48 populations of water frogs have to be protected from <strong>in</strong>vasion, because they are less frequent (Günther <strong>in</strong> Gasc et al. 1997); furthermore, the results above show that the « lessonae » haplotype of Wallonia is orig<strong>in</strong>al, . S<strong>in</strong>ce, probably, P. ridibundus will not spontaneously colonize such ecosystems (Pagano et al. 2001), it is urgent to avoid <strong>in</strong>troductions <strong>in</strong> these areas. Consequentely, the follow<strong>in</strong>g measures should be implemented: • control of trade of water frogs <strong>in</strong> <strong>Belgium</strong> and <strong>in</strong> Europe (laws about trade should be enacted); • control of <strong>in</strong>troduced frogs <strong>in</strong> target regions; • public awareness, to avoid the transfer of frogs from one place to another. Acknowledgements We thank Prof. P. Joly, O. Grolet, Prof. J. Plötner and T. Ohst for the enzyme and genetic analyses.
References Berger, L., 1988. On the orig<strong>in</strong> of genetic systems <strong>in</strong> European water frogs hybrids. Zoologica Poloniae 36 (1-4): 5-32. Gasc, J.P. et al. (eds), 1997. Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles <strong>in</strong> Europe. Societas Europaea Herpetologica & Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, 186 pages. Grossenbacher, K., 1988. Atlas de distribution des Amphibiens de Suisse. Documenta Faunistica Helvetiae n°8, Schweizerischer Bund für Naturschutz, Ligue Suisse pour la Protection de la Nature et Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune, Bâle, 208 pages. Holsbeek, G., Mergeay, J., Hotz, H., Plötner, J., Volckaert, F. A. M. & De Meester, L., 2008. A cryptic <strong>in</strong>vasion with<strong>in</strong> an <strong>in</strong>vasion and widespread <strong>in</strong>trogression <strong>in</strong> the European water frog complex: consequences of uncontrolled commercial trade and weak <strong>in</strong>ternational legislation. Molecular Ecology 17: 5023-5035. Kok, P. , 2001. Note sur l'<strong>in</strong>troduction de Rana bedriagae Camerano, 1882 (Anura: Ranidae) en Belgique et ses possibles implications sur la batrachofaune <strong>in</strong>digène. Les Naturalistes belges 82 (1) : 25-30. Pagano, A., Joly, P., Plénet, S., Lehman, A. & Grolet, O. , 2001. Breed<strong>in</strong>g habitat partition<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the Rana esculenta complex: the <strong>in</strong>termediate niche hypothesis supported. Ecoscience 8 (3) : 294-300. Percsy, C. & Percsy, N., 2002a. Dix ans de suivi des populations <strong>in</strong>digènes et <strong>in</strong>troduites de grenouilles « vertes » (Rana (Pelophylax) ssp., Anura, Ranidae) dans le bass<strong>in</strong> de la Lasne (Brabant wallon, Belgique). Bullet<strong>in</strong> de la Société Herpétologique de France n° 103: 59 – 72. Percsy, C. & Percsy, N., 2002b. Evolution des populations <strong>in</strong>digènes et <strong>in</strong>troduites de grenouilles « vertes » en Brabant wallon. Pages 213 – 218 <strong>in</strong> Peeters M. & J.L. Van Goethem (Eds), 2002. <strong>Belgian</strong> fauna and alien species. Actes du symposium: Faune belge: statut et tendances observées avec une attention particulière pour les espèces exotiques. Bullet<strong>in</strong> de l’I.R.S.N.B., Biologie 72, supplément, 297 pages. Percsy, C. & Percsy, N., 2007. Quatre chapitres sur les grenouilles vertes <strong>in</strong> Jacob J.P. et al., Amphibiens et reptiles de Wallonie. Aves-Raînne et CRNFB, série « Faune-Flore- Habitats » n°2. Namur, 384 pages. Percsy, C. & Percsy, N., 2009. Identification des grenouilles « vertes » (Pelophylax) en Wallonie : résultats de la confrontation de critères morphologiques et acoustiques avec des analyses enzymatiques et d'ADN (<strong>in</strong> press). Plötner, J., Uzzell, T., Beerli, P., Spolsky, C., Ohst, T., Litv<strong>in</strong>chuk, S. N., Guex, G. D., Reyer, H. U. & Hotz, H., 2008. Widespread unidirectional transfer of mitochondrial DNA: a case <strong>in</strong> werstern water frogs. J. Evol. Biol. 21: 668-681. Vorburger, C. & Reyer, H. U., 2003. A genetic mechanism of species replacement <strong>in</strong> European water frogs? Conservation Genetics 4: 141-155. 49
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