pr"s"oletl~ %bat faces us ia Lab States tree breeding work. 

Firs$, of course, the specie# met Be %Q the c"flmts, This mean8 

that the %see msL Bs of such ta gaa.$%c eonetPtu&io%n -li;Prsst f t is sufted $o 

the temeratwe range, aeassns, easrna r&~ida% md its seasonal pat tern, 

day Pength, evkspration, a d Lo all the other cfimt%c factors characteriretic 

of an area, As bfas dseaw been mifatea out, the basic problem in the 

t&e States fe to &evelop csnlferaus apeeies suit~ble far use in the 

southern blf" of $he L&B S%a$es where mtfve conffsrs axe either lacking 

or where they thrive porly, The problem of extending;: the range of a 

epecies leauth is much -re mmp1f w%ed a d Pn the ion^; prove 

to be mrs &ifffeat tkm %kt of %in&iw a race %kt can be planted 

north sf i"l; agatnrd recnnge, Xa gatcurasg a speeiers for it liaosrrtfc abpst 

conLen% oweelves merely dth Lbe rs@s climate, but 

ine the ~erocbi=%e, We are a11 amre 0% the 

of growing Lrselr $9, frsbst pockets, Perb,ge we rare wmewhat 

the fact tkt the cbracleristtcs sf the local el%=$@ my c 

a few feet in accar&mc.,e %ith vegetation m& Lgpgrqbic csaLrel, We must 

have arpeclles 8uftabPe naa; only for plmtiag in a &ven seaon, but dcao 

for plating on a given top~~phic site %in ta givw seaon, 

Second, Lbs specie% mst be a&aptsd Lo a e @oil md ts Lhs smut sf 

mi stuse in %&"%oil, Pn generd, we haw thrat certdrr epecies do 

beat on linesfone md other dkdine soil%, whereas ocher apecies seem 

to prefer mre acid soils, We are also aware of the general mter

csquirernegsts of ~~"9;peef B B ~ d good d8a ha@ ye% %Q be Xecamzled, 

itfowerver, cosacsfenting %he relationsMp of the finer& 

the soil and of $he mLer in tbt aaiP to the grew$ 

rrrpe~ies sf trees on i.6;, Pn particaar, we seed t8 

of geneeie control in beterrninfng these ecolgsgica a&pa%%snrs, 

The above fstora Pie ethin $he area of %he gre8~isgib"$s~~sslon. Pn 

no fe, h~~e~er, re other req~remfllente for 

roes ratprsciss, 2 for gmwth on opsn sites, 

the orpecise =st be pioneer in rtatas, X t met be s 

tree s~ted far s vtag gr09Be;h in open ewrd sites, n, 

the tree met be resfslmt to fnsgeLs a d disasse, More o than 

no%, lack of reart sle9ee of a &%ran meeies V&F%~E~PJ~ %a the dsgee that 

the tree is mvsd out f roa dts opt% respect, resistance 

of a species Ls fnascts & be eeg~egated 

from the abptation of the erne mecies e9t% c$%rrtr%te a d soil, Finally, 

a good plarsting species mr% be of Mgh ecanadc vaue &o Justify the 

hfgh cost of get$ing 1% sstablfehed in the first place, 

foresters frsqnentxy %dk about $he wAde vmBeLy of rpecies 

praseame, Lookfag at $;he above ahis$ of quali- 

availtable for %OPBIB~~ 

ffcaLBons for ce good qeciee, we shoad not@ how veq few spseiss meet 

Lheee requirsmen$s for plating in the E&e States, OnXy dw trsse, 

red pins a d Jack pfne, fdfill therare meciflg: e far azy Pmge 

part of ow reg%~n, %8 demnrtrate8 by ss pubbiahed in 

U, S,D.&. TecBnf eaP Bdletin 1810, @vi% the c Live amber of tress 

cies, 1926-1944. In the three states of 

@consin, 84 percent of sll the pahmting by 

s%@d of Lbeee tw rapecies, Still moths2 pine, 

white pins, scoutcad for arsa ad&%lisnd 9 gsretsnt, 1% f a fairly 

ob'pig~g that ow native gBnea kve praved &lm@& tb wle acceptable 

lmg*recafe pfaating ~ pe~ie~ 

iacb Q;%ia?r Lab S$s$es, b~ng aceguntad for 

93 pereat of .I;he ti% by pblic wenciea dm%= %Ma perioa. 

Most of the resf ;mr8ace%lasnestns 

conifers, with e &c~amtiq for le~e $ perce~t of the 

grad to td, 

Deepit@ thg fimres gfven above, 2% %a O~V%QU~ tht BL wide F of 

criter ad elimLic goaes eccw in %he a State@, Be& and Ja& 

pine8 are not ratable treea for all conditionr. In general, all 

eonffera %lave been p9i,~p;p~ted "%o far esouth of $heir mt%vca B P ~ ~ Q The , 

difficrmPtfss W%B%W from hl;g@ecte eta& U~eare, bgether w%th 

y cPifnatic affioutiee, teetify the ne far coa%fsrs su2table 

to the ritelg tasraB climLtsca af the soa%hem f of $he L&e Statee, 

To some extent, thfo need be met by isalati~ sc@lmtlee sf exirting 

f era suf tab1 e for pla g mdor tbsee csnb%tf an@, %n ths long 

on hg.Brids carefully bred fozl mi%ab9ili*ty to thee@ plsarr%ing conditf@nr. 

mere aatirfactorg native ilpecier do not @xi@%, the only recourrer are 

to bring 19 Irser franm rk~f"eb%" or to b@verllf~~)p new frees,

At the @&me time, we must not forge% the possibility of hardwood 

eat..tare, me dmaet miversa1 falwes of 0w &wood plating8 

are not attributable fa mort eases to back of climatfc atf on, 

Bathar, they &re Ekue ts Imk of howXeQe %;; 

niqlues cawled with failw~ to pmtect the 

ing by deer, rabbits, and other animals. We now know that moat of 

ow: brdwods are not trees tbL cm be leetuck flattg a pf, 

grade denuded land, and lest to their om dsvicea with 

8UCCeSs, If We dlh LO c~%w@ ~F&w@~s BUCC@SB~~ 

borrow techid knowledge from %be brkicdturist rat 

the si%vl~~t;p~.pie% dr~hned ~gsdely in. %he Uadlliq csf 

stock, hneratSoas 0% swerience in @odng f % ~~t %re%@ 

and other wboricdtwd craps point the my ts proper 

edtwre, W8 DUB% PI-t brdw0d8 On g60d C 

for several yema &tar planting, and in general, glva them care arid 

attentior. throughout their life. If we have the right ilpecies and 

the rfght site, it is w&lePPy possible tbt such Pnteasfve culture may 

ecsrsomfc, cat lisast %a ymrrsr %a earns, At rate, most 

dwode are not B ~ B C ~ for ~ S mar. pla9pti 8i.l;es. P r ~ t i d l ~ 

L&e Stat@@ contain vdwble admie specfes. The 

possibility of i aolating high-grade hardwoods suitable for epecif ic 

cli~llartf c zoaes mB for gbpe~sf f c sf911 %me% &oll%& ao% be nesaeeted by 

the forest geneticist md the silvPcfllur%st, 

ize the literature 

hi% new to the geneticlet 0 3 ~ ~ ieaturiet in the 

Lake States reaan, W$hep, by eqhsPeing wsll-knowm faete, it f r 

intended topoint out that we have a very red problem here in the Lake 

States 9n isola$img a d iB8n"EbP"ying ~sdrsaSrni~ af tress guitatble to our 

varfous clim$Pc zones, aofhs, a& Lopgraphic Isatione. Furthermre, 

we are ~KI 18~led in ow m$%sfac%ow species as ta be able to use a 

wide variety of improved strain@ and hybrids when they become available. 

In dedfrae; wtth the pro"bem of site abpWt-fian, we enter a ream where 

cooperative resemch between the fore@$ gene"a;icist and the ecologist 

ie ertsenlial, It is not aauffieisnt merely iprolate a new race or 

specfee, FTe2ther i@ it mb;isSactoq $0 dsternadns whrslt loed and native 

plants tbive best on ea pmtl~~llm @it@* only solution i s to 

achieve a BBLLBBF md8rel;tadi~g of in%err&c.ls%;oee beheen genet%c control 

wd eneirebmen~l a&p$alion, A &va B~~~B~ILPI, variety ar apecfes may 

be worthPess mder one eonditian a d Max mLwble in another envirtsnment, 

kee eelectfsn techf~ues dll ~ BQT~S be a eatisfacto~y 

answer to thia problem, Too peseaiblas gensLZc earnbination$, 

clinratfc situation@, md roil condftisno @as;fst Lo gewt testing thby 

purely errrpirical mr~9d.~seXectiQPb ~&~L'II~@B~ 

mLd rel~lieasceh desfmed to develop 

usadsrdttcas~dlbnag of the in%errela% ship@ between a tree" genetic 

eq md i%e adaptstion to enviroma%d csndilions,

si$e needfw forest establP~ w f%rsf how to 

ze wht @or$ of farest tree i nd, we armst how 

where to go to look fsr such a tree, Thfrd, Pn the mat that we do 

not find it in natwe, wea msL %hens how h w to BPB~E.~~ it* If pssible, 

we shoultii. derive auch a new stra%n tlal%tln%n ow =dwra%,ly occmring 

weciea, thirlr Is, by relying oa htra~eeiffc Bree&%ag, In the went 

that no present epeeiee are aulitable, m mat then be able to set out 

and derive a hybrid that dl1 aeet om rrsquiremsnts, men, and only 

then, can we fi t the Lo the @%tee men, andsniag then, will are 

be able to establish forest steulds wherwer they ape needed. 

LESSONS OF TEE PAST 

Scott S. ~ a a e y 

In the present state of our bowlem, it fs prabaly ssmwhat preatulture, 

and certainly pres e far-seaelhing decirions as 

to what shoud be, t shodd not Be, in~or~rated in forest tree 

improvement plans for 

periences in the 

country and abroad, ps 

well as pftfa9Ps that 

garticdm Eoea1f %ye Imerthelasr, past ex^. 

a of geaet%ce in forestq, both in %his 

gg ce~tain pr~~lf3~3ing eowaes of action, as 

be avoided, 

For convenience, sueh f easons of the grast be grouped h two genera 

categories: 

2. Those of a mre teehied mtwe, 

The first lesson of a gublkie ~elatfsnrs ni~bttarcs %a concerns& with what the 

cimrette advertisera sLa9 ti ~lsirne,~~ 1 @at that a reawnunt 

of promtion fed in seewing reeami tion for 

agplication of a ta%nly as a 8n of gslfning 

swpr t , the pub% ic, m8 espeeidlgr pro me e donors, must 

ed of the dvmt casesue fraa research Pn a new 

field, DjpforL $ely, bwever, $he eqbsis fsequg~tly bs so m- 

8 e~~%6d 111 the Blinds 

d, aCkre md eonsequence Be LbP; if the pralaZsed 

ns t ime2a$bat be lort, 

f would ventme to sags tbt %he averwe e%$isczm, axrd evern 

if asked what was being dons in the a ~Pi~&ion aP ge~etke 

would rmheeibtingly sq, "0 ysr,e mey8re crwtfng %bee 

awerhybride,"

The fact tht such e aclfvi$%es as the selection and progeny 

testing of wild geraistmee and the development of seed certification 

systems are at present the chief eoacsrnP of mst forest genetic 

programs is frequently @yen secondary billing, But since it is to 

these rather mglamrous applications of genetics in forestry that 

we my laok far early resats in tree imsovemenl, there seems to be 

little pint in keeping them mder esver, 

I do mt wireth, by. these?, sr(emrk9, Lo di scredf t in way the valuable 

studies in controlled intra~l and interspeciff c h 

carried on by wrkers inn Lhfret camtry and abroad, I have no 

doubt but $In&% ouch wrk dlJ, ultimtely be riclzly prsductive, But 

I do fee% we mst discsweyge the pcrpeilar prevailix misconception that 

the end sf a%S, forest tree infprsvement entails the ind.iscriminate 

production of Fl hybrids. 

Assther lesrson $hL we m y note from a study of past efforts to apply 

genetics in forestsc~~ &so falls in the public relations field, I 

refer to the =fort ts relationship that has existed, and still 

exists in some quarters, batween what might be called the ttclassicaltl 

ailvfcultu~fst md the farest geneticist. 

The g~fncipt;a9 area of misrand@rslmding appears to be centered about 

the old "nature vs. nurtureH or "genotype va. environmentH ar 

fithow a pamar biological leone of contention in the early 

this cen%uq, this ar ent was soon recognized as futile and did not 

longpertsfst, crsxcspt, apparently, in the fieldof forestry, There 

appear to be sever& contrfbnling causes, One f s that sil~iculture 

has developed wader a etrong envir~onrrtenta9ist influence, and there has 

thus be- a reluctace to achowledgs such hereticd modern concepts 

a8 the geastne ~lgd the phsnatyge, The geneticist8 themselves have 

frequently aided little in efforts to atbin a meeting of minds, We 

Pe, spe& gPibly of t'en~ironmental variationtt in contra~ 

t to "genetic variationM as if they were quite independent phenomena. 

Fortunately, such fmbmental asmderstandings are fast disappearing; 

and with %he gvcsntd fncactqoratian of forest genetics in forestry school 

cwrrfcda, they dlL, 1: E~IB ~ure, co~letely asappear, 

Of tbse lessons conceaged with %he Bore technical aspects of tree 

iqrovemenl, the first B would like to mention is of a somewkat general 

nature: the venerable problem of "pmeSn HfundamentaC1,H or tfbasicH vs, 

t'mppliedH research, 

The qusst%on here, ae in the ase of the "genotype vs, environmenttf 

en% is nsL age? sf relative merit, Both are certainly neceesary, 

ouble Zhes in Lbe flact tbt the practicaf cart is frequently 

laced far in advace of the fmbmenta9. horse, The tendency to euch 

ipulebtion is eomsn %a other fields of science, but I am personally 

doubtful, if the rasplPLs are quite as serious in forest genetics as some 

pwple believe, 

\

I think allmst everyone would agree that the met desirable plan for 

a tree improvement program in the Lake States would be to place pri- 

cipal emphasis on basic genetical, physiological, and other allied 

fields of research for the next 50 years, At the end of that time 

we would be in a much better position to devise a tree iqrovement 

program, 

Such a procedure is obviously impossible, and in respect$ widesir- 

able, In the first place, there simply aren" enough altruistic 

millionaires available, Basic and applied research can, I think, very 

advantageously share the same bed; but #one caution Should be exercised 

to prevent the basic studies from being pushed too near the edge, In 

my opinion, one of the conspicuous shortcomings of severd tree improve- 

ment programs, both in this country and abroad, has been the almbst 

complete neglect of studies concerned with wild intraspecific diversity, 

!Phis neglect is probably traceable in large part to a persistence of 

the environmentalist concept of intralrpecific genetic uniformity, Cer- 

tainly such basic studies are a necessary prerequisite for any improve- 

ment program, 

Deliberation on the relative emphasis to be placed an basic, as opposed 

to applied, research leads quite naturally to the contemplation of the 

desirable over-all plan of a tree improvement program for any particular 

region, My considered opinion is that one of the mst imprtant lessons 

to be gained from a study of European and domeetic experfence is the da- 

sirability of placing initial emphasis on an extensive, rather than an 

intensive, approach to tree improvement problems - on what many people 

insist upon calling "basicH studies of intraspeclfic variation, Al- 

though such studies of intraapecific diversity - the "reaction rangen 

of genotypes, etc. - are technically of a basic nature, they my, never- 

theless, be rapidly and richly productive of important practica3 reeults, 

Provenance stubies, for example, which have been of such fundamental 

practical significance in the definition of racial diversity in pine 

and qpruce in Europe, should unquestionably be given high priority fn 

any proposed irqprovement program for species native to the Lake States. 

In conjunction with such efforts to improve the genetical quality of 

seed an a geographic basis, attention shou3ld also be directed to the 

isolation of genetically superior local seed sources, both stands and 

individual. trees, Such studies will requfre pmgeny testing on a 

large scale; but in areas where planting is now befng done, the added 

costs of such tests shoad not be prohfbitive, Act4 seed costs will, 

of cowae, be somewhat increased, ae will also the clerical expense of 

keeping adequate records, With careful pllsnning, the requirements of 

a statistically sound emrimental design will not add greatly to the 

usual planting costs, 

Together with such selection and testing efforts, a major portion of 

initial research activity should be directed to methods of insuring 

regular and adequate seed production froas selected stands or individuale,

Uthough essentialy a physiological problem, as is also the important 

problem of seed storwe, its early solution is juet as essential as ia 

that of the strictly geneticd phases af the imrovenent progrm. 

In those programs desimed to impmve Lake States cosif ers, I believe 

that major errq, i 8 for perbps the next 50 years should bea centered on 

the isolation of the beet wild seed sources a d on met,hor;ia of insuring 

eufficient seed prodwtion to meet planting needs, I dr, not wish to 

imply, however, that intensive breeding studies should not, in special 

cases, be pursued. Studies concerned with diseaae and insect resist.ulce 

and other specific improvement prcoblems should be encouraged and support- 

ed in conjmction with the latore extensive phases of the program, 

There is one find lesson that 1 think should now be apparent, I have 

touched briefly on the raatter before in connection with the still frequent 

mimderstandi~s that persist between some silviculturists and 

forest geneticists. This lesson is simply that so-called genetical 

research is actually, I,n large measure, so-called silvics-l research, 

For some odd reason we still insiat upon separating the two, For other 

odd reaeons laany foresters are relwtarat to admit that genetical research 

can in any con trf 5ute to the development of sound silvicul tural 

management plans in the self-produced forest. 

When we realize that the seat majority of the forests of this country 

are at present, and will doubtless long continue to be, 

systems of self-reproduction, we must make the altogether reasonable 

inference that if thejr genetic quality is to be improved, or even 

maintained, we murat eventuaclly come to recognize the necessity for learn- 

ing considerably more about their hereditary characteristics, I t&lnk 

it is a matter of little consequence whether such knowledge is labeled 

"geneticalM or t1silvical,t8 or whether it is accumulated by self-styled 

"forest geneticiststt or tlsilvieulturists,N I feel very strongly that 

one of the principa3 and uzzavoibble responsibilities of forest geneti- 

cists is to contribute to this knowledge, 

THE mBEST GHETICS RESMCEI FOUNZ3ATIOM 

1 I 

To begin with, I waat to distinNsrh clearly between the Fotundation 

that I represent and the Institute of Forest etics at Placerville, 

Cdifornia, The Institute was fowaded nrany years ago by James G. 

Eddy of Seattle and I have semed on its advisory board, In recent 

years he and I and a few others found that the Institute msts not 

Genetics Research Foundation,

adequately financed to enable it to function as a progressive center 

of research in forest genetics, This problem set us thinking and, 

later on, we decided to or fze a foundation for the purpose of 

supporting research in this field, This Foundation was f ncorporated 

in April 1951 and received certification of exemption from federal 

taxes in April 1952. 

The main objectives of the Foundation are: (1) to receive and distri- 

bute financial support for research in forest genetics, especially for 

fundamental research; (2) to stinnulate and assist in public education 

concerning the need for and importance of such research, Three types 

of gift8 are accepted by the Foundation: (1) contrfbutions to the 

general fund which can be used for either maintenance or research; (2) 

contributions to a permanent endowment fund; and (3) contributions for 

specified projects. 

The Foundation has sufficient in the general fund to continue operations 

but has not received enough to permit the making of any @ants. One 

small contribution for the permanent endowment has been received. lfcso 

contributions, totaling $20,000, have been accepted for a specified 

project, Thus far no support has come from industrial firms; but 

it is hoped that eventually this source of support for research will 

provide an important part of the funds administered by the Foundation. 

The project now being supported by the $20,000 contributed by an in- 

dividual is a west-wide survey of ponderosapine, Itsprimarypurpose 

is to bring together in living condition as many- as possible of the 

phenotypic differences existing in this species so that they nrsy be 

subjected to a genetic andysis, The lonerange aim is the synthetic 

breeding of super-ponder0 sa types, 

When the Foundation erucceeds in bringing the general fund up t~ a p fnt 

where something can be allocated for the sumport of research, there are 

various ways in which such assistance can be extended. (1) Grants can 

be made either to individual scientists or to institutions, (2) Scholar- 

ships for graduate students and fellowships for past-doctorate researches 

can be awarded, An important policy of the Foundation is that it will 

seek the advice and coopemtion of appropriate regional committees or 

groups in reaching decisions about aeceptence of grants for specified 

projects, the making of grante, and awarding of scholar ships or fellow- 

ships. 

In closing these rewks prmit, if you please, a few words about forest 

genetics and conservation, Oneof the mst urgent needs of American 

forestry today, it seems to me, is more emphasis on the importance of 

heredity in forest consemat5 on. My recent paper on "Future Porest8 

and Heredity" was concluded as follows: 

"In the hope that they my serve as a basis for discussion in 

any future conferences on natural resources, I wish to submit 

the following theses:

"1, The preservation of the better and elimination of the poorer 

hereditary $Locks in each important timber tree species must 

be remgnieed as a basic principfe in forest conservation, 

"2, 

The utilization of the best available hereditary traits or 

features of each important species, i, e,, conservation of 

superior genes, in the creation of ideal types of timber 

trees by means of applied genetice must be recognized as a 

basic principle of forest conservation, 

"3. Since the utilization of superior genetic stocks of timber 

trees in growing our future forests can be accomplished o dy 

by qWif ied scientists, working intensively, continuously 

and cooperatively for years, the adequate financial 

support of research in forest genetics and allied disciplines 

is of basic importance in forest conservation, " 

(Ed, note: The above three theses, at Dr. Babcockts suggestion, were 

incorporated in the resolutions adopted by the Conference. ) 

IMPORTANCE OF SmE) SOURCE AND THE NEED OF TREE SEED FARMS* 

1 I 

Most foresters in the Lake States are convinced that as a general. rule, 

our native or near-native species are best adapted for large-scale re 

forestation, using seed sources fairly close to the planting site. 

Also there, is general agreement that seed should come from trees of 

good form md vigor, 

There are already a number of experiments and observations in the Lake 

States which higUi&t the importance of using our native species 

rather than exotics, 

Also from numerous European observations on provenience tests, we have 

rather excellent guides which should be able to steer us in our collec- 

tion of seed, pending the mturation of our own provenience teste, 

Let us review briefly eome of these observations and experiences, in 

Europe as well as in the United States, 

RESUljTS OF PAST 

The results of past experience in northern Europe indicate that tree 

seed should generally be planted within a zone varyEng by not more than 

10 C, (almost 2° F,) during the growing season from that of the original

habitat of $he trees, %n $ems of Pat.96tuds i 

absnt 90 %s Tw dlee fmm its or%& 

nnmsdng seed not 

itat, nor more 

108 to a0 Y-41 in rtsaeva$%sa, 

is eet at 38Q yards, 

IEP soae -sea the 

risnces bs &SO bee11 %kt cheap see& eslleeted from low, 

bushy trees, gsavg to csllect from, eslpseially Prom rather distant 

rorrrces, is a =%her per Pmestnsnt, 

In our o m eaeisncs 19 bt5seonsin, we hvs had rather poor results 

with exotics, tiea9ul3ly laith Batch gfne, and to a lesser extent 

er 8ndmalf 1949). The poor remilts 

s one rather dubious absut broadening the 

iae for Chn"istmss tree@. Bed pine on 

good Christmas tree, Those that escspe 

d seem rather awe to grow into 

sled papwod or sawlogs, 

One of the =rly @rd~@~t@~ af a. better tree seed prom= in the Lake 

State. was C. G, Bater (1927) who s eeted ce~tf fiation of seed, 

and the ersetting asides tree seed farms ate^ 1928) of the best 

natmd and pleusted s as for futwe 888d e~lleetion. He suggested 

progeny fssts to verify the value of the various gweapbfc strains, 

Subsequently, Baldwin and Shirley (1936) proposed a forest seed pro@- 

for the U,S. 

Results of provenience teata in Minnesota on red pine (~udolf 1947) 

would seem to bear out the need for a are84 certification program. Its 

urgency is accenturzrted By the need. of reforesting as much as 10 or 12 

million acres of idle or semi-productire land (~udolf 1950) in the 

Lab States. 

In 1952, 24 state, federa. and roil conservation di~trictr in the 

three ~ a Stater e produced a total of 67.6 million trear (porest 

Service 1952). The total acreage plated in the three states in the 

three states in the onezly period endiw Jnne 1952 is reported as 

69,030, including &I classes of land ownerrhip. 

Until -re pra~ir~e P ~ Q 

sider the adsptiaa sr adaptation of the enera1 prineiplss in the 

U,S.B,b, Seed Bliq of 1939. 1x1 brf ef, thirs plioy secommr~?nds use 

of seed of horn orf&az, fro= .rrlithin 1W anile@ or 1,000 feet in eleve 

tion of the planting lit. (U. 8.D.b. 1939). 

%ion ig slaailabls, f t woaa be well to corn- 

er of the hugs 

planting pmgraaa genisf:aPly bc~ beern to cbse eon@@ 

in the open 

- 75 -

nrarkel, SO &ou"ts$, the buk of the reed for &he p$,aQtiws made in 

errch of the Lake States orig%li%ate~~ dtklin the sWte, ATso ec fairly 

good proportion of the eeedlings produced from it probably are plant 

ed within 100 ~ l e sf s %he rssmce as recornended ( to conforrn in a 

fashion &s the I k d t dated) In the U, S, B,A, seed ]policy, But there 

Py ns control over the qmlity of stads the seed or conea 

come from, and even less over the type of individual trees from which 

they are collected, 

The cmrent lack of rearr;sm"oly close contrsl over the origin of seed 

slmau2d cause ser%aus cansideratfan of the establiswent af tree seed 

fams, meat Py in the cowse sf %bee or four decades, we may 

perhps bve a star% oa the planthg sf a considerable acreage of tree 

seed orcbrda, dl, of which are prsgeggt of elite parent trees selected 

by tree breeders, 

Tree seed fams, as P consider them, are areas of the best existing 

natursl or planted trees of known origin, at least 10 acres in size - 21 

and with trees et$ least onethird, Lo on* f of full mattzity, but 

preferably older, fn the stan& as a whsle, the trees ought to be of 

good form, generdly free fran appreclabfe insect or disease infest* 

tion, and of good sowtlo. rate and vigor, 

Such tree seed Sarras r%bdd probably be lacat ed about 800 feet away 

from stands of the e smcf es, which are inferior in form or growth 

rate, to mfniatzs cross-psllinralion, The distance could perhaps be 

reduced if the tree breeders find adequate evidence that it would be 

safe to do so, 

It wuld be desirable in commercial (no-comercial, if necessary) 

thinning operations to row@ O~BL the trees which are crooked, wolfish, 

hea.cry-limb@&, f orked, df seaaed, andl perhsps Insect inf eated, 

There tabsad be rscoras of" Lkees selected stands, giving accurate in- 

formtion a8 %s %scation, omersMp, tree species, age, size and quality 

of trees, and ather pertfnent facts, 

Tracts thrzt bves been obvPausly tWgkirSIgradedti or stpipped of their 

better gawlng sto& sksu$d bs &voided, 

Qubts.Lmd%ng planted stands of" native epecf srss cou3id be admjltted as tree 

seed fams pm-vidfng geogapMe ori&n were rather definitely established, 

the trees were of good form a d &goWP;h rate, and the stand were 

at least anemthird of rotatfan age, 

Local p1aas"etiona of exotics to be used PB seed sources for the production 

of low-rage c~ops like pdpwod, veneer, or sawlogs, would have 

to asst the sme ria& reetrfetionrs as for p1aa"t;sd rrrttfve specfes, and

we mi&% consider adding the proviso that the stand must show consider- 

able abtlity to regenerate naturalye 

ages for varirsus specie8 "i; qwlfy pas tree geed farlnej are ten- 

tatively suggested as 25 years for jack pine and b years far red pine, 

white pine, white spruce, and black spruce. By that time, tenaencies 

d goor dimtic ahptability Iha;y kve sBom upb as well as ~ndesi~"- 

able traits such ;ears crcaakebrsss of ceuntrd stern, heav lirabs, and sue 

ceptibili ty to d.3. sease md insects, 

The need crf tree seed farms rseefns to be mst mgent far red pine, Jaek 

pins, wMte spruce, white pine, ad blaek spmee, in the order named, 

As we learn more about successful regeneration of hardwods, red oak, 

yellow birch, bassawsod, md sugm mpls are cerlafn to be added to the 

list, 

Berrides culturd rneasweer, such as thinning, to promte good growth of 

trees, I cm madlily vfsuaSize the event& use of fertilizers applied 

in LalPor-mde do 88gea to sel ee ted stands to encowage aeed procfuctisn, 

Tree seed fmms skodd be set %rp in tratxste with eoqaratively good 

stability of land omership, and where there is an avowed intention 

for continuity of the tract far this puqo~e* Stands in state forests, 

eounty forests, natisnd fsrestes, andl industria%, foresle would seem to 

be espec5dPy s%ulLed for tree seed farms, Certe.29 exceptionally frne 

primtelydmed stands, notably on large estates and thnse held for 

recreationd purposes, night also be satisfactory as tree tseed farms, 

Individueal smller tractc~ such as farm woodlots mi&t qucrlify providing 

authorities could cornvlince the? ladowner of the vdue of the tract as 

a seed tree farm, a d offer some type of inducement, f inancid and other- 

wise, to treat the stad as such. 

BIOPOSEZ[> SEED COLLECTION ZOmS 

Seed f rsm the tree seed fams waul6 hsve to be certified, f f not stmd= 

wise, at least to the extent of a coun r other zoaall des 

it, so nurseq sowiags could be kept s atePy, For the 

future the best thislt probetlsly casl be hoped for is ts divide each state 

into tlvSee or four bmad zones for seed collection, Such zones could 

be developed from those tentatively set up for red pine (~udolf 

or they might be derived from climatic maps (U. S.D.A. 1941). 

1947) 

Ae a fmther @taw is mde, a finer subdivision be wrtlrranted, for 

e, in mesbs new the Great %&es where in i s Lance of around 

40 miles there is as mch 8s 50 to 40 daysi difference in the frosGfree 

period, 

Open mrkst pwcbrses of cones couPd be rather readdly segregated into 

these zoaes, Seed from the axtractsries could be kcayt sepasate by zones 

and used %or nw~e- ereedfng euld d%stsiBu%ion to tree lplanters in that

zone. J/ Complete adherence to the proposed zoning scheme 

be feasible in the sea Suture, but still a high percent of 

wuld tha be planted in (9r, elimtic belt varying rlrot mre t 

20 C. (approx. 2 to be F.) from the aite of the parent trees. 

Some seed from narthern Bones wtllt, of necessi ty, have to be mved to 

the mre southerly zones, because of the virtu& absence of the spruces 

and good quabllity red pine there, 

In the memtigrmg, even before seed tree farms are set up, we can obtain 

some control. of %he type sf rtstagds and trees from which cane8 come, as 

follows ," 

1, A method which h s been used is to have pickers follow behind a 

log&ng. opereztisn duscing the period of seed ripening, and to hve 

a forester or trainee designate the individual felled trees from 

which cones be picked, 

2, In some hnatances $~9tl semen% can be made to fell selected trees 

or cut out the tops of heavily laden spruce or fir trees during 

the period af seed ripeness, several months in advance of the 

regular logging operation, using cutting and picking crews hired 

by the lmdoevjlaer. 

3. Another method iflgolves hiring crews to pick conea or seed, under 

aupemisisn, from selected stands or even from designated treee 

within selected stands, Payment could be made on a per-bushel 

or other mlt sf measwe basis, so as to provide production fncen- 

Live@, 

4. A fourth method is to contract the picking of conea from selected 

stands dLh the s 1 forest landowner or reliable comercial seed 

dealers, Thi~ might inelude some cones from squirrel cuttings 

and st$uirre% cachete, 

Any of the plow r%6je.r@ saetbdo wuPd be superior to open market purchase 

of uncertified cones or geed. The seed would, no doubt, be somewhat 

ensivs but cost of seed is a small factor in the overall cost 

of produclisn 06 trees, For instance, a pound of red pine seed currently 

costing $12.50 per pound will produce about 25 thousand 2-2 transplant~, 

which sell at $20 per thousand. The seed cost is then only 

504 per thouaand trees produced, or 2.5 percent of the production cost. 

Even if the eagt of seed were doubled by exercising mre control of its 

collection, the COL~P; of stsek would be raised only a little. 

forests, an& as much ao porss%ble planting the trees produced, on the 

forest where collected,

h ehucetisml prasm is needsd amng eorsmersial cone collecLsrs md 

tbse extracting such cones, to put across the idea of mse care in 

seIeetion of stands and %reeks fronr which to pick cones, Prospective 

purchasers of certified seed also need to be convinced that a premium 

prlcs is wrrwted far @elect seed of born origin, 

BalBwin, Henry I,, md Shirley, Hardy E* 

1936. Forest seed control. Jour. For. jh(7ag). and Amst. 

Bates, 6, G, 

1927. Better seeds, better trees. Jour. For. 25(2) : 130-144. illus. 

1928. "Tree seed farmset! Jaw. For. 26(7): 969-976. 

Rudo'llf, Ptpd 0, 

1950. Forest plmtations in the Lake States, USDA Tech, BPrll, 

Ra, lolo, 17% me, ifbus, 

mrtcsnce sf red pine seed sswce, P~QC, SeAeye meeting 

1947 : jsLj99. 

Stoeckeler, J, He, a d Rt%ds%f, PatPP 8, 

1949. Winter injury and recovery of conifers in the upper midwest. 

LSPES, Sta, Paper No. lES, 20 pp., mimes, 

U, S, Departmen% 0% &ricu%ture 

1939. IT. S, Dept. Agriculture Forest Seed Policy of Msy 16, igjg, 

Circular letter. j pp. (S ANTTKG, Seed, Departaaent Seed 

~skiey), Jay 20e 

. Yearbook of Agriculture. 1248 pp.. illus. 

U, S, Forest Semice 

1946, Tree breeding at the Institute of Forest Genetics. USDA Misc. 

-31. 659, 14 pp., illus. 

1952. Forest and shelterbelt planting in the U.S. Report. 4 pp. 

process ed, 

1952. Forest tree nurseries. Tree manters' Notes, No. 13, 24 pp., 

prseeets ed, (Pa,

ng the conference there was s considerable 

st evePy paper, Foblo.rorjing me some items 

in the discussisn md gtst elsewlnsre covered in the Proceedings: 

1, spsm studierrr &ava erhown that self-pollinated Scotch pines 

produced less seed md less dgorous stock than tbse which 

were cros*pollinaated, Some obsemtions on red pine in Lower 

Michiga indicate that self-pllination results in reduced seed 

product2 on, 

2, Longevity of pins pollen depends on relative humidity and tempera- 

ture, With there mdes proper control, pine pollen can be stored 

for a. year or mre, 

3, The dirstmcea to which viable pine pollen be dispersed depends 

upon dnd veloeity, topography, and other factors, but usually is 

not over JOQ fees$ asld seldom over 700 feet, 

sck usW9y @as be disti shed in nwraery seedbeds. 

s P% pr"aetica9 to develo ed production farms in 

fezsat specfee can be planted so that they will cross- 

pollimte each other, The seed an then be gown in the nursery 

c\;nd the jnybsrids ~lcort t the time of lifting, Other than 

hybrids, hwever, it not be feasible to make genetic eelections 

in the seedbed, 

5. tdeeviI-Frsc, eastern white pines have been found in standa where 

weevil e is severe. These are trees with thin shoote, 

M8teria;l from tkeede trees f s being grafted on to badly-weevfled 

orchard-%me Gsses to test their resistance to weevil attack. 

6. The Coneolidated Water. Power and Paper Company obtains their 

spruce seed from desigwtedt trees which are then felled during 

logging speraliona, usua%ly thin 50 to 75 miles of the plant- 

ing site, 

7. 

There is a reax needl for mre research in seed production. 

8, beseat cret2;%ng psractPces in aspen be favoring inferior 

growing elock By leav%ng snzfl%ler trees, 

9. Foresters need esme mafly iateqreted guides for recognizing 

superior trees In the field, 

10, Insects and dleeaees sften f i ~ t 

the extent to which trees can 

be introduced into new areas, Sometimes trees relatively re- 

sistant to insects and diseases in youth may lose their resistance 

as thsy. grow older,

FOmST GENETICS COW 

at 

Trees for Towrrow Conservation C 

Eagle River, Wisconsin 

March 30 - April 1, 1953 

The Conference unanimously adopted the following recornendations of the 

resolutions commit tee: 

1, That there be established a Lake States Forest Tree Improvement 

Committee for the purpose of encouraging and coordinating forest 

genetics activities in this region, That a nominating committee, 

consisting of Messrs, M, B, Dickerman, Re A, Brink, % J, Adas, 

and J, B, Millar, appoint a 6- to lbman tree improvement cow 

nittee representative of the interested agencies, geographical 

areas, and subject matter interests in the region, 

2, That the tree improvement committee continue annual or periodic 

meetings such as the present Lake States Forest Genetics Conference, 

3, That the tree improvement committee, as one of its first activities, 

take steps to foster forest tree seed certification in the three 

Lake States, 

4, That appreciation be extended to the Lake States Forest Experiment 

Station for their efforts in organizing this meeting and to Trees 

for Tomorrow for providing these facilities, 

In addition, the Conference gave unanimous endorsement of the following 

three theses submitted by Dr. Ernest So BabcocK of the Forest Genetics 

Research Foundation: 

1, me preservation of the better and elimination of the poorer 

hereditary stocks in each important timber tree species must 

be recognized as a basic pri nciple in forest conservation, 

2, The utilization of the best available hereditary traits or features 

of each important species, i, e, , conservation of superior genes, in 

the creation of ideal types of timber trees by means of applied 

genetics must be recognized as a basic principle of forest conservec, 

tion, 

3. Since the utilization of superior genetic stocks of timber trees in 

growing our future forests can be accomplished only by qualified 

scienti at#, working intensively, continwusly and cooperatively for 

m y years, the adequate financial sqport of research in forest 

genetics and allied disciplines is of basic i ~ r w c in e forest 

conservation, 

I), P, Duncan P, 0, Rudolf 

R G. Hitt S, K Spurr 

S, So Pauley Re J, Wood

Robert G, "Hit t 

Charles E, 6% eon 

Ja~jn6e Ee K=.$Z 

Trees for T~morrow C~n~emation 

e River, Vdi,sconsin 

31 - April 1, 1953 

Cornof Lmber c2i: Lrscrrtl, Co., born, Wis, 

Comer.e>lS&"C;ed Wa"&r BMBF & F%"aper Co,, 

ph8lmd~0~, wf EII 

m. 

Cone~olihtsd "Water %"s%ser &: Paper Co,, 

Wtesecsnsin bpi&@, W6s, 

Dianond EaaLeb Cs,, Clsguet, IMfrmn, 

Eecaaba Paper Co, , Es Mieh, 

Iastltute sf P"aper Chs , Appleton, Wise 

KinberIy=C1ark Cowration, Reenah, Wi 8, 

me 

albn CsmraLisn, BtheebJhld, V%s, 

me 

Nekoom-E&wmd~ %per Go,, Post Ed 

m. 

Tress far Tamlrrsw, Tnc, , MsrriPI, WIs, 

Dept, of knetics, Unfoersiw of Wisconsin, 

Hadimn, Vie, 

190, 

k. 

Depts of P%as%t Patho%sa, Biversity of 

#f scsnsilm, bdd. son, Wis, 

Robert F, PatLoa 

mo 

A, J, Mker 

Bo, 

Keith, R meet 

Do, 

PMlPg IFT, JBI"BB;~$~E~OSR DepL, of Bfaloa, Beloft College, Beloit, Wfs, 

S, A, G 

Depl;, of Fare~it~~gr, of Natwa-l Beeowces, 

hivsrsi %y of Mi cPln%g;an, bbor, Hch, 

Bo, 

Dept. of Forestq, HcMgasl State College, 

=st Lms%ing, Hcb, 

Sehol of Farestv, miaerehty sf Mimesota, 

st, P&a, Mm, 

Forest merPmeat Sbtf on, Universf ty of 

Mmer%ra Clsqued, Hm, 

Pns* 

Dqt, sf ncarpt Patblsa, mivsrsfty of 

Mmeeo.ta, St, Baa, Mfms 

Cab@ 

ti &%ion, bmwd mPvers3, &;jy, 

pet@ k 8 8 e

SWte Conservation Departments 

John A, Berile Wisconsin Conservation Ilept, , W i sconsin 

Rarpids, %fir, 

Norbert B, Underwood Wisconsin Conservation Dept, , k di son, Wis, 

Frank D. Irving, Jr, t Division, Ifisconsin Con- 

servation Dept, , htigo, Wis, 

F. Jo How Forestry Division, Michigan Dept, of Con- 

semation, Lansing, Micho 

Earl J o Adams Division of Forestry, Minnesota Dept, of 

Conservation, St, Paul, Minn, 

Bernard M, Granum Iron Range Beeources & Rehabilitation, 

Hibbing, Mime 

U, So Forest Serv-ice 

Benson He Paul 

G, A, Limstrom 

Lo Po leff 

He E. Ochcner 

Me B, Dickerman 

Be Do McCulley 

Paul 0, Rudolf 

2, A, Zasada 

J, Ho Stoeckeler 

Carl Arbogast, Jr, 

U. So Office of Indian Affairs. 

S, C, Carey Red Lake, Minn, 

C, T, Eggen Neopit, Wis, 

William Her1 t age Minneapolis, Minn, 

Charles He Racey Ashland, Wi s, 

U, So Bureau of Entomology & Plant Quarantine 

Forest Producte Laboratory, Madison, Wis, 

Central States Forest Experiment Station, 

Columbus, Ohio 

Region 9, Milwaukee, Wise 

Do. 

Lake States Forest meriment Station, 

St. , Mime 

Do e 

Do. 

Lake States Forest Experiment Station, 

Grarrd Rapids, Nfnnz, 


mnelander, Wis, 

Do. 


Marquette, Mch, 

He J, MacAloner Forest Insect Laboratory, Milwaukee, Wfs, 

Ray Weber Blister Rust Control, Antigo, Wie, 

- Other 

Ernest B, Babcock 

Lewis C. French 

AXlan S, Haukr>m 

Forest Genetics Research Foundation, 

Berkeley 4, Calif. 

Milwaukee Journal, Milwaukee, Wfs, 

Wisconsin Fon?88fry Mvi wry Connni t tee, , 

MSdf*on, wis* 

Southern Zxperiment Station, Ontario Dept , 

of Lands bc Forests, Maple, Ont., Canada 

- sg -

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