Insect Control: Biological and Synthetic Agents - Index of

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safety profile environmental fate, 94 mammalian toxicity, 91 structure, 62 toxicological properties, 92tT see also Neonicotinoid insecticides Nithiazine chemical classification, 66tT electronic absorption, 63fF history, 62, 62fF insecticidal efficacy, 63fF structure, 62 water solubility, 63fF see also Neonicotinoid insecticides Nitromethylene electronic absorption, 63fF insecticidal efficacy, 63fF water solubility, 63fF see also Neonicotinoid insecticides Nomuraea, 391–392 Nomuraea rileyi commercialized products, 413 entomopathogenic fungi, 401 reduced feeding, 401 spore production (on host), 403 Non-steroidal ecdysone agonist, 182–184 Notonecta unifaciata, 151–153 Novaluron, 158tT activity spectrum, 162 NRDC 157 pyrethroids, 23fF NRDC 196 pyrethroids, 7fF NRDC 199 pyrethroids, 7fF NRDC 207 pyrethroids, 7fF Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) baculovirus insect control, 331 ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase, 356tT Nursery box application, 81 O Occluded virus (OV), baculovirus insect control, 331 Occlusion derived virions (ODV) baculovirus insect control, 331 Oligosaccharides synthesis, 268 Oncopeltus fasciatus azadirachtin, 194 neuroendocrine effects, 193 research up to 1985, 186–187 juvenile hormone analog insecticide, 155tT Oomycota, 389 Oosporein, 401 Oospores spore production (on host), 404 transmission, 406 orf603 gene, 359 Organophosphate (OP) insecticides insect selective toxin genes, 354 toxicity values, 230tT Orgyia leucostigma insecticides, growth disruption resistance, 140–141 Orius insidiousus, 363 Ortep plot, thiacloprid form I, 68fF form II, 68fF Orthetrum albistrum, 151–153 Orthoptera molting hormone ecdysone receptors, 124 Ostrinia nubialis nonsteroidal ecdysone agonist, 144 Ostrinia nubilalis Cry toxins applications, 269 insect selective toxin genes, 343–344 inundative control agents, 414 Ovilarvicidal activity, indoxacarb, 50–51 Oviposition entomopathogenic fungi, behavioral responses, 402 Oxadiazines structure-activity relationship, 36, 37fF toxicity values, 230tT Oxycarenus lavaterae, 155tT P p35 gene baculovirus insect control, 360–361 early, 344 insect selective toxin genes, 349 Pacemakers activity, 41 Paecilomyces, 391–392 soil environment, 410 Paecilomyces farinosus efficancy improvements, 414 killing adult weevil, 391fF Paecilomyces fumosoroseus beauvericin, 400 commercialized products, 413 inundative control agents, 415 Paecilomyces lilacinus commercialized products, 413 inundative control agents, 415 virulence, safety, 398 Pandemis heparana, 151–153 Pandora, 390 Sitobion avenae infected, 393fF Pandora formicae, 393fF Pandora neoaphidis allozyme analysis, 408 host range, 397 interactions, natural enemies, 406, 407 predator infection, 407 inundative control agents, 411 formulation, 416 resistance development, 398 spore production (on host), 404 transmission, 405 Pantala hymenaea, 151–153 papR gene, 248 Parasitoids entomopathogenic fungi interactions, 407 Subject Index 465 para-type sodium channel pyrethroid resistance mechanisms, 20 Pardosa pseudoannulata, 82 Pathogen interaction, entomopathogenic fungi, 407 PBtoxis, plasmid sequence, 265 Pectinophora gossypiella insecticide resistance, receptor binding, 267fF transformation, use in insect control, 439–440 P element transformation transgenic-based control programs, 442–443 Peptide toxins, 341 Peregrinus, 38 Peridroma saucia azadirachtin effects, insect growth regulation, 193 Periplaneta americana dinotefuran, 71 indoxacarb metabolism, 44–45 neonicotinoid insecticides, 86 pyrethroids metabolic pathways, 15–16 metabolic resistance, 16 structure-activity relationship, 9 sodium channel blockers nervous system, spontaneous activity, 40 pseudoparalysis, 39 spinosyns insecticidal concentration, 217, 220tT mode of action, 220, 221fF spinosyns insecticidal concentration, 215 Peritrophic membrane baculovirus proteases, 338 Permethrin, 5fF Phaedon cochleriae pyrethroids, 2 Pharmacophores bioisosteric segments, neonicotinoids, 73 modeling study predictions, 12 neonicotinoid insecticides, 64–65 3-Phenoloxybenzyl alcohol (3-PBA), 15fF Phenothrin, 7fF Phenylpyrazoles toxicity values, 230tT Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) baculovirus insect control, 335 Phlebotomus papatasi imidacloprid, 103 Phomalactone, 401 Phorodon humuli imidacloprid suscptability, 96tT neonicotinoid insecticides foliar application, 83 resistance activity, 95 Photorhabdus insecticidal toxins, 313–327 expression, 318 genomics, 321
466 Subject Index Photorhabdus (continued) microarray analysis, 321 attachment and invasion locus (ail), 322–323 K122, 326fF Photorhabdus necrotizing factor (pnf), 322–323 toxin complexes (tc) genes, 323, 325fF TT01, 322–323, 326fF W19, 325fF, 326fF phylogenetic analysis, 322fF infection empolyment, 319 makes caterpillars floppy (mcf) gene, 320fF structure, 318 toxin complexes, 314 cloning, 314 purification, 314 toxin A, 314 toxin B, 314 toxin complexes (tc) see Toxin complexes (tc) W14 insecticidal toxins, 316fF W19 insecticidal toxins, genomics, 325fF, 326fF Photorhabdus asymbiotica, 313–314, 328 Photorhabdus insect related A and B (PirAB), 328 Photorhabdus luminescencens, 313–314 genomics, 322–323 pathogenicity island, 317fF Photorhabdus necrotizing factor (pnf) gene, 322–323 Photorhabdus temperata, 313–314 Photorhabdus toxins, 328–330 bacterial virulence, dissection of, 328 discovery of, 328 mode of action, 329 P. asymbiotica, genome sequence for, 328 Photorhabdus virulence cassettes (PVCs), 328 Photostability imidacloprid, 65 thiacloprid, 68 Phyllocnistis citrella indoxacarb, 51 Phyllonorycter blancardella, 51 Phytotoxicity, 191 Picea sitchensis, pyrethroids, 10 Pieris brassicae azadirachtin, neem insecticides, 192 juvenile hormone analog insecticide, 155tT Xenorhabdus, insecticidal toxins, 314–315 Pinus contorta, 192 Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) neonicotinoid insecticides, 98–99 pyrethroids, structure-activity relationship, 8 spinosyns metabolism, 215 Planer lipid bilayers (PLBs), 291 Plaque forming units (pfu), 340–341 Plathypena scabra, 401 plcA gene, 248 pBtoxis, plasmid sequence, 265–266 PlcR box, Bacillus thuringiensis, 248 PlcR regulon, Bacillus thuringiensis, 248 Plodia interpunctella bisacylhydrazine, relative affinity, 132tT Plutella, 50 Plutella xylostella azadirachtin, neem insecticides, 191 chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSI) resistance, 164 entomopathogenic fungi interactions, 407 indoxacarb, insecticide resistance, 53 neonicotinoid insecticides, 83 pyrethroid resistance mechanisms, 19 spinosad cross-resistance, 234tT spinosyns, 228 resistance mechanisms, 232, 233 three-domain Cry toxins, 256–257 Polistes metricus (social wasp), 362–363 Polyhedrin (polh) gene promotor, 332 Popillia japonica insecticides, growth disruption, 138–139 inundative control agents, 416 Population regulation (insects), entomopathogenic fungi, 387–431 Populus tremuloides, 192 pr1 gene, 415 Pralletrhin, 5fF Predator infection, 407 Presidential Green Chemistry Award, 140 Procambarus clarkii pyrethroids, 9 sodium channel blockers, 41–42 Profenofos, 354–355 Profluthrin, 5fF Proinsecticide, indoxacarb, 48 Proneonicotinoids, 78 Proteases baculovirus insect control, 338 hemolymph plasma proteases see Hemolymph Protein(s) synthesis azadirachtin effects, 197 Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), 352–353 Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) baculovirus insect control, 359 Proteolytic activation Bacillus thuringiensis, 266 three-domain Cry toxins, 256 toxin–receptor binding function, 261 Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) azadirachtin effects, 193 pest control, baculovirus, 334 Protrifenbute, 7fF Pseudaletia unipuncta enhancin, 338–339 Pseudatomoscelis seriatus, 82 Pseudoglycones, structure, 209tT Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, 94 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 288–289 Pseudomona syringae, 318fF Pseudoparalysis, sodium channel blockers, 39 Pseudoplausia includens (soybeanlooper), 336 Ptychoptera contaminata, killed by Enomaphag, 392fF Pupation insecticides, growth disruption, 135–136 Pyrazolines (dihydropyrazoles) anesthetic, 45–46 sodium channels, 36, 42 Pyrethrins, 5fF Pyrethroid efficacy group (PEG), 21 Pyrethroids, 1–29, 30–34 agricultural and nonagricultural applications, 30 classification, 10, 10tT type I behavior, 10 type II behavior, 10 commercial, 2, 5fF bioresmethrin discovery, 2 cyfluthrin, 3 development, 2 fenvalerate, 2–3 insect selective toxin genes, 354 isomer mixtures, 6tT cyhalothrin, 6tT cypermethrin, 6tT fluvalinate, 6tT metabolic resistance, 14 cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, 18 activity induction, 18–19 learn pyrethroid resistant (LPR), 18 ester hydrolysis, 16 glutathione-S-transferase (GST), 19 model substrates, 19 oxidative attack, 15fF, 16fF pathways, 15 phase II metabolism, 14 phase I metabolism, 14 mode of action, 10 nerve preparation investigations, 11 miniature excitatory postsynaptic potential (MEPSPs), 11–12 pyrethroids, type I, 11 pyrethroids, type II, 11 symptom induction, 11 novel, 5fF non-ester pyrethroid etofenprox, 3 pharmacophores, modeling study predictions, 12 bioactive conformation, 12 products, 30 pyrethrum extract, 1 resistance, 13, 14, 31, 32tT cuticle penetration, 19 detoxification mechanism, 14 field, 21 Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC), 21 Insecticide-resistance management (IRM) see Insecticideresistance management (IRM)
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INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTH
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INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTH
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CONTENTS Preface vii Contributors i
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PREFACE When Elsevier published the
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J T Andaloro E. I. Du Pont de Nemou
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1 Pyrethroids B P S Khambay and P J
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activity. In contrast to most other
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Figure 1 Commercial and novel pyret
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Figure 2 Pyrethroids referred to in
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4-position result in almost complet
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and their primary site of action is
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Figure 4 Folded and extended confor
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aromatic rings or methyl groups by
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pyrethroids) and consequently a sec
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1998), although the precise mechani
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polymorphisms in the protein. Of th
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observed resistance to pyrethroids,
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propoxur against Culex quinquefasci
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esistance in house fly. Insect Bioc
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Shan, G.M., Hammock, B.D., 2001. De
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A1.4. Resistance The increasing num
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B A IIS4-S5 linker, IIS5 helix and
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2 Indoxacarb and the Sodium Channel
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Figure 2 Structures of pyrazoline-l
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observed that both indoxacarb and i
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deflections resulting from stresses
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Figure 8 Dihydropyrazole block appe
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potential conduction in the CNS of
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known to affect blocker affinity, w
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Figure 13 Diagrammatic representati
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that the probable mechanism of ovil
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conventional chemistries and spinos
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Clare, J.J., Tate, S.N., Nobbs, M.,
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Tsurubuchi, Y., Karasawa, A., Nagat
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R1 N N O N H indoxacarb. Thus, whil
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3 Neonicotinoid Insecticides P Jesc
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esidues, like the pyrid-3-ylmethyl
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containing neonicotinoids, and neon
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Studies were also done using compar
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Becke, 1988; Klamt, 1995) level of
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sampling using forcefield methods (
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Figure 9 Stable conformations and p
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Figure 13 Binding to putative catio
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Figure 14 Systemicity of neonicotin
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site (Kayser et al., 2002). Clothia
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Figure 20 Important pest insects ta
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Barley yellow dwarf virus vectors s
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investigate the mode of action of n
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within the desensitized state over
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the accumulation of this acid in th
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3.8.1. Safety Profile The introduct
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Table 7 Environmental profile of co
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substance is bound irreversibly to
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imidacloprid conferring a high leve
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nAChR are comparable to the efficac
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Figure 25 Flea control achieved wit
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and the resolution of FAD was teste
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Brown, J.K., Perring, T.M., Cooper,
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In: Ishaaya, I. (Ed.), Biochemical
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Léna, C., Changeux, J.-P., 1993. A
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patterns in Colorado potato beetle
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nach Saatgutbeizung. Pflanzenschutz
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Today, photoaffinity labeling (e.g.
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for control of stinkbugs in soybean
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Biochem. Physiol., doi: 10.1016/j.p
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4 Insect Growth- and Development-Di
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The molting process is initiated by
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Table 1 Bisacylhydrazine insecticid
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4.2.2. Bisacylhydrazines as Tools o
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to the three EcRs with either muris
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of action of ecdysone agonists was
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thus inducing effects and symptomol
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and microsomes. Subsequently, Willi
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dipteran insects, like the midge, C
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eetle (Exomala orientalis) when app
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metabolic fate studies showed the i
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y specific proteins in signaling pa
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their reduced risk for the environm
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can be reversed by applying JH. JH
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door for a more rational approach t
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apparent that it was a bHLH-PAS and
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Table 9 Continued Bemisia tabaci (s
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Table 11 Insect control with some a
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Table 13 Ecotoxicological profile o
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Flucycloxuron Nonsystemic acaricide
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The discovery of diflubenzuron spaw
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Table 15 Environmental effects of s
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ecessive (R male S female) manner,
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esistance management programs due t
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IPS Paraconfusus lanier (Coleoptera
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larvae parasitized by Microplitis r
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Kostyukovsky, M., Chen, B., Atsmi,
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Three-dimensional quantitative stru
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Riddiford, L.M., 1994. Cellular and
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characterization of resistant clone
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Biological Approaches to Pest Contr
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M389 L308 M272 T304 T393 V404 L420
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5 Azadirachtin, a Natural Product i
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and Hemiptera and was related to ef
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eported, but this is rather nonspec
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important source of pest control at
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effects with physiological effects
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eing associated with an accumulatio
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et al., 1992). Salehzadeh et al. (2
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ehavior of Spodoptera littoralis (p
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indica A. Juss. IBH Publishing Comp
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Smith, S.L., Mitchell, M.J., 1988.
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which interact directly with azadir
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6 The Spinosyns: Chemistry, Biochem
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Table 1 Structures of the spinosyns
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Table 2 Biological activity of spin
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A large synthetic effort has gone i
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216 6: The Spinosyns: Chemistry, Bi
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Figure 4 Spinosad metabolism in avi
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A6 Addendum: The Spinosyns T C Spar
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246 A6: Addendum Scott, 2008) and i
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248 7: Bacillus thuringiensis: Mech
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A7 Addendum: Bacillus thuringiensis
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280 A7: Addendum toxins is magnitud
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Table 1 Comparative properties of s
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286 8: Mosquitocidal B. sphaericus:
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Table 4 Characteristics of various
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A8 Addendum: Bacillus sphaericus Ta
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310 A8: Addendum essential to devel
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314 9: Insecticidal Toxins from Pho
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A9 Addendum: Recent Advances in Pho
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330 A9: Addendum Lee, S.C., Stoilov
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332 10: Genetically Modified Baculo
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384 A10: Addendum cysteine protease
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388 11: Entomopathogenic Fungi and
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Page 463 and 464: 452 Subject Index Aphis gossypii (c
Page 465 and 466: 454 Subject Index Bisacylhydrazine
Page 467 and 468: 456 Subject Index Cry toxins (conti
Page 469 and 470: 458 Subject Index Entomopathogenic
Page 471 and 472: 460 Subject Index Homoptera molting
Page 473 and 474: 462 Subject Index Kinoprene (ENSTAR
Page 475: 464 Subject Index Muscle(s) sodium
Page 479 and 480: 468 Subject Index Sodium channel bl
Page 481: 470 Subject Index Toxocara cati, im
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