Insect Control: Biological and Synthetic Agents - Index of
Insect Control: Biological and Synthetic Agents - Index of
Insect Control: Biological and Synthetic Agents - Index of
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464 Subject <strong>Index</strong><br />
Muscle(s)<br />
sodium channel blocker insecticides<br />
(SCBIs), 49<br />
Mycelia, dried, entomopathogenic fungi,<br />
412<br />
Myriophagus (Chytridiales), 389<br />
Myzus ascalonicus, 397<br />
Myzus, indoxacarb, 50<br />
metabolism, 38<br />
Myzus ornatus, 397<br />
Myzus persicae, 81fF<br />
azadirachtin effects, 194–195<br />
imidacloprid susceptability, 96tT<br />
insecticide resistance<br />
azadirachtin, 191–192<br />
management, 22–23<br />
negative cross-resistance, 23–24<br />
neonicotinoids, 95–96, 98<br />
pyrethroids, 17<br />
neonicotinoid insecticides, 83<br />
radiolig<strong>and</strong> binding studies, 86<br />
selectivity, insect over vertebrate, 84<br />
N<br />
Neem insecticides, 186, 187, 190<br />
advantages, 190<br />
analysis, 188<br />
integrated crop management systems,<br />
190<br />
integrated pest management, 191<br />
isolation, 188<br />
meliaceaea, 187–188<br />
minor products, 189fF<br />
persistence, 189<br />
phytotoxicity, 191<br />
problems, 190<br />
products, 190<br />
regulatory issues, 190<br />
resistance, 191<br />
stability, 189<br />
degradability, 190<br />
systemic action, 192<br />
toxicity, nontarget organisms, 191<br />
triterpenoid, 187–188<br />
see also Azadirachtin; Azadirachtols<br />
Negative cross-resistance (allosteric<br />
antagonism)<br />
cirumventing resistance, 23–24<br />
Neonicotinoid insecticides, 61–113,<br />
114–119<br />
acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP),<br />
114, 115<br />
bioisosteric segments, 72<br />
heterocyclic N-substituents, isosteric<br />
alternatives, 73, 74fF<br />
pharmacophores, 73<br />
nAChR recognition site, 73–74<br />
structure-activity relationship<br />
analyses, 73–74<br />
ring system vs. noncyclic structure,<br />
72<br />
atom-based alignment, 72–73<br />
Fuki functions, 73, 74fF<br />
quasi cyclic conformation, 72<br />
biological activity, 80<br />
cereals, 82<br />
chemical classification, 66tT<br />
cotton, 82<br />
efficacy, target pests, 80<br />
barley yellow dwarf virus (BYCV), 80<br />
foliar application, 83<br />
formulations <strong>of</strong>, 116–117<br />
history, 62<br />
integrated pest management (IPM)<br />
programs, 81<br />
metabolism, 87<br />
mode <strong>of</strong> action, 83<br />
central nervous system (CNS), 83–84<br />
market share, 104tT<br />
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor<br />
(nAChR) interactions, 61, 84, 114<br />
neuron preparations, 84, 85fF<br />
radiolig<strong>and</strong> binding studies, 86<br />
selectivity, insect over vertebrate, 84<br />
N-nitro group <strong>of</strong>, 115<br />
nonagricultural fields, application, 99<br />
imidacloprid see Imidacloprid<br />
veterinary medicinal product, 100<br />
pharmacokinetics, 87<br />
pharmacology, 90<br />
resistance, 95, 116<br />
activity, 95<br />
cross-resistance, 96–97<br />
management, 99<br />
European Plant Protection<br />
Organization (EPPO), 99<br />
mechanism, 97<br />
5-hydroxy-imidacloprid, 98–99<br />
cuticular wax composition, 97<br />
esterase overproduction, 98<br />
metabolic degradation, 97<br />
piperonyl butoxide, 98–99<br />
rice, 81<br />
nursery box application, 81<br />
safety pr<strong>of</strong>ile, 91<br />
environmental fate, 91<br />
accumulation, 91–94<br />
degradation, 91–94<br />
mineralization rates, 94<br />
toxicity exposure ratio, 94<br />
mammalian toxicity, 91<br />
seed treatment, 83<br />
soil application, 83<br />
subtype selectivity, 115<br />
structure, 64, 64fF<br />
noncyclic structures, 70<br />
pharmacophore, 64–65<br />
physicochemistry, 75, 76tT<br />
proneonicotinoids, 78<br />
active metabolites, 80<br />
mannich adducts see Mannich<br />
adducts<br />
ring cleavage, 78<br />
ring systems, 65<br />
1-[(6-Chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-<br />
N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine<br />
see Imidacloprid<br />
thiacloprid see Thiacloprid<br />
thiamthoxam see Thiamethoxam<br />
toxicity values, 230tT<br />
toxicology, 90<br />
vegetables, 82<br />
Neozygites, 390<br />
Neozygites floridana<br />
biocontrol, classical, 418<br />
spore production (on host), 403<br />
Neozygites fresenii<br />
dispersal, 404<br />
epigeal environment, 409<br />
Neozygites parvispora, 410<br />
Nephotettix cincticeps<br />
juvenile hormone analog insecticides,<br />
152tT<br />
neonicotinoid insecticides<br />
history, 62<br />
radiolig<strong>and</strong> binding studies, 86<br />
rice, 81–82<br />
nitenpyram, 70<br />
Nephotettix, indoxacarb, 50<br />
metabolism, 38<br />
Nervous system development<br />
spontaneous activity, sodium channel<br />
blockers, 40<br />
Neurocolpus nubilis, 82<br />
Neuroendocrine system<br />
azadirachtin effects, 193<br />
ecdysis see Ecdysis, neuroendocrine<br />
regulation<br />
Nezara viridula, 194<br />
Nicotiana clevel<strong>and</strong>ii, 192<br />
Nicotine<br />
mode <strong>of</strong> action, 67fF<br />
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)<br />
spinosyns, mode <strong>of</strong> action, 114, 224,<br />
226fF<br />
Nicotinic receptor<br />
activation, 223<br />
spinosyns, mode <strong>of</strong> action, 223<br />
spinosyn target site, 223<br />
Nilaparavata, indoxacarb, 50<br />
bioactivation, 38<br />
Nilaparvata lugens<br />
chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSI), mode<br />
<strong>of</strong> action, bupr<strong>of</strong>ezin, 161–162<br />
insecticide resistance<br />
neonicotinoid insecticides, 97<br />
juvenile hormone analog insecticide,<br />
155tT<br />
neonicotinoid insecticides, rice,<br />
81–82<br />
Nimbin, structure, 187fF<br />
Nitenpyram, 70<br />
binding site properties, prediction,<br />
73fF<br />
brown planthopper, 70<br />
chemical classification, 66tT<br />
conformation, stable, 73fF<br />
environmental pr<strong>of</strong>ile, 93tT<br />
green leafhoppper, 70<br />
metabolic pathway, 89<br />
metabolites, 89<br />
soil persistence, 89<br />
physicochemistry properties,<br />
76tT, 78