Insect Control: Biological and Synthetic Agents - Index of

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Fluvalinate, 5fF pyrethroids, 6tT Foliar application, neonicotinoid insecticides, 83 Forestry, Cry toxins applications, 268 Forosamine sugar, 236 F protein baculovirus insect control, 359 Franklienella occidentalis neonicotinoid insecticides resistance, 97 Fuki functions acetamiprid, 74fF clothianidin, 74fF imidacloprid, 74fF ring system vs. noncyclic structure, 73, 74fF Fulmethrin, 5fF Fungal epizootics, 398 Furia, 390 Fusarium, 400 G GABA receptors spinosyns, mode of action, 228fF b-Galactosidase baculovirus insect control, 362 Galleria melonella azadirachtin effects, 194 bisacylhydrazine effects, 134–135 bisacylhydrazine, relative affinity, 131tT entomopathogenic fungi, toxin production, hirsutellin A, 400 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), relative affinity, 131tT scorpion toxins, 342 Gelatinase A, human, 339–340 Gene(s) baculovirus insect control, 366 Gene silencing, 337 Gene switches, 337 nonsteroidal ecdysone agonist mammalian systems, 143 noninsecticide applications, 142 plants, 144 Gene therapy baculovirus insect control safety, 362 Genetic modification baculovirus fitness, 363 crop plants see Transgenic crops Genomic variants, baculovirus insect control, 366 Genotyping, entomopathogenic fungi, 398 Geocoris punctipes baculovirus insect control, 363 indoxacarb metabolism, 39 indoxacarb safety, 51 GEO mosquito midgut, mosquitocidal Bacillus sphaericus resistance, 297 Germany, Upper Rhine Valley, Cry toxins applications, 268–269 gfp gene, 358 Gibellula, 391–392 Glossina morsitans juvenile hormone analog insecticide, 151, 154tT pyriproxifen, 151 Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) pyrethroid resistance, 19 Glycosylation three-domain Cry toxins, 258 Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), 291–292 GP64 (envelope fusion protein) baculovirus insect control, 359 Granuloviruses (GV) ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase, 356tT insect control, 331 Green fluorescent protein (GFP) genes (gfp), 358 transformation, use in insect control, 439–440 H Haemonchus contortus neonicotinoid insecticides, 99–100 Halofenozide, 124–125 activity spectrum, 138 structure, 123fF, 124–125, 125tT Haltichella rhyacioniae, 51 Hansch-style multiple regression analysis, 238 Helicoverpa armigera azadirachtin effects, 192–193 baculovirus bioinsecticides, 331–332 cirumventing resistance diversity, 24 negative cross-resistance, 23–24 enhancin, 338–339 entomopathogenic fungi, 403 indoxacarb resistance, 52–53 insecticide resistance, 52–53 pyrethroids, 19 neonicotinoid insecticides, 83 pyrethroids metabolic resistance, 16 cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, 18–19 resistance, 19, 22 Helicoverpa assaulta azadirachtin, 192–193 Helicoverpa, indoxacarb metabolism, 38fF Helicoverpa punctigera entomopathogenic fungi, 403 Helicoverpa zea baculovirus insect control PBAN, 335 neonicotinoid insecticides cotton, 82 history, 62 pyrethroids, 16 spinosyns properties, 228 Heliothis indoxacarb metabolism, 38fF Subject Index 459 Heliothis armigera indoxacarb, 50–51 spinosyn effects, 228 Heliothis virescens azadirachtin effects, 193 Bacillus thuringiensis resistance mechanism, 268 receptor binding, 266–267, 267fF bisacylhydrazine effects, 128 ecdysone receptor (EcR), 124 ecdysone receptors, 124 insecticide resistance indoxacarb, 52–53 pyrethroids, 19 juvenile hormone analog insecticides, 152tT, 155tT juvenile hormone esterase, baculovirus, 335–336 RNA interference (RNAi), 337–338 stability, in vivo, 336 molting hormone, 124 neonicotinoid insecticides, 86 cotton, 82 nonsteroidal ecdysone agonist, 144 penetration rate, 219tT pyrethroids, metabolic pathways, 16 spinosad cross-resistance, 234tT spinosyns, 228 cross-resistance, 232 metabolism, 213–215, 219fF poisoning symptoms, 220–221 quantitative structure–activity relationship, 238 spinosyns–lepidoptera, 228–229 tetracycline modifications, 236 tri-O-methyl-rhamnose sugar, 237–238 three-domain Cry toxins receptor identification, 261–262 toxicities, topical, 219tT Heliothis zea juvenile hormone analog insecticide, 155tT pyrethroid resistance mechanisms, 19 Hematobia irritans pyrethroid resistance, 17 Hemolymph bisacylhydrazine effects, 135 spinosyns insecticidal concentration, 215 Hermes element transposition, 440–441 Heterocyclic N-substituents, isosteric alternatives, 73, 74fF Hexaflumuron, 158tT High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Photorhabdus, insecticidal toxins, 314 Hippodamia convergens, 363 Hirsutella, 391–392 Hirsutella thompsonii, 400 Hirsutellin A, 400 Hitchhking, transformation, use in insect control, 443 Homing endonuclease, 449
460 Subject Index Homoptera molting hormone ecdysone receptors, 124 spinosyns, structure–activity relationship, 229 Hoplochelus marginalis, 408–409 Hormones baculovirus insect control, 333 Host range entomopathogenic fungi, 396 Host range factor 1 (hrf-1), 360 hrs5 enhancer sequence, 348–349 hsp10 promotor, 350–351 hsp27 gene, 143 Humidity, entomopathogenic fungi, 396 transmission, 405 Hyallela, 94 25-Hydroxydacryhainansterone, 129–130, 129fF 20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E), 122, 182–184 baculovirus genome modification, 355–356 DOPA decarboxylase (DDC), 123–124 insecticides, growth disruption, 127–128 bisacylhydrazine, 127 mode of action, 122 ecdysone receptor (EcR), 124 dipteran, 124 DNA binding domains (DBDs), 124 homopteran, 124 lepidoteran, 124 ligand binding domains (LBDs), 124 orthopteran, 124 molecular, 123 retinoic acid receptor (RXR), 124 ultraspiracle (USP), 124 molecular basis, 123 physiological role, 122 structure, 123fF see also Ecdysone; Molting hormone 5-Hydroxy-imidacloprid, 98–99 Hylastes, 10 Hylemyia antiqua, 83 Hylobius abietis, 10 Hymenostilbe, 391–392 Hyperecdysonism, 131–133 Hyphantria cunea juvenile hormone analog insecticide, 155tT Hyphomycetes, 411 Hyphyantria cunea, 340 I iap genes baculovirus insect control, 360–361 ie1 gene, 349 Imaginal disc insecticides, growth disruption, bisacylhydrazine, 135–136 Imidacloprid, 65, 100 active metabolites, 80 activity, larvividal, 102 binding site properties, prediction, 73fF bridgehead nitrogen, 67–68 cereals, 83 chemical classification, 66tT 2-chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine (CCMP), 65 combination partner, 103 Advantage Heart TM , 103 Advantix TM , 103 comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), 65–67 conformation, stable, 72–73 crystallographic analysis, 65–67 efficacy, 81tT electronic absorption, 63fF environmental profile, 93tT flea allergy dermatitis (FAD), 102, 102fF, 103fF sublethal effect, 102–103 fleas, human disease transmission, 100 Fuki functions, 74fF insecticidal efficacy, 63fF, 100 ectoparasitic insect, activity on, 101 flea control, 100, 101fF, 101tT lipophilicity, 100–101 mode of action, 100–101 spot-on formulation, 100 metabolic pathway, 87, 88fF degradation pathway, 87 soil persistence, 87 mode of action, 67fF nonagricultural fields, application, 99–100 photostability, 65 physicochemistry properties, 75, 76tT mobility, acropetal, 75 translaminar transport, 75 translocation, 75–77 resistance, 95 mechanism, 99 safety profile, environmental fate, 91–94 structure, 62 synthesis, laboratory, 65 toxicological properties, 92tT veterinary medicinal product see Imidacloprid water solubility, 63fF see also Neonicotinoid insecticides Imiprothrin, 5fF Indoxacarb bioavailability, 37 biological potency, 50, 50tT dermal contact activity, 50 ingestation activity, 50 ovilarvicidal activity, 50–51 blockers, 35–57 chemistry, 36 insecticide resistance, 52 intrinsic activity on sodium channels, 48 DCJW action, 49, 49tT proinsecticide, 48 metabolism, 37 bioactivation, 37, 38fF amidase-type, 37–38 DCMP (N-decarbomethoxylated DPX-MP062), 39 esterase, 37–38 selectivity, 38 catabolism, 39 pest control, 52tT potency, in field, 51 leaf penetration, 51 properties, 36, 38tT safety, 51 sodium channel blockers, 58–60 sublethal effects, 51 Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) spinosyns, mode of action, 223, 224fF Inoculum, entomopathogenic fungi, 410 spore production (on host), 403 Insect growth regulators (IGR) azadirachtin neuroendocrine effects, 193 research up to 1985, 186–187 insecticides, 121–122 commercial products, activity spectrum, 139 toxicity values, 230tT Insecticide(s) efficacy baculovirus insect control, 366 imidacloprid, 63fF, 100 nithiazine, 63fF nitromethylene, 63fF Insecticide resistance azadirachtin, 191 Bacillus thuringiensis, 266 development entomopathogenic fungi, 398 mosquitocidal Bacillus sphaericus, field use, 294tT diversity, 23–24 neem insecticides, 191 Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC), 21 Insecticide-resistance management (IRM), 21 development, 22–23 spinosyns resistance management, 233 sustainability, 22–23 Insecticides, growth disruption, 121–181 benxoylphenylurea, 122 chitin synthesis inhibitors, 122 activity, 157 commercial products, activity spectrum, 138 bisacylhydrazine, ecotoxicological profile, 138tT chromofenozide, 138 halofenozide, 138 insect growth regulators (IGR), 139 methoxyfenozide, 139 MIMIC 240LV, 139 pest activity, spectrum, 138tT timing, 139–140
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INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTH
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INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTH
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CONTENTS Preface vii Contributors i
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PREFACE When Elsevier published the
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J T Andaloro E. I. Du Pont de Nemou
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1 Pyrethroids B P S Khambay and P J
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activity. In contrast to most other
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Figure 1 Commercial and novel pyret
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Figure 2 Pyrethroids referred to in
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4-position result in almost complet
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and their primary site of action is
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Figure 4 Folded and extended confor
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aromatic rings or methyl groups by
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pyrethroids) and consequently a sec
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1998), although the precise mechani
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polymorphisms in the protein. Of th
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observed resistance to pyrethroids,
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propoxur against Culex quinquefasci
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esistance in house fly. Insect Bioc
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Shan, G.M., Hammock, B.D., 2001. De
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A1.4. Resistance The increasing num
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B A IIS4-S5 linker, IIS5 helix and
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2 Indoxacarb and the Sodium Channel
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Figure 2 Structures of pyrazoline-l
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observed that both indoxacarb and i
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deflections resulting from stresses
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Figure 8 Dihydropyrazole block appe
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potential conduction in the CNS of
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known to affect blocker affinity, w
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Figure 13 Diagrammatic representati
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that the probable mechanism of ovil
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conventional chemistries and spinos
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Clare, J.J., Tate, S.N., Nobbs, M.,
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Tsurubuchi, Y., Karasawa, A., Nagat
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R1 N N O N H indoxacarb. Thus, whil
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3 Neonicotinoid Insecticides P Jesc
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esidues, like the pyrid-3-ylmethyl
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containing neonicotinoids, and neon
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Studies were also done using compar
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Becke, 1988; Klamt, 1995) level of
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sampling using forcefield methods (
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Figure 9 Stable conformations and p
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Figure 13 Binding to putative catio
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Figure 14 Systemicity of neonicotin
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site (Kayser et al., 2002). Clothia
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Figure 20 Important pest insects ta
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Barley yellow dwarf virus vectors s
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investigate the mode of action of n
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within the desensitized state over
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the accumulation of this acid in th
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3.8.1. Safety Profile The introduct
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Table 7 Environmental profile of co
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substance is bound irreversibly to
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imidacloprid conferring a high leve
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nAChR are comparable to the efficac
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Figure 25 Flea control achieved wit
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and the resolution of FAD was teste
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Brown, J.K., Perring, T.M., Cooper,
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In: Ishaaya, I. (Ed.), Biochemical
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Léna, C., Changeux, J.-P., 1993. A
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patterns in Colorado potato beetle
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nach Saatgutbeizung. Pflanzenschutz
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Today, photoaffinity labeling (e.g.
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for control of stinkbugs in soybean
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Biochem. Physiol., doi: 10.1016/j.p
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4 Insect Growth- and Development-Di
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The molting process is initiated by
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Table 1 Bisacylhydrazine insecticid
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4.2.2. Bisacylhydrazines as Tools o
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to the three EcRs with either muris
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of action of ecdysone agonists was
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thus inducing effects and symptomol
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and microsomes. Subsequently, Willi
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dipteran insects, like the midge, C
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eetle (Exomala orientalis) when app
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metabolic fate studies showed the i
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y specific proteins in signaling pa
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their reduced risk for the environm
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can be reversed by applying JH. JH
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door for a more rational approach t
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apparent that it was a bHLH-PAS and
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Table 9 Continued Bemisia tabaci (s
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Table 11 Insect control with some a
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Table 13 Ecotoxicological profile o
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Flucycloxuron Nonsystemic acaricide
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The discovery of diflubenzuron spaw
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Table 15 Environmental effects of s
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ecessive (R male S female) manner,
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esistance management programs due t
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IPS Paraconfusus lanier (Coleoptera
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larvae parasitized by Microplitis r
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Kostyukovsky, M., Chen, B., Atsmi,
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Three-dimensional quantitative stru
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Riddiford, L.M., 1994. Cellular and
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characterization of resistant clone
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Biological Approaches to Pest Contr
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M389 L308 M272 T304 T393 V404 L420
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5 Azadirachtin, a Natural Product i
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and Hemiptera and was related to ef
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eported, but this is rather nonspec
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important source of pest control at
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effects with physiological effects
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eing associated with an accumulatio
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et al., 1992). Salehzadeh et al. (2
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ehavior of Spodoptera littoralis (p
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indica A. Juss. IBH Publishing Comp
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Smith, S.L., Mitchell, M.J., 1988.
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which interact directly with azadir
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6 The Spinosyns: Chemistry, Biochem
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Table 1 Structures of the spinosyns
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Table 2 Biological activity of spin
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A large synthetic effort has gone i
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216 6: The Spinosyns: Chemistry, Bi
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Figure 4 Spinosad metabolism in avi
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A6 Addendum: The Spinosyns T C Spar
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246 A6: Addendum Scott, 2008) and i
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248 7: Bacillus thuringiensis: Mech
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A7 Addendum: Bacillus thuringiensis
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280 A7: Addendum toxins is magnitud
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Table 1 Comparative properties of s
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286 8: Mosquitocidal B. sphaericus:
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Table 4 Characteristics of various
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A8 Addendum: Bacillus sphaericus Ta
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310 A8: Addendum essential to devel
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314 9: Insecticidal Toxins from Pho
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A9 Addendum: Recent Advances in Pho
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330 A9: Addendum Lee, S.C., Stoilov
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332 10: Genetically Modified Baculo
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384 A10: Addendum cysteine protease
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388 11: Entomopathogenic Fungi and
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Page 419 and 420: 408 11: Entomopathogenic Fungi and
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Page 463 and 464: 452 Subject Index Aphis gossypii (c
Page 465 and 466: 454 Subject Index Bisacylhydrazine
Page 467 and 468: 456 Subject Index Cry toxins (conti
Page 469: 458 Subject Index Entomopathogenic
Page 473 and 474: 462 Subject Index Kinoprene (ENSTAR
Page 475 and 476: 464 Subject Index Muscle(s) sodium
Page 477 and 478: 466 Subject Index Photorhabdus (con
Page 479 and 480: 468 Subject Index Sodium channel bl
Page 481: 470 Subject Index Toxocara cati, im
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