Insect Control: Biological and Synthetic Agents - Index of

Table 4 Characteristics of various Culex pipiens or C. quinquefasciatus colonies resistant to B. sphaericus strains
Country/year
Field (F) or
Laboratory (L)
selection Colony
B. sphaericus strain
used for selection Level of resistance a
Genetics of resistance
Nb.
genes
Mechanisms of resistance b
Binding characteristics
Dom ¼ D
Res ¼ R Linkage Kd (nM) Rt (pmol mg 1 ) Reference
USA/1992 L GEO 2362 >100 000 1 R Autosomal No binding – 1, 2
USA/1994 L JRMM-R 2362 37 ? c ? ? Bindingd – 3
Brazil/1995 F Brazil-R 2362 10 ? ? ? 11 1 7 1 4
India/1995 F/L Kochi 1593M 146 (F)/>10 000 (L) ? ‘‘D’’ e
? No binding e
– 5
France/1994 F/L SPHAE 2362 16 000 (F)/>50 000 (L) 1 R Sex 3 1 16 1 6
Tunisia/1994 F/L TUNIS 2362 >10 000 (L) 1 R Sex 4 1 3 1 7
France/2000 F/L BP 2362 >10 000 (F)/>50 000 (L) 1 R Sex No binding – 7
China/2000 F/L RLCq2(C3-41) C3-41 22 000 (F)/>144 000 (L) 1 R Autosomal No binding – 8
Brazil/2002 L CqSF 2362 >162 000 1 R Autosomal No binding – 8
a Level of resistance is calculated as the ratio of the LC50 values of the resistant colony to that of a susceptible colony.
b Binding experiments are done with (BBMF) brush border membrane fraction from homozygous laboratory selected resistant larvae.
c ? No information available.
dNielsen-LeRoux et al. (Unpublished data); not enough data to calculate Kd value.
ePoopathi and Nielsen-LeRoux (Unpublished data).
1 2 3 4 5 6
Nielsen-LeRoux et al. (1995), Wirth et al. (2000a), Rodcharoen & Mulla (1994), Silva-Filha et al. (1995), Rao et al. (1995), Nielsen-LeRoux et al. (1997),
7 8
Nielsen-LeRoux et al. (2002), Oliviera et al. (2003a).