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Insect Control: Biological and Synthetic Agents - Index of

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200 5: Azadirachtin, a Natural Product in <strong>Insect</strong> <strong>Control</strong><br />

Jarvis, A.P., Johnson, S., Morgan, E.D., 1998. Stability <strong>of</strong><br />

the natural insecticide azadirachtin in aqueous <strong>and</strong><br />

organic solvents. Pest. Sci. 53, 217–222.<br />

Jarvis, A.P., Morgan, E.D., Edwards, C., 1999. Rapid<br />

separation <strong>of</strong> triterpenoids from neem seed extracts.<br />

Phytochem. Anal. 10, 39–43.<br />

Johnson, S., Morgan, E.D., 1997a. Comparison <strong>of</strong> chromatographic<br />

systems for triterpenoids from neem (Azadirachta<br />

indica) seeds. J. Chromatogr. A 761, 53–63.<br />

Johnson, S., Morgan, E.D., 1997b. Supercritical fluid<br />

extraction <strong>of</strong> oil <strong>and</strong> triterpenoids from neem seeds.<br />

Phytochem. Anal. 8, 228–232.<br />

Johnson, S., Morgan, E.D., Peiris, C.J., 1996.Development<br />

<strong>of</strong> the major triterpenoids <strong>and</strong> oil in the fruit <strong>and</strong> seeds<br />

<strong>of</strong> neem (Azadirachta indica). Ann. Bot. 78, 383–388.<br />

Kalinowski, H.O., Krack, C., Ermel, K., Chriathamjaree,<br />

C., 1997. Isolation <strong>and</strong> characterization <strong>of</strong> 1-tigloyl-3acetylazadirachtol<br />

from the seed kernels <strong>of</strong> the Thai<br />

neem Azadirachta siamensis Valeton. Z. Naturforsch.<br />

B-J. Chem Sci. 52, 1413–1417.<br />

Karnavar, G.K., 1987. Influence <strong>of</strong> azadirachtin on insect<br />

nutrition <strong>and</strong> reproduction. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 96,<br />

341–347.<br />

Kaüser, G., Br<strong>and</strong>tner, H.M., Bidmon, H.J., Koolman, J.,<br />

1987. Ecdysone synthesis <strong>and</strong> release by the brain–ring<br />

gl<strong>and</strong> complex <strong>of</strong> blowfly larvae. J. <strong>Insect</strong> Physiol. 34,<br />

563–569.<br />

Koolman, J., Bidmon, H.J., Lehmann, M., Kaüser, G.,<br />

1988. On the mode <strong>of</strong> action <strong>of</strong> azadirachtin in blowfly<br />

larvae <strong>and</strong> pupae. In: Sehnal, F., Zabza, A., Denlinger,<br />

D.L. (Eds.), Endocrinological Fronteirs in Physiological<br />

<strong>Insect</strong> Ecology, vol. 1. Wrocław Technical University<br />

Press, Wrocław, pp. 55–67.<br />

Koul, O., 1984. Azadirachtin. 1. Interaction with the<br />

development <strong>of</strong> red cotton bugs. Entomol. Exp. Applic.<br />

36, 85–88.<br />

Koul, O., Amanai, K., Ohtaki, T., 1987. Effect <strong>of</strong> azadirachtin<br />

on the endocrine events <strong>of</strong> Bombyx mori.<br />

J. <strong>Insect</strong> Physiol. 33, 103–108.<br />

Koul, O., Isman, M.B., 1991. Effects <strong>of</strong> azadirachtin on<br />

the dietary utilization <strong>and</strong> development <strong>of</strong> the<br />

variegated cutworm Peridroma saucia. J. <strong>Insect</strong> Physiol.<br />

37, 591–598.<br />

Kraus, W., 2002. Azadirachtin <strong>and</strong> other triterpenoids. In:<br />

Schmutterer, H. (Ed.), The Neem Tree, 2nd edn. Neem<br />

Foundation, Mumbai, pp. 39–111.<br />

Kraus, W., Bokel, M., Bruhn, A., Cramer, A., Klaiber, I.,<br />

et al., 1987. Structure determination by nmr <strong>of</strong> azadirachtin<br />

<strong>and</strong> related compounds from Azadirachta indica.<br />

Tetrahedron Lett. 26, 6435–6438.<br />

Larson, R.O., 1985. Stable anti-pest neem seed extract.<br />

US Patent No. 4,556,562.<br />

Lavie, D., Jain, M.K., Shpan-Gabrielith, S.R., 1967.<br />

A locust phago-repellent from two Melia species.<br />

J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 910–911.<br />

Lee, S.M., Klocke, J.A., 1987. Combined Florisil, droplet<br />

counter-current <strong>and</strong> high performance liquid chromatography<br />

for preparative isolation <strong>and</strong> purification <strong>of</strong><br />

azadirachtin from neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds.<br />

J. Liqu. Chromatogr. 10, 1151–1163.<br />

Ley, S.V., Denholm, A.A., Wood, A., 1993. The chemistry<br />

<strong>of</strong> azadirachtin. Nat. Prod. Rep. 10, 109–157.<br />

Linton, Y.M., Nisbet, A.J., Mordue (Luntz), A.J., 1997.<br />

The effects <strong>of</strong> azadirachtin on the testes <strong>of</strong> the desert<br />

locust, Schistocerca gregaria. J. <strong>Insect</strong> Physiol. 43,<br />

1077–1084.<br />

Lowery, D.T., Isman, M.B., 1993. Antifeedant activity <strong>of</strong><br />

extracts from neem, Azadirachta indica, to strawberry<br />

aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii. J. Chem. Ecol. 19,<br />

1761–1773.<br />

Lowery, D.T., Smirle, M.J., 2000. Toxicity <strong>of</strong> insecticides<br />

to obliqueb<strong>and</strong>ed leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana,<br />

larvae <strong>and</strong> adults exposed previously to neem seed oil.<br />

Entomol. Exp. Applic. 95, 201–207.<br />

Luo, X.-D., Ma, Y.-B., Wu, S.-H., Wu, D.-G., 1999. Two<br />

novel azadirachtin derivatives from Azadirachta indica.<br />

J. Nat. Prod. 62, 1022–1024.<br />

Malathi, R., Kabaleeswaran, V., Rajan, S.S.,<br />

Gopalakrishnan, G., Govindachari, T.R., 2003. Structure<br />

<strong>of</strong> azadirachtin-I, 11-b epimer. J. Chem. Crystallogr.<br />

33, 229–232.<br />

Malczewska, M., Gelman, D.B., Cymborowski, B., 1988.<br />

Effect <strong>of</strong> azadirachtin on development, juvenile hormone<br />

<strong>and</strong> ecdysteroid titres in chilled Galleria mellonella<br />

larvae. J. <strong>Insect</strong> Physiol. 34, 725–732.<br />

Marco, M-P., Pascual, N., Bellés, X., Camps, F.,<br />

Messegeur, A., 1990. Ecdysteroid depletion by azadirachtin<br />

in Tenebrio molitor pupae. Pestic. Biochem.<br />

Physiol. 38, 60–65.<br />

Meurant, K., Sernia, C., Rembold, H., 1994. The effects<br />

<strong>of</strong> azadirachtin-A on the morphology <strong>of</strong> the ring complex<br />

<strong>of</strong> Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) larvae (Diptera,<br />

<strong>Insect</strong>a). Cell Tissue Res. 275, 247–254.<br />

Mitchell, M.J., Smith, S.L., Johnson, S., Morgan, E.D.,<br />

1997. Effects <strong>of</strong> neem tree compounds azadirachtin,<br />

salannin, nimbin <strong>and</strong> 6-desacetylnimbin on ecdysone<br />

20-monooxygenase activity. Arch. <strong>Insect</strong> Biochem.<br />

Physiol. 35, 199–209.<br />

Mordue (Luntz), A.J., 2002. The cellular actions <strong>of</strong> azadirachtin.<br />

In: Schmutterer, H. (Ed.), The Neem Tree<br />

Azadirachta indica A. Juss. <strong>and</strong> other Meliaceous<br />

Plants. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, pp.<br />

266–274.<br />

Mordue (Luntz), A.J., Blackwell, A., 1993. Azadirachtin:<br />

an update. J. <strong>Insect</strong> Physiol. 39, 903–924.<br />

Mordue (Luntz), A.J., Evans, K.A., Charlet, M., 1986.<br />

Azadirachtin, ecdysteroids <strong>and</strong> ecdysis in Locusta<br />

migratoria. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 85, 297–301.<br />

Mordue (Luntz), A.J., Nisbet, A.J., 2000. Azadirachtin<br />

from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica): its actions<br />

against insects. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 29, 615–632.<br />

Mordue (Luntz), A.J., Nisbet, A.J., Jennens, L., Ley, S.V.,<br />

Mordue, W., 1999. Tritiated dihydroazadirachtin binding<br />

to Schistocerca gregaria testes <strong>and</strong> Spodoptera Sf9<br />

cells suggests a similar mechanism <strong>of</strong> action for azadirachtin.<br />

In: Singh, R.P., Saxena, R.C. (Eds.), Azadirachta

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