The whole publication in PDF - Culture in Development

history, especially the Asian and Mexican paper history (Hunter, 1927, 1932, 1936a, 1936b, 1937, 1939, 1943,
1947). Another basic work into the study of paper is the Dictionary and encyclopaedia of paper and papermaking
with equivalents of the technical terms in French, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish & Swed ish published by Labarre
(Labarre, 1952). The first edition is from 1937, it was revised and enlarged in 1952, and it was supplemented by
Loeber in 1967 (Loeber, 1967).
Compared to western paper, the study of non-western paper is a much more difficult task. The literature on this
subject is difficult to find and is spread throughout various obscure magazines, journals and reports. A good aid to
the study of both western and non-western paper is the bibliography by Leif. It is the first comprehensive
bibliography on handmade paper, from its earliest appearance to the manufacture of paper by machine in the first
half of the 19th century. Pre-paper writing materials (papyrus, vellum, parchment) are noted too, insofar as their
relationship to paper is concerned. The work is provided with a subject and author index and the listings are by
country. The reader has to keep in mind that many publications on paper history since 1978, western and nonwestern,
have appeared. (Leif, 1978).
Only a few paper collections are publicly available and made accessible scientifically. The Koninklijke
Bibliotheek (KB), is one of the few libraries in the world that possesses a paperhistorical collection. The foundations
for this were laid in 1971 with the acquisition of an extensive private collection, consisting of literature, pap er sheets
and various form s of documentation. The KB-collection of decorated paper from bo th the East and the West is
famous. In the course of time, the KB historical paper reference library has acquired considerable additions. Much
attention has been paid to the completion and imp rovement of the indexing of the collection in the last few years,
and to making the varied information sources at the department accessible to an increasing number of researchers
and other interested persons. Because of this, the historical paper collection has developed into an international
centre for historic paper re search and documentation accessible on the internet.
The Deutsche Buch- und Schriftmuseum, part of the Deutsche Bibliothek in Leipzig (the National Library of
Germany), is the oldest book museum in the world, founded in 1884. One of their famous study collections is the
Papierhistorische Sammlungen, the historical paper collection, now available on the internet. It includes a watermark
collection of 400,000 samples, western and non-western decorative and marbled papers, and over 600 samples of
handmade and machine made papers. The specialist library contains amongst others the famous library from the
Börsenverein der Deutschen Buchhändler, the Association of the German Book Exchange.
There are a couple of international organisations of interest for those who want to know more about
papermaking. The most important is the International Association of Paper Historians (IPH). The IPH integrates
professionals of different branches and all friends of paper within the field of paper history. It co-ordinates all
interests and activities in paper history as an international specialist association co-operating with international,
regional and local organisations, no t only of pape r historians but also of keepers of archives and libraries,
conservators, art historians, specialists in books, printing and technology, associations of the paper industry, the
publishing trade etc. To reach these goals, IPH pub lishes Paper History three times a year and holds an international
congress every two years. One helpful tool on the IPH website is the link to various watermark databases.
The International Association of Hand Papermakers and Paper Artists (IA PMA ) is dedicated to assisting all
those interested in paper and to advancing traditional and contemporary ideas in the art of hand papermaking through
meetings, events, publications and visual research and a documentation centre. The main objective of the association
is to facilitate and encourage the international exchange of ideas and information about hand papermaking.
Congresses incorpo rating general meetings take place bi-annually.
Hand Papermaking is a non-profit organisation dedicated to advancing traditional and contemporary ideas in
the art of hand papermaking through publications and other educational formats. The primary goal of the
organisation has been to provide information to a diverse international audience of paper artists, mills, dealers,
historians, and conservators. They publish Hand Papermaking magazine twice a year and Hand Papermaking
Newsletter four times a year.
Some publications on non-western paper are:
Genera l: Bell, 1992b; Collings et al, 1978; Hunter, 1978
Bhutan: Yoshiro Imaeda, 1988
China: Drège, 1981; Fei Wen Tsai et al., 1997; Harders-Steinhäuser et al., 1963; Li Shu-hwa, 1969; Tsien, 1985
India: Green, 1996; Narayanswami, 1961; Soteriou, 1999; Teygeler, 2001
Japan: Barrett, 1983; Hughes, 1978; Masuda, 1985; Narita, 1954; Paireau, 1991
Madag ascar: Colançon, 1921; Rantoandro, 1983
Mexico: Ackerson-Addor, 1976; Lenz, 1968
Middle East: Baker, 1991a; Bavavéas et al., 1990; Karabacek, 1991; Loveday, 2001; Wiesner, 1886 and 1887
Myanm ar: Koretsky, 1991; Sindall, 1906
Nepal: Gajurel, 1994; Trier, 1972
Persia: Le Léannec-Bavavéas, 1998
Thailand: Siegenthaler, 1996
Tibet: Harders-Steinhäuser, 1969; Nebesky-Wojkowitz, 1949; Sandermann et al., 1970
Turkey: Kagitci, 1965
Vietnam: Bùi Van Vuong, 1999