S1 (FriAM 1-65) - The Psychonomic Society

Thursday Evening Posters 1049–1055
object-based ARE on a centrally located diamond-shaped object, consistent
with the notion that the ARE originates early in perceptual processing.
No object-based ARE was found with gaze cues. This suggests
that these two forms of cues may have similar effects on temporal consequences
of attention, but not on the spatial consequences.
• METAMEMORY •
(1049)
Dissociating Judgments of Learning From Memory Encoding: An
Event-Related Potential Study. IDA-MARIA SKAVHAUG, University
of Stirling, EDWARD L. WILDING, Cardiff University, &
DAVID I. DONALDSON, University of Stirling—Little is known
about the neural basis for judgments of learning (JOLs). Here, we use
event-related potentials (ERPs) to compare the neural correlates of
JOLs and memory encoding. We ask whether JOLs are simply the result
of memory encoding or are mediated by processes that are separate
from (or additional to) encoding. In the study phase, participants
assigned JOLs to a number of word pairs; memory for the pairs was
assessed in a subsequent test phase. Trials were sorted on the basis of
JOL and memory performance, allowing ERP activity recorded at
study to be examined separately for encoding and JOL effects. An
early positive-going posterior ERP effect (a typical subsequent memory
effect) was associated with both memory encoding and JOLs,
whereas a later negative-going left central ERP effect was present for
JOLs only. The ERP findings dissociate the processes mediating JOLs
from memory encoding.
(1050)
Learning About the Spacing Effect: The Role of Experience and
Feedback. ALAN D. CASTEL, UCLA, & JESSICA M. LOGAN, Rice
University—Previous research suggests that participants give higher
judgments of learning (JOLs) for items practiced under massed rather
than spaced conditions. We examined how practice with multiple testing
sessions and feedback influenced participants’ JOLs for spaced
and massed items. When participants made JOLs only after the second
presentation of each item, JOLs did not differ for massed versus
spaced items, despite memory performance favoring spaced rehearsal.
When JOLs were made after each presentation and multiple study–test
cycles were given, JOLs were strongly influenced by repetition, but
did not differentiate between massed and spaced items. This occurred
even when participants scored their own recall performance over multiple
lists, suggesting that experience and self-directed feedback did
not contribute to more accurate metacognitive judgments. Thus, although
spaced rehearsal is a powerful learning technique, it appears
that students underestimate the benefits of spaced repetition when
learning.
(1051)
The Retrieval of Contextual Information Is Critical for Accurate
Feeling of Knowing Predictions: An Aging Analysis. JOHN B.
BULEVICH, Rhode Island College, AYANNA K. THOMAS, Tufts
University, & STACEY J. DUBOIS, Colby College—In feeling of
knowing (FOK) paradigms, participants are asked to predict subsequent
recognition memory performance on items that were initially
encoded, but that cannot presently be recalled. Research suggests that
average FOK judgments may be influenced by the total amount of
contextual information retrieved related to the unrecalled target (Koriat,
1993). We tested whether the episodic FOK deficit demonstrated
by older adults relates to retrievability of partial contextual information.
The effect of quantity and quality of partial information an average
FOK judgments and prediction accuracy was compared in older
and younger adults across three experiments. The results indicated
that older adults required explicit retrieval of contextual information
before making FOK judgments in order to make accurate FOK predictions.
The results also demonstrated that quality of the retrieved
partial information influenced both average FOK judgments and accuracy
of FOK judgments in both older and younger adults.
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(1052)
Failure to Adjust Prediction of Knowing Judgments in a Memory
Task Under Alcohol. MARK VAN SELST, JAYSON GAWTHORPE,
& MARILYN AMPUERO, San Jose State University, & DANIEL
CAMARILLO, University of Kentucky, Lexington—In an examination
of the cognitive impact of acute alcohol intoxication, 16 participants
were dosed in each of three alcohol conditions (0.00, 0.45, and
0.65 g/kg) counterbalanced across 3 days of testing. On each day, participants
received the memory test at 65 min postdose (i.e., at or after
peak BAC). During the study phase, the participants rated each word
on how well they thought they would remember it (1 = not, 10 = definitely).
Free recall of the word list was tested 5 min after the study
phase; a recognition test was given immediately after the recall test.
Performance on both tests declined with alcohol. Predictive memory
ratings were not impacted by alcohol, although the predictive memory
ratings remained as effective predictors of task performance in
each of the alcohol conditions for both types of memory test. The
paradoxical effect of work frequency was not strongly present in the
recall data.
(1053)
Processes Underlying Metamemory Judgments in Patients With
Schizophrenia. Investigation of the Accessibility Model. ELISABETH
BACON, INSERM, & MARIE IZAUTE, Blaise Pascal University,
Clermont-Ferrand—Cognitive deficits and insight problems are core
symptoms of schizophrenia. The metamemory judgments of patients
differ from the controls, whereas their predictive accuracy (G) is preserved
(Bacon et al., 2001, 2007). According to Koriat (1993, 1995),
the computation of FOK relies on the accessibility of partial and/or
contextual information. Our aim was to see whether patients also rely
on the products of retrieval to monitor their awareness about what they
know and what they don’t know. The task was adapted from Koriat
(1993). The material to be learned consisted of four-letter nonsense
tetragrams, where each letter provided partial information with regard
to the four-letter target. Patients showed global lower memory performances
and metamemory ratings, but they showed remarkable consistencies
between the retrieval of partial information and their
metamemory ratings and accuracies. The accessibility hypothesis as
a basis for metamemory judgments seems to be relatively preserved
in patients with schizophrenia.
(1054)
Nicotine (2 mg), Attention, Memory, and Metacognition in Moderate
Smokers. WILLIAM L. KELEMEN & ERIKA K. FULTON,
California State University, Long Beach—Nicotine replacement therapies,
including nicotine gum, can facilitate temporary abstinence in
smokers, and thus support compliance with the increasing scope of
smoke-free policies. This practice has been endorsed by the World
Health Organization and adopted in businesses that require prolonged
intervals of smoke-free activity, including some airlines and hospitals.
We used a double-blind, within-subjects design to assess the cognitive
effects (i.e., sustained attention, free recall, and metacognition)
of 2 mg nicotine gum compared with a placebo (nicotine-free) gum.
Moderate-to-heavy smokers were tested in both 8-h abstinent and nonabstinent
states. They received one session of training followed by test
sessions on consecutive days in four counterbalanced conditions:
(1) abstinent with nicotine gum, (2) nonabstinent with nicotine gum,
(3) abstinent with placebo gum, and (4) nonabstinent with placebo
gum. Discussion will focus on methodological issues in nicotine research
and whether nicotine produces cognitive benefits beyond relief
of withdrawal in abstinent smokers.
(1055)
Adaptive Changes in Encoding Strategy With Experience: Evidence
From the Test Expectancy Paradigm. JASON R. FINLEY & AARON
S. BENJAMIN, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign—Efficient
memory use requires that encoding decisions reflect future task demands.
This experiment evaluated subjects’ abilities to adaptively