Insect Control: Biological and Synthetic Agents - Index of

11: Entomopathogenic Fungi and their Role in Regulation of Insect Populations 393
Figure 11 Colony of cereal aphids (Sitobion avenae). One
individual (swollen, whitish-orange) is infected by Pandora neoaphidis
and the discharged primary conidia may result in infection
of the rest of the colony. (Photo courtesy of T. Steenberg.)
Figure 12 Ant infected with Pandora formicae. Before death,
the ant climbs to the top of the canopy, turns the head downwards,
and grasps the plant with its legs. The conidiophores
then emerge and conidia are discharged, showering
the understory, where presumably more hosts are present.
(Photo courtesy of J. Eilenberg.)
are considered symbiotic to insects, such as scales
(Samson et al., 1988).
11.2.6. Approaches to Classification
Traditionally, fungal taxonomy has been based
on morphological, developmental, and physiological
characteristics, from which the current structure of
species, genera, and classes has emerged. While these
Figure 13 Adult Scatophaga stercoraria killed by a member of
the Entomophthora muscae complex. White bands of conidiophores
emerge from the abdomen, which then produce forcibly
discharged conidia. (Photo courtesy of A. Bruun Jensen.)
Figure 14 Adult Delia radicum filled with bright orange
resting spores of Strongwellsea castrans. (Photo courtesy of J.
Eilenberg.)
characteristics worked very well for many years, the
complexity of fungal life has led to use of some
characteristics in classification that are not the result
of coevolution, but parallel evolution of a common
function. This has led to the incorrect placement of
some species and genera in the phylogenetic scheme.
In addition, the use of indirect methods, which
evaluate phenotypic traits, have not been useful at