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Integration of Conservation Strategies of Plant Genetic ... - Genres Integration of Conservation Strategies of Plant Genetic ... - Genres

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Conservation and management of plant genetic resources in France Conservation and management of plant genetic resources in France M. LEFORT 1 , A. CHARRIER 2 France has a long tradition in the conservation and management of Plant Genetic Resources (PGR). Its actions, which have often be backed up by several Ministries 3 , are devoted both to ex situ and in situ conservation. Numerous actions are developed for ex situ conservation by different partners from both public and private institutions, all concerned by plant breeding. Non governmental associations are also efficient in this sector. Concerning in situ conservation, a significant effort has been made in the forest sector and is now in progress for grass plants. The conservation of wild species related to domestic plants is also carried out by national botanic gardens and natural parks. In the first part of this paper, we briefly review the contributions of the principal partners involved in PGR. Then we present an original way for genetic resources management in terms of network organization, which should be the way to favour for most species in the future. In the last part of the paper, we discuss the need for a real policy about long term conservation of PGR in France and in Europe. We present the new "Bureau des Ressources Génétiques" the mission of which is also to contribute to define this policy. 1. Contribution of institutions involved in PGR National coordination in PGR was assumed by the "Bureau des Ressources Génétiques" (BRG) which was created in 1983. The aim of this board was to make aware the whole French Community of the problems refering to conservation of plant, animal and microorganism genetic resources as a protection of biological diversity. The BRG has ensured different actions : - supporting and encouraging research works refering to the management of PGR ; - coordinating several actions of PGR conservation (establishment of networks; Authors' addresses: 1 Bureau des Ressources Genetiques 57 rue Cuvier 75231 Paris cedex 05 France 2 Station de Génétique et d'Amélioration des Plantes de l'INRA Place Viala 9 34060 Montpellier cedex France 3 Ministry of Higher Education and Research ; Ministry of Agriculture and Fishing ; Ministry of Environment

organization of actions developed separately by different institutes ; ...) ; - promotion and dissemination of knowledge in terms of PGR (meetings, publications). Though the BRG has worked still now with few persons and a low budget, its contribution has been very significant in the sudden awareness of a national responsibility for the conservation of PGR. 1.1. Contribution of INRA: National Institute for Agronomical Reseach INRA maintains important collections of PGR, recovering about 80 cultivated species (100 000 accessions) and 60 forest species (30 000 trees). These collections include populations (local ecotypes as well as artificial populations), old and modern varieties (clones, inbred lines, hybrids and populations), specific genetic material (alloplasmic, isogenic, aneuploïd and haploïd lines, translocated material,...) and wild species related to cultivated plants. These collections are properly maintained as long as INRA keeps a breeding program on associated species. However, their conservation becomes very uncertain when INRA stops their selection. INRA has also been an active partner in the devlopment of a network for in situ conservation of forest species in collaboration with CEMAGREF and ONF. This network concerns 5 species today : Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Quercus petraea and Quercus robur ; it should be extented to 6 other species from now to 2000 . In situ conservation is also thought for meadow species : Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne and Trifolium pratense. Several research works about the methodologies for management of genetic diversity are developped on several species. The first ones refer to the characterization and the organization of diversity based on numerous criteria which were submitted to different selection pressures. The comparison of the results obtained with different criteria will help to better understand how the diversity is structured for characters submitted or not to artificial selection. It will also help to rationalize significant criteria for long term genetic resources management. The second type of works refers to the creation of core-collection on one hand and of genetic pools on the other hand in order to reduce the number of resources which must be kept while maintaining most of the original diversity, and to enhance their utilization. The last studies refer to the dynamic management of genetic variability, which needs a better understanding of genetic entities to be kept, as well as studies for optimization of in situ management. 1.2. Contributions of CIRAD and ORSTOM These two institutes are concerned with tropical species. They have made numerous prospections of local cultivars and their wild relatives in Africa for the most important food plants : cereals, vegetables and fruit plants, root and tuberous plants. International Centres for Agronomical Research were supplied with this material. More, duplicates of collections are secured in France and stored either in cold rooms (rice, maize, Sorghum, millet, Panicum, Gombo) or in vitro (pineapple, banana, yam and manioc). French gene banks from CIRAD and ORSTOM include each about 15 000 resources. Both institutions are also concerned with industrial crops : cotton plant, palm tree, coconut palm, coffee-

<strong>Conservation</strong> and management <strong>of</strong> plant genetic resources in France<br />

<strong>Conservation</strong> and management <strong>of</strong> plant genetic resources in France<br />

M. LEFORT 1 , A. CHARRIER 2<br />

France has a long tradition in the conservation and management <strong>of</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetic</strong> Resources (PGR). Its<br />

actions, which have <strong>of</strong>ten be backed up by several Ministries 3 , are devoted both to ex situ and in situ<br />

conservation.<br />

Numerous actions are developed for ex situ conservation by different partners from both public and<br />

private institutions, all concerned by plant breeding. Non governmental associations are also efficient<br />

in this sector.<br />

Concerning in situ conservation, a significant effort has been made in the forest sector and is now in<br />

progress for grass plants. The conservation <strong>of</strong> wild species related to domestic plants is also carried out<br />

by national botanic gardens and natural parks.<br />

In the first part <strong>of</strong> this paper, we briefly review the contributions <strong>of</strong> the principal partners involved in<br />

PGR. Then we present an original way for genetic resources management in terms <strong>of</strong> network<br />

organization, which should be the way to favour for most species in the future. In the last part <strong>of</strong> the<br />

paper, we discuss the need for a real policy about long term conservation <strong>of</strong> PGR in France and in<br />

Europe. We present the new "Bureau des Ressources Génétiques" the mission <strong>of</strong> which is also to<br />

contribute to define this policy.<br />

1. Contribution <strong>of</strong> institutions involved in PGR<br />

National coordination in PGR was assumed by the "Bureau des Ressources Génétiques" (BRG) which<br />

was created in 1983. The aim <strong>of</strong> this board was to make aware the whole French Community <strong>of</strong> the<br />

problems refering to conservation <strong>of</strong> plant, animal and microorganism genetic resources as a protection<br />

<strong>of</strong> biological diversity.<br />

The BRG has ensured different actions :<br />

- supporting and encouraging research works refering to the management <strong>of</strong> PGR ;<br />

- coordinating several actions <strong>of</strong> PGR conservation (establishment <strong>of</strong> networks;<br />

Authors' addresses:<br />

1 Bureau des Ressources Genetiques<br />

57 rue Cuvier<br />

75231 Paris cedex 05<br />

France<br />

2 Station de Génétique et d'Amélioration<br />

des <strong>Plant</strong>es de l'INRA<br />

Place Viala 9<br />

34060 Montpellier cedex<br />

France<br />

3 Ministry <strong>of</strong> Higher Education and Research ; Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture and Fishing ;<br />

Ministry <strong>of</strong> Environment

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