Insect Control: Biological and Synthetic Agents - Index of

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pyrethroid efficacy group (PEG), 21 selection pressure, 21 knockdown resistance (kdr), 14 metabolic resistance see Pyrethroids, metabolic resistance target-site resistance, 19 kdr-type mechanism, 20 knockdown resistance, 19–20, 20–21 para-type sodium channel, 20 site of action, 10 knockdown action, 10 sodium channels interactions, 31, 33fF investigations, 12 structure-activity relationship, 6 actin site binding, 9 chirality, 8 piperonyl butoxide (PBO), 8 quantitative structure-activity relationship, 9 segment A, 6 segment A+B, 6 segment C, 8 segment G, 9 segments D, 8 segments E, 8 selectivity, 9 seven-segment model, 6, 8fF stereochemistry, 6–8 synergism, 9 synthetic pyrethroids, 1 activity spectrum, 1–2 application, 1 sales, 2 toxicity values, 230tT type I, 11 type II, 11 Pyrethrum cinerariaefolium, 1 Pyrethrum extract, 1 Pyriproxifen juvenile hormone analog, 151 Pyriproxyfen, juvenile hormone analog, 149fF Pyrroles, toxicity values, 230tT Q Quasi cyclic conformation, 72 R Rachiplusia ou insect selective toxin genes, 343–344 Recombinant HaSNPV, 350 Reporter transactivation response, 144–145 Reproduction azadirachtin effects, 194 Responsive genes, juvenile hormone, 148 Resting stage, entomopathogenic fungi, 404 Resting state, sodium channel blockers, 43, 43fF Reticulitermes flavipes, 83 Reticulitermes santonensis, juvenile hormone analog insecticides, 152tT Reticulitermes speratus juvenile hormone analog insecticides, 152tT Retinoid X receptor (RXR) molting hormone ecdysone receptors, 124 RH-5849 (non-steroidal ecdysone agonist) ecdysone agonist, 124–125 structure, 123fF RH-131039, 130 structure, 130fF Rhagoletis pomonella, 152tT Rhagonycha fulva dispersal, 405 Entomophthora muscae infection, 392fF Rhipicephalus sanguineus, 103 Rhithropanopeus harrishii, 156tT Rhizoglyphus robini, 16 Rhodnius prolixus azadirachtin, reproduction, 194–195 juvenile hormone molecular mode, putative, 148 Rhopalosiphon padi entomopathogenic fungi interactions, 406 neonicotinoid insecticides, 82–83 Rhopalosiphum padi, 80 Rhyaciona buoliana, 139 Rhyzopertha dominica, juvenile hormone analog insecticides, 152tT Rice, neonicotinoid insecticides, 81 Ring systems, neonicotinoid insecticides, 65 Ring system vs. noncyclic structure, neonicotinoids, 72 RNA interference (RNAi) juvenile hormone esterase, baculovirus, 337 S S4 segments, 46–47 S6 transmembrane segments blocker binding face, 48fF sequence alignment, 47fF site 10, 46–47 Saccharomyces cereviseae bisacylhydrazine, selective toxicity, 137 Saccharopolysopra pogona 21-butenyl spinosyns, 211–212 spinosyns structure–activity relationships, 235–236 Saccharopolysopra spinosa, spinosyns, 208 structure–activity relationships, 235–236 Saccharopolyspora erythaea, spinosyns biosynthesis, 213 Salannin, 187fF Salmonella enterica (typhi), pathogenicity island, 317fF Sarcophaga falculata toxins, 341–342 Subject Index 467 Sarcoptes scabiei, imidacloprid, 103 Scathophaga stercoraria killed by Entomophthora muscae, 393fF Scenedesmus subspicatus, neonicotinoid insecticides, safety profile, 94 Schistocerca americana toxins, multiple synergistic, 353–354 Schistocerca gregaria azadirachtin antifeedant effects, 192 mode of action studies, 197 neem tree, 186 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) interactions, selectivity, insect over vertebrate, 84 Scorpion toxins selective genes, 341 Scott’s Py III (pyrethroids), 23fF Secondary messenger systems Secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), baculovirus insect control safety, 362 Segment A+B, pyrethroids, 6 Segment A, pyrethroids, 6 Segregation distorter systems, 443 Septobasidium, entomopathogenic fungi, 392–393 Serratia entomophila pADAP conjugative virulence plasmid, tc-like loci, 316fF toxin complexe (tc) genes, 317 gene organization, 318 Serratia entomophila pathogenicity (sep) genes, 317 Signal recognition particle (SRP), insect selective toxin genes, 351–352 Silafluofen, 5fF Single-electrode voltage clamp method (SEVC), 223 Site 10 (insects), 45 molecular nature, 46 BTX action, 46–47 S4 segments, 46–47 blocker binding, 46–47 S6 segments, 46–47 sodium channel blocker insecticides (SCBIs), 45 Sitobion avenae, 80 entomopathogenic fungi interactions, 406 neonicotinoid insecticides, 82–83 Pandora infection, 393fF Slowly adapting stretchreceptor (SASR), sensory nerve activity, 41–42 Smittium morbosum, entomopathogenic fungi, 389–390 Sodium channel blocker insecticide see Sodium channel blocker insecticide (SCBI) pyrethroids, 12, 31, 33fF Sodium channel blocker insecticides (SCBIs), 36, 58–59 action at site 10, 45
468 Subject Index Sodium channel blocker insecticides (SCBIs) (continued) anesthetic, quaternary derivatives, 46 (BTX)-B binding, 45 lidocaine, anesthetic, 45–46 pyrazolines, anesthetic, 45–46 see also Site 10 (insects) effect measurements, 47 flux assays, 48 receptor binding techniques, 47–48 target sites, alternative, 49 muscle hyperpolarization, 49 see also Sodium channel blockers Sodium channel blockers, 35–57 biochemistry, 39 chemistry, 36 chemical evolution, 36 oxadiazines, 36, 37fF pyrazolines, 36 structure, 36fF pyrazolines-like structure, 37fF structure–activity relationship, 36 indoxacarb and N-decarbomethoxyllated metabolite (DCJW), 58–59 SCBIs and local anesthetics (LAs) in, 58–59 semicarbazone metaflumizone from pyrazolines, 58, 59fF mechanism, 42 asymptotic, 44fF channel selectivity, 42 inactivated state, 43, 43fF inactivation processes, 42–43, 43fF open state, 43, 43fF pyrazoline insensitivity, 42 resting state, 43, 43fF slow inactivation, 43 enhancement, 43 sodium channel blocker insecticides (SCBIs), 45 nervous system, spontaneous activity, 40 mechanoreceptors, 40–41 motor nerve activity, 41fF pacemaker activity, 41 sensory nerve activity, 41, 41fF slowly adapting stretchreceptor (SASR), 41–42 spike initiation zone, 42, 42fF spike activity, 40fF physiology, 39 poisoning symptoms neurotoxic symptoms, 39 pseudoparalysis, 39 Sogatella furcifera juvenile hormone analog insecticide, 155tT neonicotinoid insecticides, 81–82 Soil persistence imidacloprid, 87Imidacloprid nitenpyram, 89 Solenopsis invicta baculovirus insect control, 363 analog insecticide, 154tT juvenile hormone analog (JHA), pyriproxifen, 151 Sorosporella, entomopathogenic fungi occurrence, 391–392 SPHAE, mosquitocidal Bacillus sphaericus resistance, 298–299 Spinosoid activity, biological, 211tT, 216tT Spinosyns, 207–243, 244–246 21-butenyl spinosyns, 211, 212fF activity, biological, 211tT, 216tT biosynthesis, 207, 212, 215fF chemistry and biosynthesis C21 position modifications, 244, 245fF structure of, 244, 245fF discovery, 207 Dow Agrosciences, 208–210 insect penetration, 215, 219tT metabolism see Spinosyns metabolism mode of action see Spinosyns, mode of action pharmacokinetics, 213 properties, biological, 228 nontarget organisms see Spinosyns, nontarget organisms pest insects, 228 see also Spinosyns properties, physical, 213, 217tT resistance and cross resistance, 245 resistance management, 232, 233 insecticide resistance management (IRM), 233 resistance mechanisms, 232 cross-resistance, 232, 234tT structure, 207, 208fF, 209tT toxicity values, 230tT Spinosyns metabolism, 213 avian, 213, 218fF mammalian, 213, 218fF piperonyl butoxide (PBO), 215 Spinosyns, mode of action, 217, 244 central nervous system, 221 central neuron excitation, 223 dorsal unpaired median (DUM), 223 inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), 223, 224fF electrophysiology, gross, 221, 222fF g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, 228fF nicotinic receptor activation, 223 a-bungarotoxin (a-BGTX), 223, 225fF nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtype, 224, 226fF single-electrode voltage clamp method (SEVC), 223 nicotinic receptor, target site, 223 poisoning symptoms, 219 Spinosyns, nontarget organisms, 229 beneficial insects, 229 mammalian toxicology/ecotoxicology, 231 vertebrate selectivity ratio (VSR), 231–232 Spinosyns, structure–activity relationships, 228, 235 acarina, 229 diptera, 229 forosamine sugar, 236 homoptera, 229 lepidoptera, 228 quantitative structure–activity relationship, 238 Hansch-style multiple regression analysis, 238 tetracycle modifications, 236 5,6-b-epoxy analog, 236 tri-O-methyl-rhamnose sugar, 237 Spodoptera indoxacarb biological potency, 50 metabolism, 38fF Spodoptera exempta azadirachtin, neuroendocrine effects, 194 insecticides, growth disruption, bisacylhydrazine, selective toxicity, 137 Spodoptera exigua bisacylhydrazine, selective toxicity, 137 21-butenyl spinosyns, 211–212 indoxacarb, insecticide resistance, 53 insecticides, growth disruption, 137 resistance, 140–141 neonicotinoid insecticides, 82 pyrethroid resistance mechanisms, 19 spinosad cross-resistance, 234tT spinosyns properties, biological, 228 resistance mechanisms, 233 tri-O-methyl-rhamnose sugar, 237–238 Spodoptera exigua NPV, enhancin, 339 Spodoptera frugiperda azadirachtin mode of action studies, 195 baculovirus c-MYC, 340–341 insect control, 334 juvenile hormone esterase (JHE), RNA interference (RNAi), 337–338 Bin toxin receptor identification, 292 bisacylhydrazine, relative affinity, 132tT c-MYC, baculovirus insect control, 340–341 indoxacarb, 49 juvenile hormone esterase (JHE), RNA interference (RNAi), 337–338 neonicotinoid insecticides, 82, 83 PTTH (PTTHs), 334 pyrethroids metabolic resistance, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), 19 Sf9 cell poliferation azadirachtin mode of action studies, 195–196
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INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTH
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INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTH
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CONTENTS Preface vii Contributors i
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PREFACE When Elsevier published the
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J T Andaloro E. I. Du Pont de Nemou
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1 Pyrethroids B P S Khambay and P J
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activity. In contrast to most other
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Figure 1 Commercial and novel pyret
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Figure 2 Pyrethroids referred to in
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4-position result in almost complet
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and their primary site of action is
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Figure 4 Folded and extended confor
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aromatic rings or methyl groups by
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pyrethroids) and consequently a sec
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1998), although the precise mechani
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polymorphisms in the protein. Of th
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observed resistance to pyrethroids,
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propoxur against Culex quinquefasci
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esistance in house fly. Insect Bioc
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Shan, G.M., Hammock, B.D., 2001. De
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A1.4. Resistance The increasing num
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B A IIS4-S5 linker, IIS5 helix and
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2 Indoxacarb and the Sodium Channel
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Figure 2 Structures of pyrazoline-l
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observed that both indoxacarb and i
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deflections resulting from stresses
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Figure 8 Dihydropyrazole block appe
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potential conduction in the CNS of
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known to affect blocker affinity, w
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Figure 13 Diagrammatic representati
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that the probable mechanism of ovil
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conventional chemistries and spinos
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Clare, J.J., Tate, S.N., Nobbs, M.,
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Tsurubuchi, Y., Karasawa, A., Nagat
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R1 N N O N H indoxacarb. Thus, whil
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3 Neonicotinoid Insecticides P Jesc
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esidues, like the pyrid-3-ylmethyl
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containing neonicotinoids, and neon
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Studies were also done using compar
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Becke, 1988; Klamt, 1995) level of
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sampling using forcefield methods (
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Figure 9 Stable conformations and p
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Figure 13 Binding to putative catio
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Figure 14 Systemicity of neonicotin
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site (Kayser et al., 2002). Clothia
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Figure 20 Important pest insects ta
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Barley yellow dwarf virus vectors s
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investigate the mode of action of n
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within the desensitized state over
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the accumulation of this acid in th
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3.8.1. Safety Profile The introduct
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Table 7 Environmental profile of co
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substance is bound irreversibly to
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imidacloprid conferring a high leve
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nAChR are comparable to the efficac
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Figure 25 Flea control achieved wit
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and the resolution of FAD was teste
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Brown, J.K., Perring, T.M., Cooper,
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In: Ishaaya, I. (Ed.), Biochemical
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Léna, C., Changeux, J.-P., 1993. A
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patterns in Colorado potato beetle
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nach Saatgutbeizung. Pflanzenschutz
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Today, photoaffinity labeling (e.g.
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for control of stinkbugs in soybean
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Biochem. Physiol., doi: 10.1016/j.p
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4 Insect Growth- and Development-Di
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The molting process is initiated by
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Table 1 Bisacylhydrazine insecticid
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4.2.2. Bisacylhydrazines as Tools o
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to the three EcRs with either muris
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of action of ecdysone agonists was
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thus inducing effects and symptomol
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and microsomes. Subsequently, Willi
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dipteran insects, like the midge, C
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eetle (Exomala orientalis) when app
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metabolic fate studies showed the i
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y specific proteins in signaling pa
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their reduced risk for the environm
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can be reversed by applying JH. JH
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door for a more rational approach t
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apparent that it was a bHLH-PAS and
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Table 9 Continued Bemisia tabaci (s
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Table 11 Insect control with some a
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Table 13 Ecotoxicological profile o
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Flucycloxuron Nonsystemic acaricide
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The discovery of diflubenzuron spaw
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Table 15 Environmental effects of s
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ecessive (R male S female) manner,
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esistance management programs due t
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IPS Paraconfusus lanier (Coleoptera
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larvae parasitized by Microplitis r
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Kostyukovsky, M., Chen, B., Atsmi,
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Three-dimensional quantitative stru
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Riddiford, L.M., 1994. Cellular and
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characterization of resistant clone
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Biological Approaches to Pest Contr
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M389 L308 M272 T304 T393 V404 L420
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5 Azadirachtin, a Natural Product i
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and Hemiptera and was related to ef
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eported, but this is rather nonspec
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important source of pest control at
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effects with physiological effects
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eing associated with an accumulatio
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et al., 1992). Salehzadeh et al. (2
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ehavior of Spodoptera littoralis (p
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indica A. Juss. IBH Publishing Comp
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Smith, S.L., Mitchell, M.J., 1988.
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which interact directly with azadir
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6 The Spinosyns: Chemistry, Biochem
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Table 1 Structures of the spinosyns
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Table 2 Biological activity of spin
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A large synthetic effort has gone i
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216 6: The Spinosyns: Chemistry, Bi
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Figure 4 Spinosad metabolism in avi
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A6 Addendum: The Spinosyns T C Spar
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246 A6: Addendum Scott, 2008) and i
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248 7: Bacillus thuringiensis: Mech
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A7 Addendum: Bacillus thuringiensis
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280 A7: Addendum toxins is magnitud
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Table 1 Comparative properties of s
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286 8: Mosquitocidal B. sphaericus:
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Table 4 Characteristics of various
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A8 Addendum: Bacillus sphaericus Ta
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310 A8: Addendum essential to devel
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314 9: Insecticidal Toxins from Pho
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A9 Addendum: Recent Advances in Pho
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330 A9: Addendum Lee, S.C., Stoilov
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332 10: Genetically Modified Baculo
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384 A10: Addendum cysteine protease
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388 11: Entomopathogenic Fungi and
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Page 463 and 464: 452 Subject Index Aphis gossypii (c
Page 465 and 466: 454 Subject Index Bisacylhydrazine
Page 467 and 468: 456 Subject Index Cry toxins (conti
Page 469 and 470: 458 Subject Index Entomopathogenic
Page 471 and 472: 460 Subject Index Homoptera molting
Page 473 and 474: 462 Subject Index Kinoprene (ENSTAR
Page 475 and 476: 464 Subject Index Muscle(s) sodium
Page 477: 466 Subject Index Photorhabdus (con
Page 481: 470 Subject Index Toxocara cati, im
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