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is no doubt about that. Reality, however, is different. What can one do with hundreds, thousands of files, each containing dozens or hundreds of sheets of paper, all filled with text and drawings, some of them torn and soiled, others brittle, and so on? What is to be done with the backlog? Current activities are well aim ed, and often costeffective, but the level of activities is disproportionate to the extent of the problem. Traditional conservation techniques may be sufficient for coping with several kinds of mechanical, biological and chemical damage, but one should consider any irreversib le technique to be a potential danger. For examp le, it has been reported that in some European countries major damage to records was due to their chemical treatment in the past. Even the use of lamination for stabilizing archive materials is questioned and could well turn out to be a counter-productive preservation process. However, for documents nearing the no-touch line, it may be the o nly solution for preservation for the time being. On their own all archivists are minor players in safeguarding the elements of the Memory of Humanity entrusted to them. Two possible outcomes of a world wide performance analysis of this role of archive services could be a recommendation to globalize workshops for technical services, and to globalize storage facilities as well. Many barriers will have to be dism antled. Globalizing intellectual access has been an odd idea. What else, however, will be the outcome of the introduction of electronic formats and electronic finding aids? One cannot cut communication lines in order to keep the electronic data on-site. Globalizing storage facilities and technical services still sounds odd, but the profession should start considering such options. The Indonesian – Dutch co-operation sets an interesting example. Options for improvement of cooperation in the fields of micro-filming, digitization, restoration, computer storage capacity and training should be studied, sponsors should be identified and engaged. Cooperation at institutional, national and international levels, in conjunctio n with libraries and museum s, would be one of the ways of ensuring the better preservation of the Memory of Humanity. Progress in modern technology may assist in coping with some of the problems posed by both natural and man-made hazards and by the ever increasing quantity of archives to be kept. However, the information age will not solve the problems of record keeping, on the contrary it will only add more problems. No administration has produced more records, both in paper and in electronic format, than this era called the information age. T ogether all arc hives services worldwide take in accruals on an annual basis of a few hundred linear kilometers, or more, something like the distance between Jakarta and Jogjakarta. On top of this we receive huge quantities of electronic data, data that will have no significance if not prepared for transfer together with software and necessary documentation. And to add to this, one should not forget the masses of audio-visual materials, such as TV reels, audio tapes, still and moving film, etc. The initiative of the Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia together with the National Archives of The N etherlands in organising a seminar on preservation of archives in tropical climate zones and in commissioning a an annotated bibliography on preservation of archives in tropical climates could turn out to be a decisive step towards developing tropical archivology as a subject in its own right, a subject that should form the subject of one of the next ICA International Congresses on Archives. Such a tropical archivology should provide for best practices and standards for record keeping in tropical countries, and can only be developed in close co-operation between professional and other partners. The Jakarta conference was a first step. Joan van Albada Secretary General of the International Council on Archives
Preface Everyone familiar with archive preservation will agree that it is more demanding in tropical climate zones than elsewhere. One might even say that archive management in tropical zones is more governed by the climate than by any other professional concern. The ‘to be or not to be’ of archives in such zones is dictated more by the climate than by any other influence; whatever the level of investment, the fact is that the climate is always hostile to the survival of natural polymers. This bibliography is therefore written for all those who are interested in the typical problems developing countries face in safeguarding their archives. It is intended to make the numerous sources of information accessible, including those on the internet. As the preservation problems of archives, libraries and museums show many similarities it includes many titles from o ur cousins in preservation. T he subjects d ealt with reflect some of the most pressing and distinctive issues of tropical preservation. Part One chiefly consists of annotations and quotations from the listed authors. These are arranged in such a way that they can speak for themselves. Occasionaly, however, clarifications and additions are included. Other titles are arranged according to their particular subject. By using an inductive method this study offers more than the classic annotated bibliography. In Part Two the bibliograp hic data is listed alphabetically and arranged by chapter. The appendices contain a glossary of the many abbreviations used in the text and an extended list of addresses of all institutions mentioned, includ ing their URL addresses. It will not remain the static paper p roduct the re ader at present hold in his hands. In the very near future the European Commission of Preservation and Access (EC PA) in collaboration with the National Archives of the Netherlands, will publish it on their website, together with other surveys, as a searchable database. The ECPA and the National Archives intend to update these important sources of information on a continuous basis. as well as the URL and Email addresses which are constantly changing. The research for, and publication of this volume has been made possible thanks to the financial support of HGIS (the Homogeneous Budget for International Co-operation of the Dutch Ministry of Education Culture and Science and the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs) in the framework of the programme Towards A New Age of Partnership. (for more inform ation about this program me see www .tanap.nl.) The initiative of the Arsip Nasional Republic Indonesia, the National Archives of the Netherlands and the Internationa l Council on Archives in producing it is a decisive step towards developing tropical archivology as a subject in its ow n right, a subject that should form the subject of one of the next ICA conferences. The preservation of archives, the intellectual archival heritage of mankind, is a wonderful but difficult task. Especially when this archival heritage is built and stored in countries in tropical climate zones like Indonesia. Therefore we are glad to present this bibliography on Preservation of Archives in Tropical Climates which has been realised with the enthusiastic cooperation of the National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia, the National Archives of the Netherlands and the International Council of Archives. May it serve as a goad to the better preservation of archives in ge neral and in tro pical climates in particular and contribute to the understanding of the special problems facing preservation of archives in tropical climates. Dr. Maarten van Boven National Archivist National Archives of the Netherlands Dr. Mukhlis PaEni Director General National Archives of the R epublic of Indon esia
Page 1 and 2: Foreword 39 Preface 45 Part OnePres
Page 3 and 4: 7.3.5 Literature 148 7.4 Treatments
Page 5: Little is known about the expe cted
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts 1.1 Intr
Page 11 and 12: of a willingness to control or prev
Page 13 and 14: countries from several UNESCO progr
Page 15 and 16: The Getty Conservation Institute (G
Page 17 and 18: extended. Many of these techniques
Page 19 and 20: to reverse. Experience shows that l
Page 21 and 22: A similar project is underway at th
Page 23 and 24: 1966, 1971, 1975 and 1979). For Ind
Page 25 and 26: history, especially the Asian and M
Page 27 and 28: Below we will discuss the literatur
Page 29 and 30: cross-cutting issues such as trade,
Page 31 and 32: The local population usually knows
Page 33 and 34: obviate the problem of condensation
Page 35 and 36: (sunshades, screens) in order to av
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 5 : Storage 5.1 Introductio
Page 39 and 40: (Egbor, 1985; Nwafor, 1980; Singh,
Page 41 and 42: 5.4 Dust Dust is another factor, be
Page 43 and 44: undles of straw or similar material
Page 45 and 46: for disasters � covering the many
Page 47 and 48: In essence storage room s are just
Page 49 and 50: Perhaps the second most common thre
Page 51 and 52: text blocks after d rying most bo u
Page 53 and 54: The damage inflicted on ob jects af
Page 55 and 56: Inside the building electric cables
Page 57 and 58:
Tsunamis are studied closely; for m
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historic buildings (Peic et al., 19
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disaster management programmes. He
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available. At the same time we need
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Integrated Pest Management can gene
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thigmotactic, meaning that they lik
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7.3.5 Literature There is a lot of
Page 71 and 72:
0�C within 4 hours and -20�C wi
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It was found that the oil was much
Page 75 and 76:
Chapter 1 : Basic Co ncepts Adikwu,
Page 77 and 78:
Sandell, B. 1996. Guide to institut
Page 79 and 80:
Almeida, M.C.B . de. 1996 . Bibliog
Page 81 and 82:
Cundall, F. 1926. The preservation
Page 83 and 84:
Kabeb eri, M. 1986. Voice of Kenya
Page 85 and 86:
Mulongo, A.H. 1992. Return and rest
Page 87 and 88:
Ricks, A. 1982 . RAMP pilot project
Page 89 and 90:
Chapter 3 : Books and Writing Mater
Page 91 and 92:
Ceesay, B.A. 1986. Traditional ways
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Grader, C.J.and C. Hooijkaas. 1941.
Page 95 and 96:
Lawson, P. and M. Barnard. 1996. Th
Page 97 and 98:
Pedersen, J. 1984. The arabic book.
Page 99 and 100:
Teygeler, R. and H. Porck. 1995. Te
Page 101 and 102:
Badioze Zaman, H . 1989. Building r
Page 103 and 104:
Gwam, L.C. 1966. The construction o
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Rosenlund, H. 1989. Design of energ
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Chapter 5 : Storage American Librar
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projects, (Chiang Mai, Feb. 21-24,
Page 111 and 112:
Chapter 6 : Disaster Preparedness N
Page 113 and 114:
Dean, J.F. 1999c. Burma, Cambodia,
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Kraemer Koelier, G. 1960. Previsió
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Onadiran, G.T. 1988. Book theft in
Page 119 and 120:
Trinkley, M. 199 3b. Hurricane! A r
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Barnes, J.D. 1984. Biodeterioration
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Heim, R., F. Flieder and J. Nicot.
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Bangkok, Thailand, edited by C. Ara
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Thomson, G. 19 94. The mu seum en v
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APPENDICES
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NLIC National Landslide Information
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Beverly Hills, CA 90211, USA Tel: +
Page 135 and 136:
Earth and Space Sciences ‘Tsunami
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00153 Roma, Italy Tel: +39 6 5855 3
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Koninklijk Instituut van de Tropen
Page 141 and 142:
The National Interagency Fire Cente
Page 143 and 144:
www.seattleartmuseum.org/collection
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