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Africa: Alegbeleye, 1988; Conté, 1996; Hurault, 1997; Khayundi, 1995; Rousseidepina, 1961; Tendeng, 1993; Australia: Ehrlich, 1987; Saini, 19 70; Botswana: Lekaukau et al., 1986; Brazil: Segawa, 1992; Burkina-Fa so: Ouedraogo, 1999; Burundi: Faye, 1982a; China: Long, 1991; Yao Yu-Cheng, 1986; Ghana: Minissi, 1965; Guinée: Faye, 1982b ; India: Kumar, 1 981; Indonesia: Soemartini, 1986; Iraq: Ede, 1980; Jamaica: Black, 19 80; Malaysia: Duchein, 1972; Jones, 1999; Nor, 1986; Martinique: Chauleau, 1 980; Morocco: Abid et al., 1993; Nigeria: Alaanyi, 1989; Gwam, 1963; Kwasitu, 1987; N wafor, 198 1; Nwamefor, 1975; Ozowa, 1988; Packman, 1967; Pacific: Aynsley, 1980; Philippines: Cancio, 1981; South Africa: Harris, 199 3; Tahiti: Saquet, 19 91; Uganda: Rhys-Lewis, 2000a; Vietnam: Imai, 1998.
Chapter 5 : Storage 5.1 Introduction When the heart of a cultural institution is its collection and the main part of its collection is in storage, then institutions should put taking good care of its heart, its collection in storage as the highest priority. The storage environment can have a dramatic effect on the long-term value of the records and the information they contain (Read, 1994). Even at the design and planning stage of an archive building many initiatives can be taken to influence the storage areas (see section on Building ). Thereafter the next step is to look at how a building functions on the inside. The establishment and maintenance of strict environ-mental conditions to preserve records, the key role of a purpose-built repository, is essential. The impact of environmental conditions on records format has been studied by a number of archivists and conservators recently (Ling, 1998). Many criteria can be grouped under the banner of environmental conditions; the most important are temperature, relative humidity, air quality and light. Storage areas can be therm ally insulated and should be placed in the centre of the building (Schüller, 2000). Interestingly a study of major Brazilian museums makes it clear that one of the principal factors responsible for the deterioration of objects is the p ractice of placing them in storage for indefinite periods. Apart from requiring special environmental conditions beyond the means of most Brazilian museums, storage may mean that objects are consigned to oblivion although they co uld be exhibited without risk (Oliveira et al., 1983). A study of textile conservation, contrasting storage and display issues in Southeast Asian countries with those of the USA, emphasises the underlying imp act that climate p lays upon preservation strategies. The following aspects play a major ro le in preservation: the absolute climatic conditions external to the m useum, the philosophical and social climate and the interaction of post-production technology, i.e. cleaning and conservation (Ballard, 1992). The findings of INTACH, the Indian Conservation Institute at Lucknow, show that most objects tend to deteriorate not due to lack of airconditioning or lack of conservation but mainly due to neglect, lack of care and improper storage (Agrawal, 1993). A perfect example that demonstrates, once again, the importance of staff training. Many of the problems manifest in libraries require substantial investment, but they can be ameliorated significantly by a more systematic approach to environmental control and housing, which can be achieved at modest cost (Dean, 2000). Nevertheless, the first principle that ensures good preservation and storage, whatever the locale or climate, is careful handling of materials (Ezennia et al., 1995). For an early bibliography on storage see Plumbe, 1964b, or another early title by the same author Plumbe, 1958. One of the most popular studies on the many aspects of storage is The Museum Environment by Garry Thomson. Since its first edition in 1978 it has already been reprinted and updated several times (Thomson, 1994). For cheap alternatives in the storage area see Walker, n.d. For further general reading on storage see Anonymous, 1993a; Boustead, 1969; Brommelle, 1968a; Chong, 1990; Lauer, 1979; Obasi, 1980; Pearson, 1997. Several topics of major concern when storing the written heritage will be discussed below. If the building is the first line of defence to withstand the external climate conditions, the second line of defence is control of the internal climate of the building. There is an animated discussion on the pros and contras of air-conditioning; an alternative might be passive climate control. The outside air quality is becoming a growing problem. When windows are opened air-pollution is often let in together with fresh air, especially in heavy urbanised areas. Both sunlight and dust can have a devastating effect on the well-being of collections requiring tough measures to keep them as protected as possible. Proper shelving and packaging are essential in preservation. The traditional method of securing manuscripts in insect proof wooden boxes and wrapping documents in plain cotton appears to have worked surprisingly well. Last but not least, good maintenance and housekeeping will do wonders for the building as well as its holdings. 5.2 Internal Climate Control Eighty years ago Chapman had already published two articles in which he demonstrated the devastating effect of the tropical climate in Calcutta on the collections of the Imperial Library of India (Chapman, 1919 and 1920). Since then our understanding of the process of degradation of paper has increased appreciably. Nevertheless, from a practical standpoint, most libraries in tropical countries still face the same challenge. Undo ubtedly, the most costeffective preservation measures can be developed from exploitation of the storage environment. The environment is an ever-present factor, which inexorably influences the rate of deterioration of all collections (Shahani et al., 1995). High temperature has two effects on paper. Firstly, it speeds up the rate of chemical activity and thus the rate at which archival material decays; for every increase in temperature of 10 °C, the rate of chemical activity generally doubles. Secondly the rate of biological activity also increases; damage caused by insects and moulds is much greater at higher temperatures (see also section on Integrated Pest Management). The main danger of high relative humidity is that it will lead to an increase in such biological activity; mould will only grow above 65–70% relative humidity, while most insects flourish at higher humidity. Dyes will fade at a faster rate at higher relative humidity (Thomas, 1987). Sudden or repeated fluctuations of temperature and relative humidity, the two main factors responsible for the climate of a place, may spell disaster for susceptible types of objects (Agrawal et al., 1974). Changes in temperature will cause materials to change dimension, sometimes q uite markedly. This poses a problem for complex records made from two or more substances, each of which has a different thermal coefficient of expansion, thus imposing stresses on the structure of the record. Repeated cycling of temperature can cause perm anent damage. Changes in relative humidity will cause materials to change dimension, as is the case with fluctuating temperature. This can have marked effects on complex items. Books exposed to damp conditions will have swollen and wavy edges but
Page 1 and 2: Foreword 39 Preface 45 Part OnePres
Page 3 and 4: 7.3.5 Literature 148 7.4 Treatments
Page 5 and 6: Little is known about the expe cted
Page 7 and 8: Preface Everyone familiar with arch
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts 1.1 Intr
Page 11 and 12: of a willingness to control or prev
Page 13 and 14: countries from several UNESCO progr
Page 15 and 16: The Getty Conservation Institute (G
Page 17 and 18: extended. Many of these techniques
Page 19 and 20: to reverse. Experience shows that l
Page 21 and 22: A similar project is underway at th
Page 23 and 24: 1966, 1971, 1975 and 1979). For Ind
Page 25 and 26: history, especially the Asian and M
Page 27 and 28: Below we will discuss the literatur
Page 29 and 30: cross-cutting issues such as trade,
Page 31 and 32: The local population usually knows
Page 33 and 34: obviate the problem of condensation
Page 35: (sunshades, screens) in order to av
Page 39 and 40: (Egbor, 1985; Nwafor, 1980; Singh,
Page 41 and 42: 5.4 Dust Dust is another factor, be
Page 43 and 44: undles of straw or similar material
Page 45 and 46: for disasters � covering the many
Page 47 and 48: In essence storage room s are just
Page 49 and 50: Perhaps the second most common thre
Page 51 and 52: text blocks after d rying most bo u
Page 53 and 54: The damage inflicted on ob jects af
Page 55 and 56: Inside the building electric cables
Page 57 and 58: Tsunamis are studied closely; for m
Page 59 and 60: historic buildings (Peic et al., 19
Page 61 and 62: disaster management programmes. He
Page 63 and 64: available. At the same time we need
Page 65 and 66: Integrated Pest Management can gene
Page 67 and 68: thigmotactic, meaning that they lik
Page 69 and 70: 7.3.5 Literature There is a lot of
Page 71 and 72: 0�C within 4 hours and -20�C wi
Page 73 and 74: It was found that the oil was much
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 1 : Basic Co ncepts Adikwu,
Page 77 and 78: Sandell, B. 1996. Guide to institut
Page 79 and 80: Almeida, M.C.B . de. 1996 . Bibliog
Page 81 and 82: Cundall, F. 1926. The preservation
Page 83 and 84: Kabeb eri, M. 1986. Voice of Kenya
Page 85 and 86: Mulongo, A.H. 1992. Return and rest
Page 87 and 88:
Ricks, A. 1982 . RAMP pilot project
Page 89 and 90:
Chapter 3 : Books and Writing Mater
Page 91 and 92:
Ceesay, B.A. 1986. Traditional ways
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Grader, C.J.and C. Hooijkaas. 1941.
Page 95 and 96:
Lawson, P. and M. Barnard. 1996. Th
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Pedersen, J. 1984. The arabic book.
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Teygeler, R. and H. Porck. 1995. Te
Page 101 and 102:
Badioze Zaman, H . 1989. Building r
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Gwam, L.C. 1966. The construction o
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Rosenlund, H. 1989. Design of energ
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Chapter 5 : Storage American Librar
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projects, (Chiang Mai, Feb. 21-24,
Page 111 and 112:
Chapter 6 : Disaster Preparedness N
Page 113 and 114:
Dean, J.F. 1999c. Burma, Cambodia,
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Kraemer Koelier, G. 1960. Previsió
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Onadiran, G.T. 1988. Book theft in
Page 119 and 120:
Trinkley, M. 199 3b. Hurricane! A r
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Barnes, J.D. 1984. Biodeterioration
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Heim, R., F. Flieder and J. Nicot.
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Bangkok, Thailand, edited by C. Ara
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Thomson, G. 19 94. The mu seum en v
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APPENDICES
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NLIC National Landslide Information
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Beverly Hills, CA 90211, USA Tel: +
Page 135 and 136:
Earth and Space Sciences ‘Tsunami
Page 137 and 138:
00153 Roma, Italy Tel: +39 6 5855 3
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Koninklijk Instituut van de Tropen
Page 141 and 142:
The National Interagency Fire Cente
Page 143 and 144:
www.seattleartmuseum.org/collection
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