Insect Control: Biological and Synthetic Agents - Index of

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toxicity to insects. Oral insecticidal activity against another lepidopteran, Pieris brassicae, was used to identify tc gene homologs from X. nematophilus PMF1296 (Morgan et al., 2001). In this study, a cosmid library was made in Escherichia coli and individual cosmids were screened for oral activity. Two overlapping cosmids with oral activity were recovered and one of these was completely sequenced. Transposon mutagenesis of the cosmids was then carried out to discover which open reading frames were involved in oral toxicity (Morgan et al., 2001). The genes encoding insecticidal activity were termed Xenorhabdus protein toxins (xpt) and insertions within the large gene xptA1 were associated with a loss of oral activity (Morgan et al., 2001). The predicted amino acid sequences of the xpt genes show high similarity to the tc genes of Photorhabdus and their closest homologs have been indicated in a revised map of the open reading frames found in the cosmid (Figure 2). The orally toxic Xenorhabdus cosmid therefore contains two tcdA homologs transcribed in opposite directions (xptA1 and xpta2) with tcaC (xptC1) andtccC (xptB1) homologs between them. Expression of one tcdA-like gene (xptA1) alone in E. coli was sufficient to reproduce oral activity in E. coli (Morgan et al., 2001). This data suggests that the two different genera of 9: Insecticidal Toxins from Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus 315 Figure 1 The toxin complex a (tca) locus from three different Photorhabdus strains highlighting the three different color-coded elements tcaAB, tcaC, and tccC (see key). Note that this locus is only complete in strain W14 (in which it confers oral toxicity) and that in TT01 the locus is deleted from the equivalent location in the genome and found as a partially complete copy elsewhere (see text for discussion). nematode symbionts use similar toxin complex-like genes. 9.2.1.3. Genomic organization of Photorhabdus tc genes Extended sequencing of the tcd locus in strain W14 revealed that clusters of tcdA-like genes were present in the Photorhabdus W14 genome (Figure 3). Further, these multiple tcdA and tcdB-like genes are inserted next to an AspV tRNA in a potential pathogenicity island (Waterfield et al., 2002). This island is a region of DNA inserted in putative ‘‘core’’ sequence, i.e., sequence similar to core sequences in E. coli and Yersinia pestis. The island contains multiple copies of tccC-like sequences, which may promote recombination, and also enteric repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) sequences (Waterfield et al., 2002). The region also contains numerous directly duplicated open reading frames and a fragment of a tcdA-like gene, suggesting that it may be prone to rearrangement. Finally, a comparison of pathogenicity islands or phage inserted at the Asp tRNA in other related bacteria shows similar genomic islands carrying other toxin genes and rhs elements in place of tccC-like elements (Figure 4). All these factors combine to support the concept that the tcd-island is a pathogenicity island. Moreover it is interesting to note that this island is adjacent to a
316 9: Insecticidal Toxins from Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus Figure 2 Comparison of tc-like loci in entomopathogenic bacteria. Yersinia pestis is vectored by the flea and carries a tca-like locus, complete in biovar KIM but with tcaB1 disrupted in biovar CO92. Serratia entomophila is a free-living bacteria that infects grass grubs. In this species the tc-homologous sepABC is carried on a conjugative plasmid required for insect pathogenicity. In Xenorhabdus nematophilus, vectored by a nematode, tc-homologous genes lie on a cosmid clone recovered on the basis of oral toxicity to caterpillars. Note again that the color coding indicates homology with the three central tcaAB, tcaC, and tccC-like elements (see key). Figure 3 The toxin complex d (tcd ) locus from four different Photorhabdus strains highlighting the three different color-coded tcaAB/ tcdA, tcaC/tcdB, and tccC-like elements (see key). Comparison of the four loci shows a conserved core (boxed in gray) and then localized deletions within and between the different tcd homologs (see text). Note that the tcd locus from W14 can confer oral toxicity on recombinant E. coli.
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INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTH
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INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTH
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CONTENTS Preface vii Contributors i
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PREFACE When Elsevier published the
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J T Andaloro E. I. Du Pont de Nemou
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1 Pyrethroids B P S Khambay and P J
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activity. In contrast to most other
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Figure 1 Commercial and novel pyret
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Figure 2 Pyrethroids referred to in
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4-position result in almost complet
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and their primary site of action is
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Figure 4 Folded and extended confor
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aromatic rings or methyl groups by
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pyrethroids) and consequently a sec
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1998), although the precise mechani
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polymorphisms in the protein. Of th
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observed resistance to pyrethroids,
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propoxur against Culex quinquefasci
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esistance in house fly. Insect Bioc
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Shan, G.M., Hammock, B.D., 2001. De
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A1.4. Resistance The increasing num
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B A IIS4-S5 linker, IIS5 helix and
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2 Indoxacarb and the Sodium Channel
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Figure 2 Structures of pyrazoline-l
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observed that both indoxacarb and i
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deflections resulting from stresses
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Figure 8 Dihydropyrazole block appe
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potential conduction in the CNS of
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known to affect blocker affinity, w
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Figure 13 Diagrammatic representati
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that the probable mechanism of ovil
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conventional chemistries and spinos
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Clare, J.J., Tate, S.N., Nobbs, M.,
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Tsurubuchi, Y., Karasawa, A., Nagat
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R1 N N O N H indoxacarb. Thus, whil
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3 Neonicotinoid Insecticides P Jesc
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esidues, like the pyrid-3-ylmethyl
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containing neonicotinoids, and neon
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Studies were also done using compar
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Becke, 1988; Klamt, 1995) level of
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sampling using forcefield methods (
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Figure 9 Stable conformations and p
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Figure 13 Binding to putative catio
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Figure 14 Systemicity of neonicotin
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site (Kayser et al., 2002). Clothia
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Figure 20 Important pest insects ta
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Barley yellow dwarf virus vectors s
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investigate the mode of action of n
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within the desensitized state over
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the accumulation of this acid in th
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3.8.1. Safety Profile The introduct
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Table 7 Environmental profile of co
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substance is bound irreversibly to
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imidacloprid conferring a high leve
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nAChR are comparable to the efficac
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Figure 25 Flea control achieved wit
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and the resolution of FAD was teste
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Brown, J.K., Perring, T.M., Cooper,
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In: Ishaaya, I. (Ed.), Biochemical
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Léna, C., Changeux, J.-P., 1993. A
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patterns in Colorado potato beetle
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nach Saatgutbeizung. Pflanzenschutz
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Today, photoaffinity labeling (e.g.
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for control of stinkbugs in soybean
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Biochem. Physiol., doi: 10.1016/j.p
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4 Insect Growth- and Development-Di
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The molting process is initiated by
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Table 1 Bisacylhydrazine insecticid
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4.2.2. Bisacylhydrazines as Tools o
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to the three EcRs with either muris
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of action of ecdysone agonists was
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thus inducing effects and symptomol
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and microsomes. Subsequently, Willi
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dipteran insects, like the midge, C
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eetle (Exomala orientalis) when app
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metabolic fate studies showed the i
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y specific proteins in signaling pa
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their reduced risk for the environm
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can be reversed by applying JH. JH
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door for a more rational approach t
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apparent that it was a bHLH-PAS and
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Table 9 Continued Bemisia tabaci (s
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Table 11 Insect control with some a
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Table 13 Ecotoxicological profile o
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Flucycloxuron Nonsystemic acaricide
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The discovery of diflubenzuron spaw
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Table 15 Environmental effects of s
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ecessive (R male S female) manner,
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esistance management programs due t
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IPS Paraconfusus lanier (Coleoptera
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larvae parasitized by Microplitis r
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Kostyukovsky, M., Chen, B., Atsmi,
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Three-dimensional quantitative stru
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Riddiford, L.M., 1994. Cellular and
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characterization of resistant clone
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Biological Approaches to Pest Contr
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M389 L308 M272 T304 T393 V404 L420
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5 Azadirachtin, a Natural Product i
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and Hemiptera and was related to ef
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eported, but this is rather nonspec
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important source of pest control at
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effects with physiological effects
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eing associated with an accumulatio
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et al., 1992). Salehzadeh et al. (2
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ehavior of Spodoptera littoralis (p
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indica A. Juss. IBH Publishing Comp
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Smith, S.L., Mitchell, M.J., 1988.
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which interact directly with azadir
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6 The Spinosyns: Chemistry, Biochem
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Table 1 Structures of the spinosyns
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Table 2 Biological activity of spin
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A large synthetic effort has gone i
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216 6: The Spinosyns: Chemistry, Bi
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Figure 4 Spinosad metabolism in avi
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A6 Addendum: The Spinosyns T C Spar
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246 A6: Addendum Scott, 2008) and i
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248 7: Bacillus thuringiensis: Mech
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Page 275 and 276: 264 7: Bacillus thuringiensis: Mech
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Page 295 and 296: Table 1 Comparative properties of s
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Page 339 and 340: A9 Addendum: Recent Advances in Pho
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366 10: Genetically Modified Baculo
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384 A10: Addendum cysteine protease
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388 11: Entomopathogenic Fungi and
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Zare, R., Gams, W., Culham, A., 200
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434 A11: Addendum although a number
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436 A11: Addendum Examination of ge
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440 12: Insect Transformation for U
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448 A12: Addendum genetic transform
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452 Subject Index Aphis gossypii (c
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454 Subject Index Bisacylhydrazine
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456 Subject Index Cry toxins (conti
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458 Subject Index Entomopathogenic
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460 Subject Index Homoptera molting
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462 Subject Index Kinoprene (ENSTAR
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464 Subject Index Muscle(s) sodium
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466 Subject Index Photorhabdus (con
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468 Subject Index Sodium channel bl
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470 Subject Index Toxocara cati, im
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