Insect Control: Biological and Synthetic Agents - Index of

Table 9 Continued
Bemisia tabaci (sweet
potato whitefly)
Bemisia tabaci (sweet
potato whitefly)
Trialeurodes vaporariorum
(greenhouse whitefly)
Reticulitermes
santonensis
Reticulitermes flaviceps
Coptotermes
formosanus (termites)
Reticulitermes speratus
(termites)
Ips paraconfusus Lanier
(California beetle)
Lipaphis erysimi (mustard
aphid)
Cacopsylla pyricola (Pear
psylla)
Reticulitermes speratus
(Japanese
subterranean termite)
Rhyzopertha dominica
(lesser grain borer)
Tribolium castaneum (red
flour beetle),
Rhyzopertha dominica
(lesser grain borer),
Sitophilus oryzae (rice
weevil)–red flour
beetle
Cotton and
vegetable
crops
Cotton and
vegetable
crops
Greenhouse
crops
However, the ectoparasite of the California red scale
and Florida wax scale, Aphytis holoxanthus, was
insensitive to pyriproxifen (Peleg, 1988). Fenoxycarb
was also found to be toxic to Colpoclypeus
florus, a parasitoid of Adoxophyes orana and Pandemis
heparana. Pupation in the predatory coccinellid,
Chilocorus bipustulatus L., was inhibited when
larvae fed on the scale insect, Chrysomphalus aonidum,
were dipped into a 0.025% solution of fenoxycarb
(cited in Grenier and Grenier, 1993).
Additional effects of JHA insecticides have been
summarized in Table 12.
The toxicological profiles of JHA insecticides for
mammalian (rat), aquatic (rainbow trout and Daphnia),
predatory, and parasitoid insects have been
Pyriproxyfen Good activity, strong
translaminar effect and
acts on all stages
insect growth regulators
such as buprofezin and
pyriproxyfen
Ishaaya and
Horowitz
(1992)
activity not well seen Palumbo et al.
(2001)
Pyriproxyfen Good activity, affects all
stages
Wood Carbamate derivative of Good activity, 500 ppm
2-(4-hydroxybenzyl)
concentration results in
cyclokexanone (W-328) significant soldier
differentiation
Logs of
ponderosa
pine
Leafy
vegetables
4: Insect Growth- and Development-Disrupting Insecticides 153
Insect species Host Hormone analog Activity Reference
Ethyl(2-(p-phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl)carbamate
Good activity, results in the
collapse of the whole
termite colony
Fenoxycarb Good activity, acts as an
effective chemosterilant
Pyriproxyfen Good activity, causes direct
mortality, reduces
longevity and inhibits
progeny formation
Ishaaya et al.
(1994)
Hrdy´ et al.
(2001)
Tsunoda et al.
(1986)
Chen and
Border
(1989)
Liu and Chen
(2000)
Pear Fenoxycarb Good activity Lyoussoufi et al.
(1994)
Wood in Ethyl (2-(p-phenoxy-
Good activity, disturbance of Tsunoda et al.
general phenoxy)ethyl)carbamate caste differentiation
results in collapse of the
colony
(1986)
Wheat grain 20 ,70 ,-epoxy-3,70-dimethyl undec-20 Good activity, 4 ppm
Mkhize (1991)
-enyl6-thyl-3-
resulted in insect
pyridyl ether
mortality
Wheat flour Methoprene and
Good activity, 20 ppm
Kostyukovsky
pyriproxyfen
reduced the population by
80–99%
et al. (2000)
summarized in Table 13. In general, JHA insecticides
have low acute toxicity to fish, birds, and
mammals. Both fenoxycarb and pyriproxifen
have very low toxicity to adult bees. However,
effects on brood development have been observed
as a result of worker bees feeding pollen containing
fenoxycarb residues to larvae (Wildboltz, 1988).
Last instars of certain aquatic insects are
susceptible to JHA insecticides. Morphogenetic
abnormalities have been observed in the heteropteran,
Notonecta unifaciata, and in the dragon
flies, Anax junius and Pantala hymenaea, with
applications of fenoxycarb (Miura and Takahashi,
1987). Similarly, pyriproxifen also produced morphogenetic
effects when applied to last instars of the