S1 (FriAM 1-65) - The Psychonomic Society

Posters 4028–4034 Saturday Noon
ken message of the navigation system corresponded. Moreover, inferior
performance was found in older drivers but no stronger age-related
compatibility effects. The compatibility effect completely vanished in
older professional drivers, indicating that expertise reduces age-related
compatibility effects in critical driving situations.
(4028)
Cognitive Control in Sense of Time. MARIA GRAZIA CARELLI &
TIMO MÄNTYLÄ, University of Umeå—A number of patient studies
suggest that impairments in executive/frontal functions are associated
with disorders in temporal information processing. One implication
of these findings is that subjective experience of time should be related
to executive functions regardless of etiology. We examined sense
of time in relation to components of executive functioning in healthy
children and adults. Sense of time was based on tasks of varying complexity,
including a time reproduction task in which participants completed
discrete stimulus durations and a multitiming task in which participants
reported observed temporal patterns with different onset and
offset times. Individual differences in executive functioning were related
to multitiming performance, rather than to time reproduction
performance, in healthy participants. These findings suggest that the
psychophysical paradigms of interval timing are not easily translated
to complex goal-directed tasks, and that clinical assessment of temporal
processing should reflect complexities of everyday cognition.
(4029)
Measures of Working Memory Capacity That Work. JAMES M.
BROADWAY & RANDALL W. ENGLE, Georgia Institute of Technology—We
administered three types of immediate memory test
(complex span, running span, and simple span) to assess their differential
prediction of general fluid (gF) abilities. We also manipulated
rate of presentation in running span, producing fast and slow versions,
since previous researchers have proposed that fast and slow running
span reflect different processes. The results indicated that the majority
of predicted variance in gF was due to variance shared among the
three span measures, with running and complex spans each making
unique incremental contributions to prediction and simple span making
little. Additionally, there was little support for the notion that fast
and slow running span tap distinct psychological constructs or abilities
that are differentially related to gF. We propose that running span
is a useful and valid measure of working memory capacity because it
requires subjects to cope with information overload and to discriminate
among internally generated retrieval cues.
• PSYCHOLINGUISTICS •
(4030)
Does Lexical Activation Flow From Word Meanings to Word Sounds
During Spoken Word Recognition? EILING YEE & SHARON L.
THOMPSON-SCHILL, University of Pennsylvania—During spoken
word recognition, lexical activation flows from word sounds to word
meanings, whereas during production, activation flows in the opposite
direction. If the production and comprehension systems share the
same architecture, then during comprehension, some amount of activation
might also flow from meaning to sound. We investigate this
question by monitoring eye movements during spoken word recognition.
Participants heard a word while viewing a four-object array. In
critical trials, the name of one of the objects sounded similar to a word
related in meaning to the heard word (e.g., for the heard word “key,”
there was a picture of “logs,” because “logs” is related in sound to
“lock,” which is related in meaning to “key”). We found that participants
preferentially fixate on the object whose name sounds similar
to a word related in meaning to the heard word, suggesting that information
flows from meaning to sound during comprehension.
(4031)
Subliminal Speech Priming for Words and Nonwords: Evidence
From Eyetracking. LARA TAGLIAPIETRA & HOLGER MITTERER,
109
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics (sponsored by James M.
McQueen)—Kouider and Dupoux (2005) obtained masked auditory
repetition priming for words, but not for nonwords, in lexical decision.
We tested whether this pattern is task specific. Participants heard unmasked
word and nonword targets, which were preceded (with either
a 0- or a 400-msec delay) by identical or unrelated masked primes.
Eye movements were tracked as participants looked at a display of
four printed letter strings (2 words and 2 nonwords), which included
the target to be clicked on and the unrelated prime. Looks to both word
and nonword targets occurred earlier after identical primes than after
unrelated primes. Unrelated primes also triggered looks to their visual
counterparts. This effect occurred for words and nonwords when target
presentation was delayed by 400 msec, but only for words when
targets immediately followed the primes. These results demonstrate
masked auditory priming for nonwords and suggest that lexicality effects
appear under particular experimental circumstances.
(4032)
Directed Imitation in Conversational Interaction. JENNIFER S.
PARDO & ISABEL CAJORI JAY, Barnard College, & ALEXANDRA
C. SUPPES & ROBERT M. KRAUSS, Columbia University—Previous
research found that paired talkers converged in acoustic–phonetic
forms over the course of a single conversational interaction. However,
convergence was subtle and asymmetrical, leading to the conclusion
that speech perception does not reflexively elicit imitation in speech
production. In the present study, one member of a pair of talkers was
explicitly instructed to try to imitate his/her partner in a paired conversational
task. Twenty-four talkers provided speech before, during,
and after task performance. Repeated phrases from the corpus comprised
materials for AXB similarity tests performed by separate listeners.
The listeners judged similarity in pronunciation of consonants
and vowels, similarity in vowels alone, and imitation. Overall, talkers
became more similar in phonetic forms, and the degree of similarity/imitation
was influenced by imitation instruction, task role, and the
talker’s sex. These findings demonstrate the importance of nonlinguistic
factors in speech production and perception.
(4033)
The Time Course of Pragmatic Context Integration in Homophone
Ambiguity Resolution. DANIEL MIRMAN, JAMES S. MAGNUSON,
TED STRAUSS, & JAMES A. DIXON, University of Connecticut
(sponsored by James A. Dixon)—Syntactic, thematic, pragmatic, and
visual contexts all help listeners recognize ambiguous words, such as
homophones. In interactive theories, context is integrated continuously,
but in autonomous theories, there is an initial, encapsulated
stage of processing protected from context. We examined whether a
strong pragmatic expectation for concrete nouns could mediate ambiguity
resolution. We tracked eye movements as subjects saw displays
of four images of concrete objects and selected one that was
named in a spoken instruction. The entire time course of processing
showed greater activation of semantic associates of contextually appropriate
(i.e., noun) meanings than contextually inappropriate (i.e.,
verb) meanings. The early, continuous, and graded pattern of context
effects and the consequent effect on semantic associates rule out
decision-level integration accounts of these results. Rather, these results
indicate that context acts directly as a graded constraint on meaning
activation.
(4034)
Does Orthography Matter in Auditory Word Recognition? Converging
Evidence From Different Tasks. RONALD PEEREMAN &
IMANE BENBOUSSELHAM, University of Bourgogne, SOPHIE
DUFOUR, University of Geneva, & PATRICK BONIN, LAPSCO/CNRS
and Université Blaise Pascal—Although many studies indicate that
phonology shapes visual word recognition, it is currently unclear
whether reciprocal influences of orthography occur during auditory
word recognition. Previous data indicate that the consistency of the
mappings between phonological and orthographic units modulates per-