Insect Control: Biological and Synthetic Agents - Index of

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Diptera ecdysone receptors, 124 spinosyns, structure–activity relationship, 229 Dipylidium caninum, 100 Dispersal baculovirus insect control, 364 entomopathogenic fungi, 404 3,5,-Di-tert-btyl-4-hydroxy-N-isobutylbenzamide (DTBHIB), 141–142, 142fF Diuraphis noxia, 406 Diuretic hormone baculovirus insect control, 333 Dopamine decarboxylase (DDC) 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), 123–124 Dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neuron spinosyns, mode of action, 223 Dow Agrosciences, spinosyns, 208–210 Drosophila mannich adducts, 79 Drosophila melanogaster azadirachtin mode of action studies, 195 neuroendocrine effects, 193–194 bisacylhydrazine, mode of action, 131 bisacylhydrazines, relative affinity, 131tT, 132tT chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSI) resistance, 165 ecdysone receptor (EcR), 124 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), relative affinity, 131tT insecticides, 140–141 juvenile hormone mutants, 147–148 juvenile hormone analog insecticide, 155tT molting hormone ecdysone receptors, 124 neonicotinoid insecticides radioligand binding studies, 86 resistance, 97, 99 selectivity, insect over vertebrate, 84 pyrethroid resistance metabolic, 14 cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, 18 spinosyns, mode of action, 220 three-domain Cry toxins, 257–258 transformation, 439, 443, 447–448, 448–449 DTBHIB (3,5,-Di-tert-btyl-4-hydroxy- N-isobutyl-benzamide), 141–142, 142fF DTX9.2 gene, 346 Dysdercus koenigii, 194–195 E Ecdysis eclosion hormone see Eclosion hormone (EH) larval baculovirus insect control, 333–334 pupal–adult, 333–334 Ecdysone agonist see Ecdysone agonists baculovirus insect control, 355–356 ecdysone 20-monooxygenase see Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase juvenile hormone, mode of action, 182–184 juvenile hormone analog, 145, 182–184 Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase azadirachtin effects, 193–194 Ecdysone agonists, 121–122, 124 bisacylhydrazine see Bisacylhydrazine (ecdysone agonist) commercial products, 124 discovery, 124 future prospects, 145 integrated insect management programs, 145 new potential, 141 3,5,-di-tert-btyl-4-hydroxy-Nisobutyl-benzamide (DTBHIB), 141–142, 142fF 8-O-acetylharpagide, 141–142, 142fF tetrahydroquinoline, 142, 142fF nonsteroidal, 142 gene switches, 142 B. mori EcR, 143 Hsp27, Drosophila, 143 maize, trait regulation, 144 mammalian systems, 143 methoxyfenozide, 144 muristerone A, 143 plants, 144 reporter transactivation response, 144–145 two-hybris EcR, 143 USP, 143 RH-5849 analog, 124–125 structure–activity relationship (SAR), 125 synthesis, 125 tebufenozide, 124–125 Ecdysone receptor (EcR) molting hormone, 124 Ecdysteroid agonist (RH-2485 ) azadirachtin, 194 insecticides, 124 Ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase (egt) deletion, 355, 357tT granuloviruses (GV) gene homolog, 356tT pest insect control, 333–334 Eclosion hormone (EH) baculovirus insect control, 333 molting hormone, 123 Ectodomain, three-domain Cry toxins, 256–257 ‘‘Effector’’ genes, transformation, 442 Efrapeptins, 400 Eggs development azadirachtin effects, 186–187 Eisenia foetida, 94 Elatobium abietinum, 409 Subject Index 457 Electrophysiology spinosyns, 221, 222fF Empenthrin, 5fF Empoasca, 50 Empoasca fabae, 417–418 Emposca fabae, 50 Encarsia formosa azadirachtin, 191 spinosyns, 231 Encarsia perandiella, 156tT Endosulfan, 354–355 d-Endotoxins, 346 Bacillus thuringiensis, 248–249 Enhancin, 338 baculovirus proteases, 338 Mamestera configurata NPV, 338–339 metalloprotease activity, 338–339 Spodoptera exigua NPV, 339 Enomaphaga, 392fF ENSTAR Õ , 149fF, 151 Enteric repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC), 315–317 Entomopathogenic fungi, 387–431, 432–437 ascomycota (Deuteromycota), 391 basidiomycota, 392 behavioral responses, 401 behavioral fever, 401–402 death, 402–403 feeding, increase, 401 feeding, reduced, 401 mating, 402 oviposition, 402 thermoregulatory behavior, 401–402 biocontrol, classical, 417 problems, 418 biocontrol, conservation, 418 biotic factors, 419 habitat manipulation, 418–419 biology, 395 biological control, 433 chytridiomycota, 389 classification, 388, 393 chemotaxonomy, 394 deuteromycota, 388–389 molecular characterization, 394 molecular techniques, 394 drawbacks, 395 phylogenetic classification, 394 stain characterization, 395 commercialized products, 412 control agents, inoculative, 417 dissemination, 417 dispersal, 404 behavioral assistance, 405 ecological role of, 433 epizootiology, pest population suppression, 409 aquatic environment, 410 conidia settling, 411 epigeal environment, 409 soil environment, 410 inoculum, 410 rhizosphere, 410
458 Subject Index Entomopathogenic fungi (continued) fate evaluation/monitoring, 407 allozyme analysis, 408 biological control, 407 detection methods, media based, 409 DNA techniques, 408–409 environment, 407–408 studies, 408 vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs), 408 host encounters, 395 environmental variables, 395–396 humidity, 396 temperature, 395–396 organic matter, 396 pH, 396 sunlight, 396 UV, 396 wind, 396 host range, 396 behavioral avoidance, 397 bioinsecticide, nontarget safety, 396 nonsusceptibility, 397 susceptibility, 397 virulence variability, 397–398 host reactions, 399 identification, genotyping, 398 interactions, natural enemies, 406 additive interactions, 407 coninfection, 406–407 parasitoid interactions, 407 pathogen interaction, 407 predator infection, 407 synergistic interactions, 407 inundative control agents, 411 application strategies, 415 autodissemination, 416 Lure and infect, 416 ULV, 416 efficiency improvements, 414 biotechnological techniques, 414 strain selection, 414 formulation, 415 persistence, 416 genetic modification, 414 chitinases, 415 pr1, 415 metabolites role bassianolide, 434 destruxins, 434 subtilisins (Pr1), 434 mode of action, 399 molecular genetics, 434 oomycota, 389 pathogenesis, 395 PCR tools for, 433 population regulation, 387–431 production, 434 production, mass, 412 blastospores, 412 conidia, 412 fermentation, solid state, 412 mycelia, dried, 412 resting spores, 412 resistance development, 398 resting spores production, mass, 412 transmission, 405 specificity, 396 spore production (on host), 403 aquatic environments, 404 environmental conditions, 403 inoculum density, 403 oospores, 404 resting stage, 404 sporulation, 403 zoospores, 404 systematics, 432 taxonomy, 388 toxin production aflatoxins, 400 antibiotic production, 401 phomalactone, 401 beauvericin, 400 cyclodepsipeptides, 400 destruxin, 401 efrapeptins, 400 hirsutellin A, 400 kojic acid, 400 oosporein, 401 transmission, 404 humidity, 405 life stages, 405–406 oospores, 406 resting spores, 405 zoospores, 406 vertebrate safety, 398 food resource deletion, 399 fungal epizootics, 398 metabolites, 399 regulatory requirements, 399 virulence, 398 zygomycota, 389 azygospores, 390 entomophthorales, 390 epizootics, 390 zygospores, 390 Entomophaga, 390 Entomophaga aulicae, 408 Entomophaga maimaiga allozyme analysis, 408 biocontrol, classical, 417 control agents, inoculative, 417 epigeal environment, 410 reduced feeding, 401 spore production (on host), 403, 404 transmission, 405 Entomophaga ptychopterae, 403 Entomophthora, 390 inundative control agents, 411 toxin production, 401 transmission, 402fF zygomycota, 390 Entomophthora grylli, 409 Entomophthora leyteensis, 410 Entomophthora muscae control agents, inoculative, 417 epigeal environment, 409 host encounters, 396 killing Scatophaga stercoraria, 393fF Rhagonycha fulva infected, 392fF spore production (on host), 403 Entomophthora planchoniana epigeal environment, 409 interactions, natural enemies, 406 Entomophthora schizophorae control agents, inoculative, 417 epigeal environment, 409 interactions, natural enemies, 406 Entomophthora virulenta, 413 Enzyme gene insertion, baculovirus insect control, 333 Epilachna varivestis azadirachtin, 193, 194 research, 186–187 Epilachna verivesta, 137 Episyrphus balteatus, indoxacarb safet, 51 Epofenonane, 149fF Erynia, 390 Erynia conica, 392fF Erynia neoaphidis, 404 Escherichia coli K12 pathogenicity island, 317fF O157 EDL933 0-island 7, 317fF Esterases indoxacarb metabolism, 37–38 neonicotinoid insecticides, 98 etl gene, 349 Etofenprox, 3, 5fF Eupoecilia ambiguella, 50–51 European Plant Protection Organization (EPPO), 99 Eurytoma pini, 51 Excitatory toxins insect selective toxin genes, 341–342 Exomala orientalis insecticides, halofenozide, 138–139 F Fecundity reduction, azadirachtin, 194 Fenfenprox, 7fF Fenfluthrin, 7fF Fenoxycarb juvenile hormone analog, 149fF, 151 Fenpropathrin, 7fF Fenvalerate, 2–3, 5fF extended conformation, 13fF folded conformation, 13fF Fibrobacter succinogenes, 318, 318fF Field testing, baculovirus insect control, 366 Fitness, baculovirus insect control, 364 Flea allergy dermatitis (FAD), 102, 102fF, 103fF Fleas human disease transmission, 100 imidacloprid control, 100, 101fF, 101tT Fluazuron, 158tT Flubrocythrinate, 5fF Flucycloxuron, 158tT Flucythinate, 5fF Flufenoxuron, 158tT
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INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTH
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INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTH
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CONTENTS Preface vii Contributors i
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PREFACE When Elsevier published the
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J T Andaloro E. I. Du Pont de Nemou
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1 Pyrethroids B P S Khambay and P J
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activity. In contrast to most other
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Figure 1 Commercial and novel pyret
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Figure 2 Pyrethroids referred to in
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4-position result in almost complet
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and their primary site of action is
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Figure 4 Folded and extended confor
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aromatic rings or methyl groups by
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pyrethroids) and consequently a sec
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1998), although the precise mechani
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polymorphisms in the protein. Of th
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observed resistance to pyrethroids,
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propoxur against Culex quinquefasci
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esistance in house fly. Insect Bioc
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Shan, G.M., Hammock, B.D., 2001. De
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A1.4. Resistance The increasing num
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B A IIS4-S5 linker, IIS5 helix and
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2 Indoxacarb and the Sodium Channel
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Figure 2 Structures of pyrazoline-l
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observed that both indoxacarb and i
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deflections resulting from stresses
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Figure 8 Dihydropyrazole block appe
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potential conduction in the CNS of
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known to affect blocker affinity, w
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Figure 13 Diagrammatic representati
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that the probable mechanism of ovil
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conventional chemistries and spinos
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Clare, J.J., Tate, S.N., Nobbs, M.,
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Tsurubuchi, Y., Karasawa, A., Nagat
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R1 N N O N H indoxacarb. Thus, whil
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3 Neonicotinoid Insecticides P Jesc
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esidues, like the pyrid-3-ylmethyl
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containing neonicotinoids, and neon
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Studies were also done using compar
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Becke, 1988; Klamt, 1995) level of
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sampling using forcefield methods (
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Figure 9 Stable conformations and p
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Figure 13 Binding to putative catio
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Figure 14 Systemicity of neonicotin
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site (Kayser et al., 2002). Clothia
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Figure 20 Important pest insects ta
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Barley yellow dwarf virus vectors s
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investigate the mode of action of n
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within the desensitized state over
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the accumulation of this acid in th
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3.8.1. Safety Profile The introduct
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Table 7 Environmental profile of co
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substance is bound irreversibly to
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imidacloprid conferring a high leve
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nAChR are comparable to the efficac
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Figure 25 Flea control achieved wit
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and the resolution of FAD was teste
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Brown, J.K., Perring, T.M., Cooper,
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In: Ishaaya, I. (Ed.), Biochemical
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Léna, C., Changeux, J.-P., 1993. A
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patterns in Colorado potato beetle
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nach Saatgutbeizung. Pflanzenschutz
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Today, photoaffinity labeling (e.g.
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for control of stinkbugs in soybean
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Biochem. Physiol., doi: 10.1016/j.p
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4 Insect Growth- and Development-Di
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The molting process is initiated by
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Table 1 Bisacylhydrazine insecticid
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4.2.2. Bisacylhydrazines as Tools o
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to the three EcRs with either muris
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of action of ecdysone agonists was
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thus inducing effects and symptomol
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and microsomes. Subsequently, Willi
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dipteran insects, like the midge, C
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eetle (Exomala orientalis) when app
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metabolic fate studies showed the i
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y specific proteins in signaling pa
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their reduced risk for the environm
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can be reversed by applying JH. JH
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door for a more rational approach t
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apparent that it was a bHLH-PAS and
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Table 9 Continued Bemisia tabaci (s
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Table 11 Insect control with some a
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Table 13 Ecotoxicological profile o
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Flucycloxuron Nonsystemic acaricide
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The discovery of diflubenzuron spaw
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Table 15 Environmental effects of s
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ecessive (R male S female) manner,
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esistance management programs due t
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IPS Paraconfusus lanier (Coleoptera
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larvae parasitized by Microplitis r
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Kostyukovsky, M., Chen, B., Atsmi,
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Three-dimensional quantitative stru
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Riddiford, L.M., 1994. Cellular and
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characterization of resistant clone
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Biological Approaches to Pest Contr
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M389 L308 M272 T304 T393 V404 L420
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5 Azadirachtin, a Natural Product i
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and Hemiptera and was related to ef
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eported, but this is rather nonspec
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important source of pest control at
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effects with physiological effects
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eing associated with an accumulatio
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et al., 1992). Salehzadeh et al. (2
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ehavior of Spodoptera littoralis (p
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indica A. Juss. IBH Publishing Comp
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Smith, S.L., Mitchell, M.J., 1988.
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which interact directly with azadir
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6 The Spinosyns: Chemistry, Biochem
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Table 1 Structures of the spinosyns
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Table 2 Biological activity of spin
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A large synthetic effort has gone i
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216 6: The Spinosyns: Chemistry, Bi
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Figure 4 Spinosad metabolism in avi
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A6 Addendum: The Spinosyns T C Spar
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246 A6: Addendum Scott, 2008) and i
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248 7: Bacillus thuringiensis: Mech
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A7 Addendum: Bacillus thuringiensis
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280 A7: Addendum toxins is magnitud
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Table 1 Comparative properties of s
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286 8: Mosquitocidal B. sphaericus:
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Table 4 Characteristics of various
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A8 Addendum: Bacillus sphaericus Ta
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310 A8: Addendum essential to devel
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314 9: Insecticidal Toxins from Pho
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A9 Addendum: Recent Advances in Pho
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330 A9: Addendum Lee, S.C., Stoilov
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332 10: Genetically Modified Baculo
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384 A10: Addendum cysteine protease
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388 11: Entomopathogenic Fungi and
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Page 463 and 464: 452 Subject Index Aphis gossypii (c
Page 465 and 466: 454 Subject Index Bisacylhydrazine
Page 467: 456 Subject Index Cry toxins (conti
Page 471 and 472: 460 Subject Index Homoptera molting
Page 473 and 474: 462 Subject Index Kinoprene (ENSTAR
Page 475 and 476: 464 Subject Index Muscle(s) sodium
Page 477 and 478: 466 Subject Index Photorhabdus (con
Page 479 and 480: 468 Subject Index Sodium channel bl
Page 481: 470 Subject Index Toxocara cati, im
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