M389 L308 M272 T304 T393 V404 L420 Q503 V384 V416 versions <strong>of</strong> the gene switch used only the EcR LBDs <strong>and</strong> were 1000 times less sensitive than the gene switch reported by Tavva et al. (2007a). A4.1. Recent Progress on Mode <strong>of</strong> Action <strong>of</strong> 20-Hydroxyecdysone <strong>and</strong> Non- Steroidal Ecdysone Agonist <strong>Insect</strong>icides Prior research on JH or its analogs (JHA) <strong>and</strong> 20-E had assumed that these two growth <strong>and</strong> developmental hormones have independent pathways <strong>and</strong> targets for action. Grace Jones <strong>and</strong> her collaborators were the first to indicate that one <strong>of</strong> the EcR complex proteins, ultraspiracle, is also a receptor for JH (Jones <strong>and</strong> Sharp, 1997; Jones et al., 2001; Xu et al., 2002). More recently, Konopova <strong>and</strong> Jindra (2007) used RNAi-aided knock-down <strong>of</strong> the Drosophila Methoprene tolerant gene (Met) ortholog in the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, to demonstrate precocious metamorphosis <strong>of</strong> early-stage beetle larvae <strong>and</strong> that the TcMet RNAi insects’ phenotypes were similar to those observed for allatectomized lepidopteran larvae. Results from more recent work on the honeybee, Apis melifera, the mosquito, Aedes aegypti, tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens, <strong>and</strong> T. castaneum show that the target proteins involved in ecdysteroid (EcR <strong>and</strong> USP) <strong>and</strong> JH (Met) action interact <strong>and</strong> mediate cross-talk between these two important hormones (Bitra <strong>and</strong> Palli, 2009; M507 L518 Q503 L420 V384 V416 (a) (b) (c) A4: Addendum 183 Figure A1 The lig<strong>and</strong>-binding pockets <strong>of</strong> (a) BtEcR-LBD, showing PonA bound, (b) HvEcR-LBD, with PonA bound <strong>and</strong> (c) HvEcR- LBD, showing the bisacylhydrazine BYI06830 bound. Pockets were generated both with a 1.4 A˚ radius probe (transparent green), as well as with a 1.2 A˚ probe (black mesh to locate more loosely-packed regions <strong>of</strong> the pocket wall. The looser packing <strong>of</strong> the walls <strong>of</strong> the HvEcR-LBD lig<strong>and</strong>-binding pocket in the vicinity <strong>of</strong> residues L420, V416 <strong>and</strong> Q503 is evidenced both by the orientation <strong>of</strong> the side chains <strong>of</strong> these residues <strong>and</strong> by the intrusion into the protein atomic volume <strong>of</strong> the ecdysteroid-binding pocket wall calculated with the 1.2 A˚ probe. Opening <strong>of</strong> this region upon BYI06830 binding is evident in (c), with the pocket volume now opening outwards to solvent. No such region <strong>of</strong> looser packing is evident in the walls <strong>of</strong> the lig<strong>and</strong>-binding pocket <strong>of</strong> BtEcR-LBD (see panel a). Reproduced with permission from Carmichael et al. (2005). M507 L518 Li et al., 2007; Wu et al., 2006; Parthasarathy <strong>and</strong> Palli, 2007, 2008a, 2008b; Franssens et al., 2006a; 2006b; Flatt et al., 2008). Li et al. (2007) identified a JH response element (JHRE1) common to 16 genes regulated by JH III. These researchers showed that two proteins (FKBP39 <strong>and</strong> Chd64) that were identified using DNA affinity column prepared using conserved JHRE1 interact with EcR, USP, <strong>and</strong> Met proteins, suggesting that 20E <strong>and</strong> JHIII may function through multiple protein complexes that include proteins involved in signal transduction <strong>of</strong> both these hormones. Some <strong>of</strong> the aforementioned studies have been aided by the use <strong>of</strong> RNAi approaches to knocking out the function <strong>of</strong> target genes in both T. castaneum <strong>and</strong> Drosophila L57 cells (Parthasarathy et al., 2008; Li et al., 2007). In spite <strong>of</strong> these studies, major gaps in our underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> the biochemical <strong>and</strong> molecular details <strong>of</strong> the mode <strong>of</strong> action <strong>of</strong> JH <strong>and</strong> its analogs remain. At the same time, it is studies like these that use diverse systems, approaches, <strong>and</strong> tools, which will help us gain a better underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> the elusive mode <strong>of</strong> action <strong>of</strong> JH <strong>and</strong> its analogs. Studies like these, in combination with the ability to use RNAi gene knock down approaches, not only enhance our underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> hormone action, but also open up possibilities for intervening in new protein targets that are critical to the growth <strong>and</strong> development <strong>of</strong> insects.
184 A4: Addendum Acknowledgments We sincerely thank Dr. Ronald J. Hill, CSIRO Food <strong>and</strong> Nutritional Sciences, Australia, <strong>and</strong> Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Subha Reddy Palli, University <strong>of</strong> Kentucky, for providing updates on the mode <strong>of</strong> action <strong>of</strong> 20E <strong>and</strong> nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists <strong>and</strong> JH <strong>and</strong> JHAs, respectively. References Bitra, K., Palli, S.R., 2009. Interaction <strong>of</strong> proteins involved in ecdysone <strong>and</strong> juvenile hormone signal transduction. Arch. <strong>Insect</strong> Biochem. Physiol. 70, 90–105. Carmichael, J.A., Lawrence, M.C., Graham, L.D., Pilling, P.A., Epa, V.C., Noyce, L., Ho, V., Hannan, G.N., Hill, R.J., 2005. The X-ray structure <strong>of</strong> a hemipteran ecdysone receptor lig<strong>and</strong>-binding domain – comparison with a lepidopteran ecdysone receptor lig<strong>and</strong>-binding domain <strong>and</strong> implications for insecticide design. J Biol. Chem. 280, 22258–22269. Dhadialla, T.S., Ross, R.Jr., 2007. Bisacylhydrazines: Novel Chemistry for <strong>Insect</strong> <strong>Control</strong>. In: Kramer, W., Shirmer, U. (Eds.), Modern Crop Protection Compounds. Wiley, KGaA, Weinheim, pp. 773–796. Flatt, T., Heyl<strong>and</strong>, A., Rus, F., Porpiglia, E., Sherlock, C., Yamamoto, R., Garbuzov, A., Palli, S.R., Tatar, M., Silverman, N., 2008. Hormonal regulation <strong>of</strong> the humoral innate immune response in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Exp. Biol. 211, 2712–2724. Franssens, V., Smagghe, G., Simonet, G., Claeys, I., Breugelmans, B., De Lo<strong>of</strong>, A., V<strong>and</strong>en, B.J., 2006a. 20-Hydroxyecdysone <strong>and</strong> juvenile hormone regulate the laminarin-induced nodulation reaction in larvae <strong>of</strong> the flesh fly, Neobellieria bullata. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 30, 735–740. Franssens, V., Smagghe, G., Simonet, G., Claeys, I., Breugelmans, B., De Lo<strong>of</strong>, A., V<strong>and</strong>en, B.J., 2006b. Determination <strong>of</strong> the effects <strong>of</strong> ecdysteroids <strong>and</strong> JH on nodulation responses. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim. 42, 6A. Graham, L.D., Johnson, W.M., Pawlak-Skrzecz, A., Eaton, R.E, Bliese, M., Howell, L., Hannan, G.N., Hill, R.J., 2007. Lig<strong>and</strong> binding by recombinant domains from insect ecdysone receptors. <strong>Insect</strong> Biochem. Mol. Biol. 37, 611–626. Graham, L.D., Johnson, W.M., Tohidi-Esfahani, D., Pawlak-Skrzecz, A., Bliese, M., Lovrecz, G.O., Lu, L., Howell, L., Hannan, G.N., Hill, R.J., 2009. Ecdysone receptors <strong>of</strong> pest insects – molecular cloning, characterisation, <strong>and</strong> a lig<strong>and</strong> binding domain-based fluorescent polarization screen. In: Smagghe, G. (Ed.), Ecdysone: Structures <strong>and</strong> Functions. Springer, Berlin, pp. 447–474. Hannan, G.N., Hill, R.J., Dedos, S.G., Swevers, L., Iatrou, K., Tan, A., Parthasarathy, R., Bai, H., Zhang, Z., Palli, S.R., 2009. Applications <strong>of</strong> RNA interference in ecdysone research. In: Smagghe, Guy (Ed.), Ecdysone: Structures <strong>and</strong> Functions. Springer, Berlin, pp. 205–227. Jones, G., Sharp, P.A., 1997. Ultraspiracle: an invertebrate nuclear receptor for juvenile hormones. PNAS. 94, 13499–13503. Jones, G., Wozniak, M., Chu, Y.-X., Dhar, S., Jones, D., 2001. Juvenile hormone III-dependent conformational changes <strong>of</strong> the nuclear receptor ultraspiracle. <strong>Insect</strong> Biochem. Molec. Biol. 32, 33–49. Konopova, B., Jindra, M., 2007. Juvenile hormone resistance gene Methoprene- tolerant controls entry into metamorphosis in the beetle Tribolium castaneum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 10488–10493. Li, Y., Zhang, Z., Robinson, G.E., Palli, S.R., 2007. Identification <strong>and</strong> characterization <strong>of</strong> a juvenile hormone response element <strong>and</strong> its binding proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 37605–37617. Parthasarathy, R., Palli, S.R., 2007. Developmental <strong>and</strong> hormonal regulation <strong>of</strong> midgut remodeling in a lepidopteran insect, Heliothis virescens. Mech. Dev. 124, 23–34. Parthasarathy, R., Palli, S.R., 2008a. Molecular analysis <strong>of</strong> juvenile hormone analog action in controlling the metamorphosis <strong>of</strong> the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Arch. <strong>Insect</strong> Biochem. Physiol. (in press). Parthasarathy, R., Palli, S.R., 2008b. Proliferation <strong>and</strong> differentiation <strong>of</strong> intestinal stem cells during metamorphosis <strong>of</strong> the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Dev. Dyn. 237, 893–908. Parthasarathy, R., Tan, A., Palli, S.R., 2008. bHLH-PAS family transcription factor methoprene-tolerant plays a key role in JH action in preventing the premature development <strong>of</strong> adult structures during larval-pupal metamorphosis. Mech. Dev. 125, 601–616. Tavva, V.S., Dinkins, R.D., Palli, S.R., Collins, G.B., 2006. Development <strong>of</strong> a highly sensitive ecdysone receptor gene switch for applications in plants. Plant J. 45, 457–469. Tavva, V.S., Palli, S.R., Dinkins, R.D., Collins, G.B., 2007a. Applications <strong>of</strong> EcR gene switch technology in functional genomics. Arch. <strong>Insect</strong>. Biochem. Physiol. 65, 164–179. Tavva, V.S., Dinkins, R.D., Palli, S.R., Collins, G.B., 2007b. Development <strong>of</strong> a tightly regulated <strong>and</strong> highly inducible ecdysone receptor gene switch for plants through the use <strong>of</strong> retinoid X receptor chimeras. Transgenic Res. 16, 599–612. Tavva, V.S., Palli, S.R., Dinkins, R.D., Collins, G.B., 2008. Improvement <strong>of</strong> a monopartite ecdysone receptor gene switch <strong>and</strong> demonstration <strong>of</strong> its utility in regulation <strong>of</strong> transgene expression in plants. FEBS J. 275, 2161–2176. Wu, Y., Parthasarathy, R., Bai, H., Palli, S.R., 2006. Mechanisms <strong>of</strong> midgut remodeling: juvenile hormone analog methoprene blocks midgut metamorphosis by modulating ecdysone action. Mech. Dev. 123, 530–547. Xu, Y., Fang, F., Chu, Y.X., Jones, D., Jones, G., 2002. Activation <strong>of</strong> transcription through the lig<strong>and</strong>-binding pocket <strong>of</strong> the orphan nuclear receptor ultraspiracle. Eur. J. Biochem. 269, 6026–6036. Further Reading Hatakoshi, M., 2007. A new juvenoid – Pyriproxifen. In: - Kramer, W., Shirmer, U. (Eds.), Modern Crop Protection Compounds. Wiley, KGaA, Weinheim, pp. 797–811. Sheets, J.J., 2007. Chitin Synthesis. In: Kramer, W., Shirmer, U. (Eds.), Modern Crop Protection Compounds. Wiley, KGaA, Weinheim, pp. 813–824.
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INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTH
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INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTH
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CONTENTS Preface vii Contributors i
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PREFACE When Elsevier published the
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J T Andaloro E. I. Du Pont de Nemou
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1 Pyrethroids B P S Khambay and P J
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activity. In contrast to most other
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Figure 1 Commercial and novel pyret
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Figure 2 Pyrethroids referred to in
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4-position result in almost complet
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and their primary site of action is
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Figure 4 Folded and extended confor
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aromatic rings or methyl groups by
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pyrethroids) and consequently a sec
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1998), although the precise mechani
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polymorphisms in the protein. Of th
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observed resistance to pyrethroids,
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propoxur against Culex quinquefasci
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esistance in house fly. Insect Bioc
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Shan, G.M., Hammock, B.D., 2001. De
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A1.4. Resistance The increasing num
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B A IIS4-S5 linker, IIS5 helix and
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2 Indoxacarb and the Sodium Channel
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Figure 2 Structures of pyrazoline-l
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observed that both indoxacarb and i
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deflections resulting from stresses
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Figure 8 Dihydropyrazole block appe
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potential conduction in the CNS of
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known to affect blocker affinity, w
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Figure 13 Diagrammatic representati
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that the probable mechanism of ovil
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conventional chemistries and spinos
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Clare, J.J., Tate, S.N., Nobbs, M.,
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Tsurubuchi, Y., Karasawa, A., Nagat
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R1 N N O N H indoxacarb. Thus, whil
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3 Neonicotinoid Insecticides P Jesc
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esidues, like the pyrid-3-ylmethyl
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containing neonicotinoids, and neon
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Studies were also done using compar
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Becke, 1988; Klamt, 1995) level of
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sampling using forcefield methods (
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Figure 9 Stable conformations and p
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Figure 13 Binding to putative catio
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Figure 14 Systemicity of neonicotin
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site (Kayser et al., 2002). Clothia
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Figure 20 Important pest insects ta
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Barley yellow dwarf virus vectors s
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investigate the mode of action of n
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within the desensitized state over
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the accumulation of this acid in th
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3.8.1. Safety Profile The introduct
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Table 7 Environmental profile of co
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substance is bound irreversibly to
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imidacloprid conferring a high leve
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nAChR are comparable to the efficac
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Figure 25 Flea control achieved wit
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and the resolution of FAD was teste
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Brown, J.K., Perring, T.M., Cooper,
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In: Ishaaya, I. (Ed.), Biochemical
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Léna, C., Changeux, J.-P., 1993. A
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patterns in Colorado potato beetle
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nach Saatgutbeizung. Pflanzenschutz
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for control of stinkbugs in soybean
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Biochem. Physiol., doi: 10.1016/j.p
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4 Insect Growth- and Development-Di
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Table 1 Bisacylhydrazine insecticid
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4.2.2. Bisacylhydrazines as Tools o
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to the three EcRs with either muris
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of action of ecdysone agonists was
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452 Subject Index Aphis gossypii (c
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454 Subject Index Bisacylhydrazine
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456 Subject Index Cry toxins (conti
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458 Subject Index Entomopathogenic
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460 Subject Index Homoptera molting
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462 Subject Index Kinoprene (ENSTAR
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464 Subject Index Muscle(s) sodium
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466 Subject Index Photorhabdus (con
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468 Subject Index Sodium channel bl
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470 Subject Index Toxocara cati, im