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Insect Control: Biological and Synthetic Agents - Index of

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246 A6: Addendum<br />

Scott, 2008) <strong>and</strong> in the field (e.g., Zhao et al., 2006;<br />

Bielza, 2008). With few exceptions, target site resistance<br />

continues to be the primary mechanism<br />

with little cross-resistance to other insecticides in<br />

spinosad-resistant insect strains. As a continuance<br />

<strong>of</strong> earlier trends (Salgado <strong>and</strong> Sparks, 2005), there is<br />

little spinosad cross-resistance in insect strains resistant<br />

to other classes <strong>of</strong> insecticides, including the<br />

avermectins <strong>and</strong> neonicotinoids.<br />

References<br />

Bielza, P., 2008. <strong>Insect</strong>icide resistance management strategies<br />

against the western flower thrips, Frankliniella<br />

occidentalis. Pest. Manage. Sci. 64, 1131–1138.<br />

Chen, Y.-L., Chen, Y.-H., Lin, Y.-C., Tsai, K.-C., Chiu, H.-T.,<br />

2009. Functional characterization <strong>and</strong> substrate specificity<br />

<strong>of</strong> spinosyn rhamnosyltransferase by in vitro reconstitution<br />

<strong>of</strong> spinosyn biosynthetic enzymes. J. Biol.<br />

Chem. 284, 7352–7363.<br />

Crouse, G.D., Dripps, J.E., Orr, N.T., Sparks, C.,<br />

Waldron, C., 2007. DE-175 (Spinetoram), a new semisynthetic<br />

spinosyn in development. In: Kramer, W.,<br />

Schirmer, U. (Eds.), Modern Crop Protection Compounds,<br />

Vol. 3. Wiley, New York, pp. 1013–1031.<br />

Daeuble, J., Sparks, T.C., Johnson, P., Graupner, P.R.,<br />

2009. Modification <strong>of</strong> the butenyl-spinosyns utilizing<br />

cross-metathesis. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 17, 4197–4205.<br />

Dripps, J., Olsen, B., Sparks, T., Crouse, G., 2008. Spinetoram:<br />

how artificial intelligence combined natural fermentation<br />

with synthetic chemistry to produce a new<br />

spinosyn insecticide Online. Plant Health Progress<br />

doi:10.1094/PHP-2008-0822-01-PS.<br />

Hahn, D.R., Gustafson, G., Waldron, C., Bullard, R.,<br />

Jackson, J.D., Mitchell, J., 2006. Butenyl-spinosyns,<br />

a natural example <strong>of</strong> genetic engineering <strong>of</strong> antibiotic biosynthetic<br />

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Hong, L., Zhao, Z., Melanon, C.E., Zhang, H., Liu, H.-W.,<br />

2008. In vitro characterization <strong>of</strong> the enzymes involved<br />

in TDP-d-forosamine biosynthesis in the spinosyn<br />

pathway <strong>of</strong> Saccharopolyspora spinosa. J. Am. Chem.<br />

Soc. 130, 4954–4967.<br />

Hsu, J.-C., Feng, H.-T., 2006. Development <strong>of</strong> resistance<br />

to spinosad in Oriental fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)<br />

in laboratory selection <strong>and</strong> cross-resistance. J. Econ.<br />

Entomol. 99, 931–936.<br />

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Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 82, 13–23.<br />

Kim, H.J., Pongdee, R., Wu, Q., Hong, L., Liu, H.-W.,<br />

2007. The biosynthesis <strong>of</strong> spinosyn in Saccharopolyspora<br />

spinosa: synthesis <strong>of</strong> the cross-bridging precursor<br />

<strong>and</strong> identification <strong>of</strong> the function <strong>of</strong> SpnJ. J. Am. Chem.<br />

Soc. 129, 14582–14584.<br />

Lewer, P., Hahn, D.R., Karr, L.L., Duebelbeis, D.O.,<br />

Gilbert, J.R., Crouse, G.D., Worden, T., Sparks, T.C.,<br />

McKamey, P., Edwards, R., Graupner, P.R., 2009.<br />

Discovery <strong>of</strong> the butenyl-spinosyn insecticides: novel<br />

macrolides from the new bacterial strain,<br />

Saccharopolyspora pogona. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 17,<br />

4185–4196.<br />

Orr, N., Chouinard, S.W., Cook, K.R., Geng, C., Gifford,<br />

J.M., Gustafson, G.D., Hasler, J.M., Larrinua, I.M.,<br />

Letherer, T.J., Mitchell, J.C., Pak, W.L., Salgado, V.L.,<br />

Sparks, T.C., Watson, G.B., 2009. Heterologus expression<br />

<strong>of</strong> a spinosyn-sensitive Drosophila melanogaster<br />

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor identified through chemically<br />

induced target site resistance <strong>and</strong> resistance gene<br />

identification. <strong>Insect</strong> Biochem. Mol. Biol. (Accepted).<br />

Perry, T., McKenzie, J.A., Batterham, P., 2007. ADa6<br />

knockout strain <strong>of</strong> Drosophila melanogaster confers a<br />

high level <strong>of</strong> resistance to spinosad. <strong>Insect</strong>. Biochem.<br />

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subtypes <strong>of</strong> alpha-bungarotoxin-sensitive<br />

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in cockroach neurons.<br />

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<strong>Insect</strong> Molecular Science, Vol. 6 <strong>Control</strong>.<br />

Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 137–173.<br />

Sheehan, L.S., Lill, R.E., Wilkinson, B., Sheridan, R.M.,<br />

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Selection <strong>and</strong> characterization <strong>of</strong> spinosad resistance in<br />

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Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 84, 180–187.<br />

Watson, G.B., Chouinard, S.W., Cook, K.R., Geng, C.,<br />

Gifford, J.M., Gustafson, G.D., Hasler, J.M., Larrinua,<br />

I.M., Letherer, T.J., Mitchell, J.C., Pak, W.L., Salgado,<br />

V.L., Sparks, T.C., 2010. Heterologus expression <strong>of</strong> a<br />

spinosyn-sensitive Drosophila melanogaster nicotinic<br />

acetylcholine receptor identified through chemically induced<br />

target site resistance <strong>and</strong> resistance gene identification.<br />

<strong>Insect</strong> Biochem. Molec. Biol. In Press, (This<br />

article is still in press, SSGill).<br />

Zhao, J.-.Z., Collins, H.L., Li, Y.-X., Mau, R.F.L.,<br />

Thompson, G.D., Hertlein, M., Andaloro, J.T.,<br />

Boykin, R., Shelton, A.M., 2006. Monitoring <strong>of</strong> diamondback<br />

moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) resistance<br />

to spinosad, indoxacarb <strong>and</strong> emamectin benzoate.<br />

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