Insect Control: Biological and Synthetic Agents - Index of

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Subject Index Cross-reference terms in italics are general cross-references, or refer to subentry terms within the main entry (the main entry is not repeated to save space). Readers are also advised to refer to the end of each article for additional crossreferences – not all of these cross-references have been included in the index cross-references. The index is arranged in set-out style with a maximum of four levels of heading. Major discussion of a subject is indicated by bold page numbers. Page numbers suffixed by T and F refer to Tables and Figures respectively. vs. indicates a comparison. To save space in the index the following abbreviations have been used: ETH – ecdysis triggering hormone GPCRs – G protein-coupled receptors PBAN – pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide PDV – polydnaviruses PTTH – prothoracicotropic hormone QSAR – qualitative structure-activity relation RDL – resistance to dieldrin This index is in letter-by-letter order, whereby hyphens and spaces within index headings are ignored in the alphabetization. Prefixes and terms in parentheses are excluded from the initial alphabetization. A Ac23, baculovirus insect control, 359 AcAaIT see Androctonus australis insect toxin 1 (AaIT) Acarids spinosyns, structure–activity relationship, 229 Acetamiprid, 70 activity, 70 binding site properties, predicted, 73fF chemical classification, 66tT conformation, stable, 73fF environmental profile, 93tT Fuki functions, 74fF metabolic pathway, 89, 90fF degradation pathway, 89 metabolites, 89–90 physicochemistry properties, 76tT, 78 structure, 62 toxicological properties, 92tT mammalian safety profile, 91 Acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP), 114, 115 8-O-Acetylharpagide ecdysone agonist, 141–142, 142fF Acinathrin, 5fF Actin pyrethroid binding, 9 Acyrthosiphon pisum entomopathogenic fungi interactions, 407 resistance development, 398 Acyrtosiphon padi, 407 ADMIRAL Õ see Pyriproxifen Adoxophyes orana, juvenile hormone analog insecticides, 151–153, 152tT Advantage Heart TM , imidacloprid veterinary medicinal product, 103 Advantix TM , 103 Aedes aegypti azadirachtin, 193–194 bisacylhydrazine, 132tT crystal toxins, brush border membrane, 291fF entomopathogenic fungi, toxin production, 400 hirsutellin A, 400 pyrethroid metabolic resistance, 19 spinosyns, 208 transformation, 439 vitellogenesis see Aedes aegypti, vitellogenesis Aflatoxins, 400 m-Aga-IV, 346 Agelenopsis aperta m-Aga-IV, selective toxin genes, 346 Aglycones, structure, 209tT Agrostis stolonifera, neem insecticide phytotoxicity, 191 Agrotis segetum neonicotinoid insecticides, 83 Allatostatin(s) juvenile hormone, 145–146 Allatotropins juvenile hormone, 145–146 Allethrin, 354–355 Allozyme analysis, entomopathogenic fungi, 408 Allthrin, 5fF Alphitobius diaperinus, 154tT Amblyomma americanum ecdysone receptor (EcR), 124 American funnel-web spider see Agelenopsis aperta Amidase-type indoxacarb, 37–38 Aminopeptidase-N (APN), 278 Anastrepha suspensa transformation, use in insect control, 439–440 Anax junius, 151–153 Androctonus australis insect toxin 1 (AaIT), 342 insect selective, 341–342 Anemonia sulcate (sea anemones), As II, 346 Anopheles balabacensis, juvenile hormone analog insecticide, 154tT Anopheles gambiae brush border membrane fractions (BBMF), 290–291 crystal toxins, 290–291, 291fF pyrethroids metabolic resistance, 14 transgenic-based control programs, 443 ANS-118, 123fF, 125tT Anthonomus grandis bisacylhydrazine, 132tT neonicotinoid insecticides, 82 Anthrenus, 99–100 Anticarsia gemmatalis (AgMNPV) (velvet bean caterpillar) baculovirus insect control, 331–332 Antifeedant effects, azadirachtin, 192 Anti-juvenile hormone, 151 Aphanteles congregatus, 156tT Aphid craccivora, 155tT Aphidius ervi, 407 Aphis fabae neonicotinoid insecticides, 83 Aphis gossypii entomopathogenic fungi, 409 imidacloprid suscptability, 96tT neonicotinoid insecticides, 82 resistance activity, 95
452 Subject Index Aphis gossypii (continued) spinosyn structure–activity relationships, 229 tri-O-methyl-rhamnose sugar, 238 Aphytis holoxanthus, 151–153 Apis mellifera pyrethroids metabolic resistance, 19 spinosyns, nontarget organisms, 231 transgenic-based control programs, 444 APN receptor receptor identification, 256–257 toxin–receptor binding function, 261–262 Armyworm see Pseudaletia unipuncta; Spodoptera frugiperda Arthropods insect selective toxin genes, 341 Aschersonia, 391–392 Ascomycota (Deuteromycota), 391 spore production (on host), 403 Ascosphaera, 391 As II gene, 346 Aspergillus, 391–392 toxin production, 400 Aspergillus flavus host range, 397 vertebrate safety, 398 Aspergillus nidulans, 415 attachment and invasion locus (ail) gene, 322–323 Attagenus neonicotinoid insecticides, 99–100 Australian sheep blowfly see Lucilia cuprina Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) pest insect control, 332 Avermectins toxicity values, 230tT Azadirachta indica, 185–186 Azadirachtin, 185–203, 204–206 antifeedant effects, 192 biosynthesis, 193 mode of action studies, 195, 204 binding studies, 196 microtubule synthesis/assembly, 196 cell cycle events, 195 cytokinesis, 195–196 mitosis, 195–196 Sf9 cell proliferation, 195–196 cell line studies insect, 195 mammalian, 197 protein synthesis effect, 197 resolution, 197 natural pesticides, 185 neem seed insecticides, 205 neuroendocrine effects, 193 insect growth regulation, 193 ecdysone 20-monoxygenase, 193–194 ecdysteroid production blockage, 193 juvenile hormone, 194 prothoracicotropic hrome, 193 RH-2485 (ecdysteroid agonist), 194 symptoms, classic, 193 reproduction, 194 fecundity reduction, 194 juvenile hormone esterase, 194–195 sterility effects, 194 vitellogenesis control, 195 research up to 1985, 186 antifeedancy, 186–187 egg development effect, 186–187 insect growth regulatory (IGR), 186–187 mode of action, 186–187 structure, 187fF synthesis of, 204, 205fF synthetic pesticides, 185 see also Neem insecticides Azadirachtinins, 188 isolation, 188 Azadirachtols isolation, 188 neem product chemistry, 188 see also Neem insecticides [ 125 I]Azidoneonicotinoid (AN) probe, 79, 79fF Azygospores, 390 B Bacillus sphaericus mosquitocidal, 283–307 see also Mosquitocidal Bacillus sphaericus taxonomy and genetics, 308–311 bin toxin receptors, culicide larvae, 309 Cry toxins, 308–309 Mtx1 toxin structure, 308 resistance alleles and resistance management, 309 sphaericolysin, 308 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), 247–277, 278–281, 407 alternative needs, 314 cry toxins see Cry toxins genomics, 265 carbohydrate catabolism, 265 cry gene, 265–266 genome size, 265 pBtoxis, plasmid sequence, 265 plcA gene, 265–266 insecticidal toxins, 248 classification, 248 cry toxins see Cry toxins cyt toxins see Cyt toxins d-endotoxins, 248–249 nomenclature, 248 structure, 250 b-prism, 250 three-dimensional, 253fF three-domain toxins, evolution, 253fF, 254 cry1B, 254–255 phylogenetic analysis, 254–255 phylogenetic relationship (cry domain III sequence), 255fF vegatative insecticidal proteins (vip proteins), 248–249, 250 insect selective toxin genes, 346 mosquitocidal toxin synergism, 264 Cyt toxin see Cyt toxins plcA, 248 PlcR regulon, 248 papR gene, 248 PlcR box, 248 regulated genes, 248 public concerns, 269 Bt-crops, 269 Bt-maize, 270 resistance mechanisms, 266 oligosaccharide synthesis, 268 Cry1Ac resistance lines, 268 Cry5B resistance lines (C. elegans), 268 proteolytic activation, 266 receptor binding, 266 cadherin-like receptor, 267 YHD2 (Cry1Ac resistance line), 267 selection, 266 YHD2 (Cry1Ac resistance line), 267 transgenic crops, 269 virulence factors, 248 Bacillus thuringiensis subs israelensis (Bti), 279 Baculovirus baculovirus insect control see Baculovirus insect control genetic modification fitness, 363 pest insect control, 331–382 see also Baculovirus insect control genome modification, 355, 383–385 ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase deletion, 355, 357tT 20-hydroxyecdysone, 355–356 ecdysone, 355–356 green floutescent protein (gfp) genes, 358 host range alterantion host range factor 1 (hrf-1), 360 iap, 360–361 p35, 360–361 host range alteration, 359 nonessential gene removal, 358 Ac23, 359 F protein, 359 GP64, 359 orf603, 359 protein tyrosine phosphatase (ptp), 359 wandering, 359 proteases, 338 basement membrane (BM), 338 basement membrane degrading, 339 cathepsin L, 339–340 gelatinase A, human, 339–340
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INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTH
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INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTH
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CONTENTS Preface vii Contributors i
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PREFACE When Elsevier published the
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J T Andaloro E. I. Du Pont de Nemou
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1 Pyrethroids B P S Khambay and P J
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activity. In contrast to most other
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Figure 1 Commercial and novel pyret
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Figure 2 Pyrethroids referred to in
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4-position result in almost complet
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and their primary site of action is
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Figure 4 Folded and extended confor
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aromatic rings or methyl groups by
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pyrethroids) and consequently a sec
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1998), although the precise mechani
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polymorphisms in the protein. Of th
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observed resistance to pyrethroids,
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propoxur against Culex quinquefasci
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esistance in house fly. Insect Bioc
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Shan, G.M., Hammock, B.D., 2001. De
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A1.4. Resistance The increasing num
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B A IIS4-S5 linker, IIS5 helix and
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2 Indoxacarb and the Sodium Channel
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Figure 2 Structures of pyrazoline-l
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observed that both indoxacarb and i
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deflections resulting from stresses
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Figure 8 Dihydropyrazole block appe
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potential conduction in the CNS of
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known to affect blocker affinity, w
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Figure 13 Diagrammatic representati
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that the probable mechanism of ovil
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conventional chemistries and spinos
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Clare, J.J., Tate, S.N., Nobbs, M.,
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Tsurubuchi, Y., Karasawa, A., Nagat
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R1 N N O N H indoxacarb. Thus, whil
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3 Neonicotinoid Insecticides P Jesc
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esidues, like the pyrid-3-ylmethyl
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containing neonicotinoids, and neon
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Studies were also done using compar
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Becke, 1988; Klamt, 1995) level of
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sampling using forcefield methods (
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Figure 9 Stable conformations and p
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Figure 13 Binding to putative catio
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Figure 14 Systemicity of neonicotin
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site (Kayser et al., 2002). Clothia
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Figure 20 Important pest insects ta
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Barley yellow dwarf virus vectors s
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investigate the mode of action of n
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within the desensitized state over
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the accumulation of this acid in th
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3.8.1. Safety Profile The introduct
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Table 7 Environmental profile of co
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substance is bound irreversibly to
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imidacloprid conferring a high leve
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nAChR are comparable to the efficac
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Figure 25 Flea control achieved wit
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and the resolution of FAD was teste
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Brown, J.K., Perring, T.M., Cooper,
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In: Ishaaya, I. (Ed.), Biochemical
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Léna, C., Changeux, J.-P., 1993. A
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patterns in Colorado potato beetle
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nach Saatgutbeizung. Pflanzenschutz
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Today, photoaffinity labeling (e.g.
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for control of stinkbugs in soybean
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Biochem. Physiol., doi: 10.1016/j.p
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4 Insect Growth- and Development-Di
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The molting process is initiated by
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Table 1 Bisacylhydrazine insecticid
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4.2.2. Bisacylhydrazines as Tools o
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to the three EcRs with either muris
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of action of ecdysone agonists was
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thus inducing effects and symptomol
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and microsomes. Subsequently, Willi
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dipteran insects, like the midge, C
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eetle (Exomala orientalis) when app
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metabolic fate studies showed the i
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y specific proteins in signaling pa
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their reduced risk for the environm
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can be reversed by applying JH. JH
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door for a more rational approach t
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apparent that it was a bHLH-PAS and
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Table 9 Continued Bemisia tabaci (s
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Table 11 Insect control with some a
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Table 13 Ecotoxicological profile o
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Flucycloxuron Nonsystemic acaricide
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The discovery of diflubenzuron spaw
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Table 15 Environmental effects of s
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ecessive (R male S female) manner,
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esistance management programs due t
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IPS Paraconfusus lanier (Coleoptera
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larvae parasitized by Microplitis r
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Kostyukovsky, M., Chen, B., Atsmi,
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Three-dimensional quantitative stru
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Riddiford, L.M., 1994. Cellular and
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characterization of resistant clone
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Biological Approaches to Pest Contr
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M389 L308 M272 T304 T393 V404 L420
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5 Azadirachtin, a Natural Product i
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and Hemiptera and was related to ef
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eported, but this is rather nonspec
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important source of pest control at
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effects with physiological effects
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eing associated with an accumulatio
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et al., 1992). Salehzadeh et al. (2
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ehavior of Spodoptera littoralis (p
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indica A. Juss. IBH Publishing Comp
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Smith, S.L., Mitchell, M.J., 1988.
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which interact directly with azadir
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6 The Spinosyns: Chemistry, Biochem
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Table 1 Structures of the spinosyns
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Table 2 Biological activity of spin
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A large synthetic effort has gone i
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216 6: The Spinosyns: Chemistry, Bi
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Figure 4 Spinosad metabolism in avi
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A6 Addendum: The Spinosyns T C Spar
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246 A6: Addendum Scott, 2008) and i
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248 7: Bacillus thuringiensis: Mech
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A7 Addendum: Bacillus thuringiensis
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280 A7: Addendum toxins is magnitud
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Table 1 Comparative properties of s
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286 8: Mosquitocidal B. sphaericus:
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Table 4 Characteristics of various
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A8 Addendum: Bacillus sphaericus Ta
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310 A8: Addendum essential to devel
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314 9: Insecticidal Toxins from Pho
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A9 Addendum: Recent Advances in Pho
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330 A9: Addendum Lee, S.C., Stoilov
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332 10: Genetically Modified Baculo
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384 A10: Addendum cysteine protease
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388 11: Entomopathogenic Fungi and
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Page 411 and 412: 400 11: Entomopathogenic Fungi and
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Page 465 and 466: 454 Subject Index Bisacylhydrazine
Page 467 and 468: 456 Subject Index Cry toxins (conti
Page 469 and 470: 458 Subject Index Entomopathogenic
Page 471 and 472: 460 Subject Index Homoptera molting
Page 473 and 474: 462 Subject Index Kinoprene (ENSTAR
Page 475 and 476: 464 Subject Index Muscle(s) sodium
Page 477 and 478: 466 Subject Index Photorhabdus (con
Page 479 and 480: 468 Subject Index Sodium channel bl
Page 481: 470 Subject Index Toxocara cati, im
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