Integration of Conservation Strategies of Plant Genetic ... - Genres
Integration of Conservation Strategies of Plant Genetic ... - Genres Integration of Conservation Strategies of Plant Genetic ... - Genres
[MELCHIOR ET AL., 1989]. Ex-situ and in-situ conservation of plant genetic resources in Germany Besides the forest research institutes, numerous arboreta safeguard forest resources. A complete documentation of the existing activities is, however, yet to be provided as numerous documentation systems will have to be compiled for an easy retrieval. 3.1.3 Wild Species In-situ conservation of wild species in Germany is mainly in the responsability of the States but, at the Federal level, coordinated by the Federal Office for Nature Conservation (BfN) in Bonn. BfN is charged with the monitoring of biological diversity and the compilation of the red data books listing the most endangered species. BfN compiles reports of the wild flora and maintains an updated database of the German flora. With respect to the genetic resources requirements it is noteworthy to state that BfN has begun to develop a concept to work not only at the species level but also at the level of populations of species. The information arising from these efforts will be compiled in a central database as soon as the concept will be implemented [BFANL, 1992]. 3.2 Informal Sector Apart from scattered fruit tree plantations or fruit tree allees alongside roads, part of the in-situ conservation activities are being implemented by individuals or private groups. Some groups focus on living collections at their own farms (see under ex-situ conservation, 2.2) while other groups aim at the protection of entire ecosystems. There are a number of NGO´s of particular importance, just to mention the following three: - World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF, Germany), Frankfurt - Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland (BUND), Bonn - Landschaftsförderverein Nuthe-Nieplitz-Niederung, Zauchwitz There is, however, no complete picture of the plant genetic resources that are being taken care of by the different groups. 4. Cooperation between the different Parties 4.1 Legal Framework The legal framework that is relevant to conservation of plant genetic resources is very comprehensive and sophisticated. It is even more complex than in some other countries because of the Federal system of Germany where the responsability for the conservation itself stays with the States and the Federal government is in charge of the coordination and foreign relations. Table 4 shows an excerpt of laws that are most relevant to the work in Germany.
F. Begemann Table 4: Legal framework relevant to plant genetic resources conservation (selected laws) Varieties Protection Act (Sortenschutzgesetz) of 11 December 1985, Bundesgesetzblatt I, p. 2170 (last amendment of 27 March 1992, Bundesgesetzblatt I, p. 727) = Legal regulations concerning breeders´ rights Seed Trade Act (Saatgutverkehrsgesetz) of 20 August 1985, Bundesgesetzblatt I, p. 1633 (last amendment on 23 July 1992, Bundesgesetzblatt I, p. 1367) = Legal regulations concerning the trade in seed and planting stock (small amount of seed samples are, as a rule, not subject to these provisions Federal Nature Conservation Act (Bundesnaturschutzgesetz) of 12 March 1987, Bundesgesetzblatt I, p.889 (amended on 12 February 1990, Bundesgesetzblatt I, p.205 and the laws enacted by the States (Länder)) = Basic regulations concerning the historically grown diversity of species and biotopes (nature conservation areas, protected landscapes, national parks, natural monuments and parts of protected landscape) Federal Forest Act (Bundeswaldgesetz) of 1975 and respective State Forest Acts Forest Seed Trade Act (Gesetz über forstliches Saat- und Pflanzgut) of 1957, amended 1979. Patent Act (Patentgesetz) of 16 December 1980, Bundesgesetzblatt I , p.1 (last amendment on 20 December 1991, Bundesgesetzblatt II, p. 1354) = Regulations on plants under patent law and breeding of plants (plant varieties are excluded. Patentability only for procedures of a ´technical nature´ to create new plants) Ratification Act of the Convention on Biodiversity (Konvention über biologische Vielfalt) 1993. some EC regulations such as 2078/92 and UPOV-regulations. 4.2 Use of Plant Genetic Resources and Collaboration between the relevant Partners Concern has been raised that plant genetic resources are only insufficiently used as is probably also the case in other countries. There may be various reasons for the under-utilization and sub-optimal conservation of plant genetic resources; one of the main reasons, however, seems to be insufficient interaction between the relevant partners (see Table 5):
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F. Begemann<br />
Table 4: Legal framework relevant to plant genetic resources conservation (selected laws)<br />
Varieties Protection Act (Sortenschutzgesetz) <strong>of</strong> 11 December 1985, Bundesgesetzblatt I, p. 2170 (last<br />
amendment <strong>of</strong> 27 March 1992, Bundesgesetzblatt I, p. 727)<br />
= Legal regulations concerning breeders´ rights<br />
Seed Trade Act (Saatgutverkehrsgesetz) <strong>of</strong> 20 August 1985, Bundesgesetzblatt I, p. 1633 (last<br />
amendment on 23 July 1992, Bundesgesetzblatt I, p. 1367)<br />
= Legal regulations concerning the trade in seed and planting stock (small amount <strong>of</strong> seed samples<br />
are, as a rule, not subject to these provisions<br />
Federal Nature <strong>Conservation</strong> Act (Bundesnaturschutzgesetz) <strong>of</strong> 12 March 1987, Bundesgesetzblatt<br />
I, p.889 (amended on 12 February 1990, Bundesgesetzblatt I, p.205 and the laws enacted by the States<br />
(Länder))<br />
= Basic regulations concerning the historically grown diversity <strong>of</strong> species and biotopes (nature<br />
conservation areas, protected landscapes, national parks, natural monuments and parts <strong>of</strong><br />
protected landscape)<br />
Federal Forest Act (Bundeswaldgesetz) <strong>of</strong> 1975 and respective State Forest Acts<br />
Forest Seed Trade Act (Gesetz über forstliches Saat- und Pflanzgut) <strong>of</strong> 1957, amended 1979.<br />
Patent Act (Patentgesetz) <strong>of</strong> 16 December 1980, Bundesgesetzblatt I , p.1 (last amendment on 20<br />
December 1991, Bundesgesetzblatt II, p. 1354)<br />
= Regulations on plants under patent law and breeding <strong>of</strong> plants (plant varieties are excluded.<br />
Patentability only for procedures <strong>of</strong> a ´technical nature´ to create new plants)<br />
Ratification Act <strong>of</strong> the Convention on Biodiversity (Konvention über biologische Vielfalt) 1993.<br />
some EC regulations such as 2078/92 and UPOV-regulations.<br />
4.2 Use <strong>of</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetic</strong> Resources and Collaboration between the relevant Partners<br />
Concern has been raised that plant genetic resources are only insufficiently used as is probably also the<br />
case in other countries. There may be various reasons for the under-utilization and sub-optimal<br />
conservation <strong>of</strong> plant genetic resources; one <strong>of</strong> the main reasons, however, seems to be insufficient<br />
interaction between the relevant partners (see Table 5):
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