Insect Control: Biological and Synthetic Agents - Index of

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ecdysone agonist insecticides/commercial products see Ecdysone agonists ecotoxicology, 140 methoxyfenozide, 140 Presidential Green Chemistry Award, 140 teufenozide, 140 fenoxycarb, 122 future prospects, 166 insect growth regulators (IGR), 121–122 chitin synthesis inhibitors, 121–122 benzoylphenylurea, 122 ecdysone agonist, 121–122 juvenile hormone, 121–122 juvenile hormone analog, 121–122 mammalian safety, 140, 140tT mechanism, 140 methoprene, 122 other chemistry, 141 pyriproxyfen, 122 resistance, 140 oxidative metabolism, 141 tebufenozide, 140 Thailand, 140–141 resistance potential, 140 Insect selective toxin genes, 341 arthropods, 341 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), 346 chemical pesticides, toxin interactions, 354 allethrin, 354–355 carbamates, 354 chemical pesticides, synthetic, 354 cypermethrin, 354–355 DDT, 354–355 endosulfan, 354–355 methomyl, 354–355 organophosphates, 354 profenofos, 354–355 pyrethroids, 354 ColorBtrus, 346 cytolytic toxins, 346 d-endotoxins, 346 efficacy improvement, genetic modifications, 347 expression levels, 348 chimeric promotor, 349–350 DA26, 349 etl, 349 hrs5 enhancer sequence, 348–349 hsp10 promotor, 350–351 ie1, 349 lef3, 349 p35, 349 recombinant HaSNPV, 350 tox34, 349 folding improvement, 361 BiP, 352–353 BjIT neurotoxins (Hottentota judaicus), 352 chaperones, 352–353 LqhIT2, 352 protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), 352–353 ion channels, 341 kinin-like peptides, 341 mite toxin, 345 tox34, 345 TxP-I, 345 multiple synergistic toxins, 353 LqhIT1, 353 LqhIT2, 353 peptide toxins, 341 scorpion toxins, 341 alpha insect toxins, 341–342 depressant toxins, 341–342 excitatory toxins, 341–342 long chain neurotoxins, 341–342 Lqh, 344 early p35, 344 LqhaIT toxin, 345 very late p10, 344 Lqq, 344 secretion improvement, 361 signal recognition particle (SRP), 351–352 timing alterations, 348 Insect transformation, 447–449 challenges in, 449 piggyBac transposon, 447, 449–449 population replacement homing endonuclease, 449 maternal-effect system, 448–449 sterile insects, release of promoters, 448 site-specific recombination, 447–448 Integrated crop management systems, 190 Integrated pest management (IPM) azadirachtin, 191 programs, 81 Intoxication syndrome, 255 Ion channels insect selective toxin genes, 341 Ips paraconfusus Lanier, 152tT Ips pini azadirachtin, neem insecticides, 192 Ixodes ricinus imidacloprid, 103 killed by Metarhizium anisopliae, 390fF Ixodes scapularis imidacloprid, 103 J jegathesan (Bt jeg) gene, 301 Juvabione, 149fF Juvenile hormone action, 145 azadirachtin effects, 194 biosynthesis, 145 EcR-based gene switches, 182–183 insecticides, growth disruption, 121–122 JH response element (JHRE1), 183–184 juvenile hormone analog see Juvenile hormone analog (JHA) juvenile hormone binding protein (JHB), 145–146 ligand binding domain (LBD), 182, 183fF molecular mode, putative, 147, 148fF patency, 148 responsive genes, 148 PTTH see Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) regulation allatostatins, 145–146 allatotropins, 145–146 RNAi approaches, 183–184 structure, 146fF see also Corpora allata (CA) Juvenile hormone analog (JHA), 121–122, 145 biological action, 150 corpora allata (CA), 145 ecdysone, 145 epofenonane, 149fF fenoxycarb, 151 juvenile hormone, 145 kinoprene, 151 methoprene, 150, 150fF mode of action, 150 molting hormone, 145 morphogenetic effects, 150fF pest management, 149, 151 anti-juvenile hormone, 151 juvenoids, 149 nontarget invertebrates, 151 nontarget vertebrates, 151 phenoxy, 150 public health, 151 terpenoid, 150 veterinary insects, 151 properties, 150 pyriproxifen, 151 third generation pesticides, 145 Juvenile hormone binding protein (JHB), 145–146 Juvenile hormone esterase (JHE), 145–146 azadirachtin effects, 194–195 baculovirus expression systems gene silencing, 337 pest insect control, 335 RNA interference (RNAi), 337 stability, in vivo, 336 P29, 336 gene, 148 molecular mode, putative, 148 Juvenoid insecticides, 149 Juvocimene-1, 149fF K Subject Index 461 K122 insecticidal toxins, 326fF Kadethrin, 5fF Kaladasterone, 129–130, 129fF kdr (knockdown resistance) gene, 14 pyrethroid knockdown resistance, 20 Keiferia lycoersicella, indoxacarb potency, 51 KILLAT Õ , 123fF, 125tT Kinin-like peptides, 341
462 Subject Index Kinoprene (ENSTAR Õ ), 149fF, 151 Knock-down resistance (KDR) phenomenon pyrethroid resistance, 19–20, 20–21 Kojic acid, 400 L Labidura riparia azadirachtin, 195 insecticides, growth disruption, 134–135 Lagenidium epizootiology, pest population suppression, 410 host range, 397–398 Lagenidium giganteum aquatic environment, 410 commercialized products, 413 inundative control agents, 414 phylum oomycota, 389 spore production (on host), 404 zoospores, 406 Laodelphax striatellus juvenile hormone analog insecticides, 152tT neonicotinoid insecticides, 81–82 resistance, 97 nitenpyram, 70 Large unilamellar phospholipid vesicles (LUVs), 291 Larva cuticle protein, 135 imidacloprid, 102 Learn pyrethroid resistant (LPR), 18 Lecanicillium, 391–392 Lecanicillium lecanii commercialized products, 413 host encounters, 396 inundative control agents, 412 vertebrate safety, 398 lef3 gene insect selective toxin genes, 349 Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus scorpion toxins, 341–342 Lqh, 344 Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus, 344 Lema oryzae, neonicotinoid insecticides foliar application, 83 rice, 81–82 Lepidoptera molting hormone ecdysone receptors, 124 spinosyns, structure–activity relationship, 228 Leptinotarsa decemlineata, 81fF azadirachtin, 191 bisacylhydrazine, relative affinity, 131tT, 132tT 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), relative affinity, 131tT imidacloprid susceptibility, 96tT insecticides, growth disruption, 137 inundative control agents, 414 neonicotinoid insecticides foliar application, 83 resistance activity, 95 pyrethroids metabolic pathways, 16 three-domain Cry toxins, 256 Lidocaine, 45–46 Limonids Limonoids, 187–188, 187fF see also Neem insecticides Linognathus setosus, 101–102 Lipaphis erysimi juvenile hormone analog insecticides, 152tT Lipids membrane permeabilization, 291 Lipophilicity, imidacloprid, 100–101 Liriomyza (leafminer-parasitoid complex) indoxacarb, 51 Liriomyza trifolii azadirachtin, 194 indoxacarb potency, in field, 51 Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, neonicotinoid insecticides foliar application, 83 rice, 81–82 Lobesia botrana, indoxacarb, biological potency laboratory findings, 50 ovilarvicidal activity, 50–51 Locusta migratoria azadirachtin, 194 neuroendocrine effects, 193 research up to 1985, 186–187 bisacylhydrazine, relative affinity, 132tT ecdysone receptor (EcR), 124 juvenile hormone analog insecticide, 155tT molting hormone ecdysone receptors, 124 neonicotinoid insecticides (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) interactions), 84 Long chain neurotoxins, 341–342 LqhaIT toxin insect selective toxin genes, 345 Lqh gene, 344 LqhIT1 gene, 353 LqhIT2 gene folding improvement, 352 multiple synergistic toxins, 353 Lqq gene, 344 Lucilia cuprina azadirachtin, 193 chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSI) resistance, 164–165 Lucilia sericata insect selective toxin genes, 353–354 neonicotinoid insecticides, 86 Lufenuron, 158tT Lugus hesperus, 97 ‘‘Lure and infect’’, application strategies, 416 Lycoriella mali, 152tT Lygus hesperus behavioral responses, 401 Lygus, indoxacarb metabolism, 38 Lygus lineolaris indoxacarb biological potency, 50 metabolism, 39 neonicotinoid insecticides, 82 Lymantria dispar baculovirus infection, 360 control agents, inoculative, 417 enhancin, 338–339 epigeal environment, 410 insecticides, growth disruption bisacylhydrazine, 136 MIMIC 240LV, 139 three-domain Cry toxins, 256–257 Lyriomyza huidobrensis, 192 Lysiphlebus testaceipes, 191 Lytic pore formation, 260 M Macrocentrus ancylivorus, 51 Macrosiphon euphorbiae, 411 Macrosteles quadrilineatus, 229 makes caterpillars floppy (mcf) gene, 319 cloning, 321 floppy phenotype, 319–320 genomic location, 320–321 Photorhabdus, insecticidal toxins, 320fF Makes caterpillars floppy toxin 1 (Mcf1), 329 Malacosomma disstria, 137 Maladera castanaea (Asiatic garden beetle), 138–139 Mamestera brassicae azadirachtin, 194 trehalase expression, 340 Mamestera configurata NPV, 338–339 Mamestra brassicae azadirachtin, 194 Mammalian cell lines azadirachtin studies, 197 Mammals neonicotinoid insecticides safety, 91 spinosyns metabolism, 213, 218fF Manduca indoxacarb metabolism, 38fF Manduca sexta azadirachtin insect growth regulation, 193 neuroendocrine effects, 193–194 research up to 1985, 186–187 baculovirus insect control, 333 bisacylhydrazine, 134–135 chitin baculovirus insect control, 340 indoxacarb intrinsic activity on sodium channels, 48 metabolism, 44–45 juvenile hormone analog insecticide, 152tT, 155tT
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INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTH
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INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTH
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CONTENTS Preface vii Contributors i
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PREFACE When Elsevier published the
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J T Andaloro E. I. Du Pont de Nemou
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1 Pyrethroids B P S Khambay and P J
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activity. In contrast to most other
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Figure 1 Commercial and novel pyret
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Figure 2 Pyrethroids referred to in
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4-position result in almost complet
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and their primary site of action is
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Figure 4 Folded and extended confor
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aromatic rings or methyl groups by
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pyrethroids) and consequently a sec
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1998), although the precise mechani
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polymorphisms in the protein. Of th
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observed resistance to pyrethroids,
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propoxur against Culex quinquefasci
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esistance in house fly. Insect Bioc
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Shan, G.M., Hammock, B.D., 2001. De
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A1.4. Resistance The increasing num
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B A IIS4-S5 linker, IIS5 helix and
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2 Indoxacarb and the Sodium Channel
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Figure 2 Structures of pyrazoline-l
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observed that both indoxacarb and i
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deflections resulting from stresses
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Figure 8 Dihydropyrazole block appe
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potential conduction in the CNS of
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known to affect blocker affinity, w
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Figure 13 Diagrammatic representati
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that the probable mechanism of ovil
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conventional chemistries and spinos
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Clare, J.J., Tate, S.N., Nobbs, M.,
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Tsurubuchi, Y., Karasawa, A., Nagat
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R1 N N O N H indoxacarb. Thus, whil
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3 Neonicotinoid Insecticides P Jesc
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esidues, like the pyrid-3-ylmethyl
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containing neonicotinoids, and neon
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Studies were also done using compar
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Becke, 1988; Klamt, 1995) level of
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sampling using forcefield methods (
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Figure 9 Stable conformations and p
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Figure 13 Binding to putative catio
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Figure 14 Systemicity of neonicotin
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site (Kayser et al., 2002). Clothia
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Figure 20 Important pest insects ta
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Barley yellow dwarf virus vectors s
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investigate the mode of action of n
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within the desensitized state over
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the accumulation of this acid in th
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3.8.1. Safety Profile The introduct
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Table 7 Environmental profile of co
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substance is bound irreversibly to
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imidacloprid conferring a high leve
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nAChR are comparable to the efficac
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Figure 25 Flea control achieved wit
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and the resolution of FAD was teste
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Brown, J.K., Perring, T.M., Cooper,
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In: Ishaaya, I. (Ed.), Biochemical
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Léna, C., Changeux, J.-P., 1993. A
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patterns in Colorado potato beetle
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nach Saatgutbeizung. Pflanzenschutz
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Today, photoaffinity labeling (e.g.
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for control of stinkbugs in soybean
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Biochem. Physiol., doi: 10.1016/j.p
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4 Insect Growth- and Development-Di
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The molting process is initiated by
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Table 1 Bisacylhydrazine insecticid
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4.2.2. Bisacylhydrazines as Tools o
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to the three EcRs with either muris
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of action of ecdysone agonists was
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thus inducing effects and symptomol
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and microsomes. Subsequently, Willi
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dipteran insects, like the midge, C
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eetle (Exomala orientalis) when app
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metabolic fate studies showed the i
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y specific proteins in signaling pa
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their reduced risk for the environm
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can be reversed by applying JH. JH
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door for a more rational approach t
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apparent that it was a bHLH-PAS and
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Table 9 Continued Bemisia tabaci (s
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Table 11 Insect control with some a
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Table 13 Ecotoxicological profile o
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Flucycloxuron Nonsystemic acaricide
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The discovery of diflubenzuron spaw
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Table 15 Environmental effects of s
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ecessive (R male S female) manner,
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esistance management programs due t
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IPS Paraconfusus lanier (Coleoptera
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larvae parasitized by Microplitis r
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Kostyukovsky, M., Chen, B., Atsmi,
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Three-dimensional quantitative stru
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Riddiford, L.M., 1994. Cellular and
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characterization of resistant clone
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Biological Approaches to Pest Contr
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M389 L308 M272 T304 T393 V404 L420
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5 Azadirachtin, a Natural Product i
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and Hemiptera and was related to ef
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eported, but this is rather nonspec
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important source of pest control at
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effects with physiological effects
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eing associated with an accumulatio
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et al., 1992). Salehzadeh et al. (2
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ehavior of Spodoptera littoralis (p
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indica A. Juss. IBH Publishing Comp
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Smith, S.L., Mitchell, M.J., 1988.
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which interact directly with azadir
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6 The Spinosyns: Chemistry, Biochem
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Table 1 Structures of the spinosyns
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Table 2 Biological activity of spin
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A large synthetic effort has gone i
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216 6: The Spinosyns: Chemistry, Bi
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Figure 4 Spinosad metabolism in avi
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A6 Addendum: The Spinosyns T C Spar
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246 A6: Addendum Scott, 2008) and i
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248 7: Bacillus thuringiensis: Mech
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A7 Addendum: Bacillus thuringiensis
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280 A7: Addendum toxins is magnitud
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Table 1 Comparative properties of s
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286 8: Mosquitocidal B. sphaericus:
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Table 4 Characteristics of various
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A8 Addendum: Bacillus sphaericus Ta
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310 A8: Addendum essential to devel
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314 9: Insecticidal Toxins from Pho
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A9 Addendum: Recent Advances in Pho
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330 A9: Addendum Lee, S.C., Stoilov
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332 10: Genetically Modified Baculo
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384 A10: Addendum cysteine protease
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388 11: Entomopathogenic Fungi and
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Page 421 and 422: 410 11: Entomopathogenic Fungi and
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Page 463 and 464: 452 Subject Index Aphis gossypii (c
Page 465 and 466: 454 Subject Index Bisacylhydrazine
Page 467 and 468: 456 Subject Index Cry toxins (conti
Page 469 and 470: 458 Subject Index Entomopathogenic
Page 471: 460 Subject Index Homoptera molting
Page 475 and 476: 464 Subject Index Muscle(s) sodium
Page 477 and 478: 466 Subject Index Photorhabdus (con
Page 479 and 480: 468 Subject Index Sodium channel bl
Page 481: 470 Subject Index Toxocara cati, im
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