S1 (FriAM 1-65) - The Psychonomic Society

Friday Evening Posters 3064–3070
codes that drive the Simon effect. Our results show that the Simon effect
was determined by the location of the stimulus, regardless of attentional
shift. These results challenge the previously upheld belief
that attention alone mediates Simon effects.
(3064)
Compatibility for Pure and Mixed Mappings of Discrete and Continuous
Stimuli and Responses. MOTONORI YAMAGUCHI &
ROBERT W. PROCTOR, Purdue University—The present research examined
effects of perceptual similarity on the magnitude of stimulus–
response compatibility (SRC) effects with mixed mappings. Two experiments
tested the SRC effect with pure and mixed mappings for factorial
pairings of discrete location and continuous rotation stimuli with discrete
buttonpress and continuous yoke-turn responses. The results
showed that, with pure mappings, the yoke-turns yielded a larger SRC
effect with the continuous stimuli than with the discrete stimuli, whereas
the buttonpresses yielded a larger SRC effect with the discrete stimuli
than with the continuous stimuli. These outcomes suggest that the degree
of set-level compatibility is higher when discrete-continuous characteristics
of stimulus and response sets match than when they do not.
However, reductions of SRC effects with mixed mappings were little affected
by perceptual similarity between stimulus and response sets.
(3065)
Response-Locked LRPs From the Complication Procedure: Evidence
Against Pure Insertion. J. TOBY MORDKOFF, University of
Iowa, LESLIE A. ADERHOLD, Pennsylvania State University, PEGGY
CHEN, Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation, BRIE SULLIVAN &
REBECCA VON DER HEIDE, Pennsylvania State University, & ROSE
HALTERMAN, University of Iowa—When using the complication
procedure, performance is compared across simple-RT, go/no-go, and
forced-choice tasks. In order to interpret the differences in response
time as estimates of the durations of component stages, it must be assumed
that components may be inserted (or deleted) without causing
changes in the remaining components. We tested whether the assumption
of pure insertion applies to late, motor processes by examining
the response-locked, lateralized readiness potential (LRP). We
found evidence against pure insertion, as well as further evidence concerning
the functional significance of the LRP.
(3066)
The STOP Signal That Makes the Eyes GO: Evidence for an Exogenous
Effect on Countermanding Saccades. RICHARD GODIJN &
ARTHUR F. KRAMER, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois (sponsored
by Arthur F. Kramer)—Performance in the stop-signal paradigm
is typically described as a race between independent GO and STOP
processes. However, competitive integration models of oculomotor
control predict that a visual stop signal should interact with oculomotor
programming to a target location. In a series of experiments,
participants were instructed to execute an endogenous saccade, but to
stop the saccade if a visual stop signal was presented. To test the idea
that visual stop signals interact with the endogenous oculomotor program,
we manipulated the location of the stop signal. The results revealed
that stopping performance was impaired when the stop signal
was presented near the endogenous saccade goal relative to when it
was presented elsewhere. The results indicate that the presentation of
the stop signal exogenously activates the oculomotor system and interacts
with the endogenous saccade program, providing evidence for
competitive integration models of oculomotor control.
(3067)
Emotion Potentiates Response Activation and Inhibition in Masked
Motor Priming. BRUNO R. BOCANEGRA & RENÉ ZEELENBERG,
Erasmus University Rotterdam (sponsored by Ingmar H. Franken)—
Emotional or arousing stimuli are known to enhance the allocation of
visual attention and to improve early perceptual processing. In the
present study, we examined whether emotional stimuli also potentiate
the activation and inhibition of automatic motor responses. We inves-
96
tigated whether peripherally presented fearful faces influence the response
times to foveally presented target stimuli that were preceded by
masked prime stimuli. Primes and targets elicited either left- or righthand
responses, at stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) of 20 or
170 msec. We show that both early facilitative (SOA: 20 msec) as well
as late inhibitory (SOA: 170 msec) RT effects due to prime–target
compatibility are enhanced through the presence of peripheral fearful
faces. In sum, our combined findings suggest that emotion causes both
a response-channel-specific enhancement of motor inhibition and a
response-channel-independent enhancement of motor activation.
• DECISION MAKING •
(3068)
Aggressive Shooting Behavior: The Influence of Span, Personality,
and Threat on Shoot Decisions. HEATHER M. KLEIDER &
DOMINIC PARROTT, Georgia State University—We examined whether
individual differences in personality and cognitive processing ability
influenced shoot decisions in a simulated shooting task. Specifically,
we tested, for trait-aggressive people, whether cognitive processing
ability (i.e., working memory) influenced their decision to shoot when
they were feeling threatened. The results showed that although high
cognitive control (high-span) people are skilled at suppressing extraneous
information, compared with their low-span counterparts, and
maintained superior performance (accurate shooting of armed suspects)
when in the no-threat condition, their shooting behavior was
markedly more aggressive (shooting unarmed suspects) when threatened.
These findings suggest that the cognitive processing ability that
trait-aggressive high-span persons rely on to control aggressive behavior
is reduced when they are threatened, resulting in aggressive
shooting behavior. Implications for in-field police officers are
discussed.
(3069)
Regulatory Fit Effects in a Gambling Task. DARRELL A. WORTHY,
W. TODD MADDOX, & ARTHUR B. MARKMAN, University of Texas,
Austin (sponsored by W. Todd Maddox)—We examined the interface
between motivation and choice. In category learning, a regulatory fit
has been shown to increase exploration of alternative response strategies
even when exploration is suboptimal. In the current study, promotion
and prevention focus subjects performed a gambling task that
required them to choose from one of two decks on each trial. They either
gained or lost points with each draw. In Experiment 1, optimal
performance required an exploratory response pattern that entailed
sampling from a deck that initially appeared disadvantageous but ultimately
became advantageous. In Experiment 2, optimal performance
required an exploitative response pattern. A softmax reinforcement
learning model that includes an exploitation parameter was applied to
the data and revealed greater exploration of alternative strategies for
people with a regulatory fit. This response strategy was optimal in Experiment
1 and led to superior performance, but was suboptimal in Experiment
2 and led to inferior performance.
(3070)
Actual Versus Hypothetical Decision Making. KATHLEEN M.
GALOTTI & LAURA R. NATHAN, Carleton College—Parents of
kindergarteners (n = 243) participated in a short-term longitudinal
study, as they made a decision for educational placement (from among
7–8 available options) for their child for the following year. A second
sample of undergraduates (n = 45) were also asked to pretend to make
this decision for their hypothetical child, and the responses were compared.
Analyses will focus on similarities and differences in the responses
of these two groups, one of whom is making an actual decision,
and the other, a simulated one. Measures examined include the number
of options and criteria under active consideration, the number and type
of information sources consulted, the number and type of goals the
decision-maker listed, and the decision-making style the decisionmaker
reported using in making this and other important decisions.