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Seed stands are the major source of reproductive material in forestry. They are however only of limited use for conservation of genetic diversity. There is no genetic information available, no follow up of the single stand identity, no obligation to collect seed from many different populations, no guarantee that local material is used locally. The only option is to guide commercial seed collection in a way that many stands are included. It is however a good practical solution to select some of the seed stands as conservation stands and to have a thorough evaluation and utilization of these specific stands with a follow up until plantation establishment. In situ methods are of course a main part of conservation for forest gene resources but they must be supplemented by ex situ methods. 3.2 Ex situ methods Ex situ methods are the main option for minor tree species and a necessary addition for major species. Ex situ plantations are under the dynamics of natural selection and evolutionary processes, however selection pressure may be different from in situ plantations if the ecological conditions of the respective sites are very different. Therefore the selection of the ex situ sites has implications on the efficiency of this method. It is possible to combine selection and improvement with ex situ plantations. Utilization is regularly only possible after flowering started, which may last some decades in many tree species. However vegetative propagation is directly possible in some tree species but more expensive. Seed orchards are necessary for minor tree species and endangered populations of major species, they are an additional option for major species if improved material from selection is to be used. The comparatively intensive management excludes natural selection and reduces dangers arising from fast environmental changes and catastrophes. Depending on the species seed can be harvested soon, economically and - depending on the composition of the seed orchard - with high or low genetic diversity. Compared to the options discussed above the costs of seed orchards are comparatively high, since they are not integrated into regular forest management operations. Due to the improvement, which is possible, and to the easier access to seed they can be nevertheless economical for utilization. Clonal archives have - as compared to seed orchards - the disadvantage, that a direct utilization is not possible or much more expensive. Therefore they are more an intermediate method until a sufficient high number of clones has been collected to establish a seed orchard. Seed storage plays a major role under the ex situ methods in forestry with those species where seed can be stored for long time. This is true for most forest tree species. It is an additional security for in situ conservation stands, plantations and seed orchards and quarantees the conservation of high genetic diversity with moderate costs. It is however a static conservation method and sensitive to technical defects. Seed can be immediately used, however it is exhausted after utilization.
Pollen storage is an efficient method to store a high amount of genetic information. However the utilization depends normally on the existance of female flowers. Only in first pilot experiments the direct utilization of early pollen stages for haploid embryogenesis was possible (JÖRGENSEN 1990). This would theoretically open the option of hybridization by protoplast fusion and direct utilization. This is however an expensive and up to now not practicable way. Tissue storage can be used as an intermediate tool in such cases, where in situ conservation does not work, as for example in Ulmus spec., and where no other option is possible. It is however expensive and can probably not be carried on over centuries. The amount of genotypes which can be handled is quite limited. An obvious advantage is however the possibility for immediate utilization which is especially interesting with improved material. Propagation methods are no conservation by themselves, they are however of outstanding importance for fast utilization of material in forest trees which otherwise cannot be used. Therefore flower induction and vegetative propagation by cuttings and in vitro culture have importance for conservation and utilization. 4. Summary The specific situation of forest tree species is outlined. The different in situ and ex situ conservation methods are described under conservation and utilization aspects. In situ and ex situ conservation are regarded as complementary, each having advantages and disadvantages. The main emphasis is however on in situ conservation.
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Integration of Conservation Strateg
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Table of Contents Pages Preface 1 K
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Preface When in autumn 1992 the Sci
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certainly be discussed intensively
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L. Dotlacil; Z. Stehno; M. Resatko
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F. Begemann 2.1.1 Agricultural and
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F. Begemann Table 2: Active members
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F. Begemann 1 Ahrensburg BAZ, Insti
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F. Begemann Table 4: Legal framewor
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F. Begemann Table 6: Objectives and
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F. Begemann Forsten, Angewandte Wis
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organization of actions developed s
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1.5; Contribution of NGO for collec
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- The vine collection including mor
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Plant genetic resources activities
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available at present, in order to i
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National Activities on Plant Geneti
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and the Netherlands for cooperative
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- Duplicate collection A duplicate
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Table 2. Regeneration of crops Crop
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germination bags and rest bags) are
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Conservation of Plant Genetic Resou
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- collection of genotypes endangere
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Fig. 1: Organizational framework of
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Fig. 2: Computerized documentation
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CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION OF PLA
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In situ conservation An important p
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Prospects of development of ex situ
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disciples, currently numbers about
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VOLUME OF VIR'S DATA BASES (for Sep
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Plant Genetic Resources Activities
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Tab. 2: Seed active collections Pla
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1.3 Botanic gardens Plant genetic r
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The Nordic Gene Bank S. BLIXT 1 Bac
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institute has agreed to maintain ge
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III. the species is endangered. B.
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Conservation of Plant Genetic Resou
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Since 1949 it has been the policy t
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eventually result in habitat fragme
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Ex situ genetic resources conservat
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Fig. 1: In-situ preservation areas
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Legal Framework-National Programme.
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European Cooperation on Plant Genet
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- Development of national programme
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Operation of the ECP/GR in Phase V
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The "informal sector" It is now wid
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Australian collecting mission has b
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Man and the Biosphere (MAB) A Globa
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2.3 Transition Zone Core and buffer
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develop models for measures to impr
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Fig. 1: Map of the Biosphere Reserv
Page 121 and 122: 4.7 Middle Elbe The biosphere reser
Page 123 and 124: 7. Concluding remark Due to the lon
Page 125 and 126: Plants and Gardens in the UK. These
Page 127 and 128: to be unavailable elsewhere. The cl
Page 129 and 130: 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Potato
Page 131 and 132: is no duplication. Disputes would b
Page 133 and 134: 1ai In the event of germination dro
Page 135 and 136: Finally, all these methods of conse
Page 137 and 138: have historically been one of the f
Page 139 and 140: In situ conservation of plant genet
Page 141 and 142: eing mainly to local and regional u
Page 143 and 144: working with local people on conser
Page 145 and 146: Ex situ and on farm conservation an
Page 147 and 148: Germany the Gatersleben institute w
Page 149 and 150: Ex sit u an d on f ar m con ser v a
Page 155 and 156: On farm conservation of fruit trees
Page 157 and 158: Little ancient villages, abandoned
Page 159 and 160: consisting of two plants for each v
Page 161 and 162: and fruit conservation. Local and r
Page 163 and 164: Integrated approaches to ex-situ an
Page 165 and 166: of direct importance to the institu
Page 167 and 168: of fruit trees still found in garde
Page 169 and 170: All participants signed three resol
Page 171: Ex situ: - plantations - seed orcha
Page 175 and 176: The definition in CBD which reflect
Page 177 and 178: 3.3 Variability within the species
Page 179 and 180: New Approaches to Evaluation of Gen
Page 181 and 182: References Dragavtsev, V.A., Utemis
Page 183 and 184: The tasks of vegetables genetic res
Page 185 and 186: Atriplex hortensis 1 Brassica campe
Page 187 and 188: 5. The collection some of Brassica
Page 189 and 190: The present economic situation in P
Page 191 and 192: enormous variety of forms, the evol
Page 193 and 194: For several years now the Botanical
Page 195 and 196: References: CELINSKI F., DENISIUK F
Page 197 and 198: Winter buds were used and analyzed
Page 199 and 200: Report of Working Groups: J. CHERFA
Page 201 and 202: Report of Working Group on: Complem
Page 203 and 204: Resolution (formulated by all parti
Page 205 and 206: Germany Dr. Karl HAMMER Head of Gen
Page 207 and 208: Tel:+(48)-22-552575 Fax:+(48)-22-55
Page 209 and 210: 06118 Halle Dr. Lothar FRESE German
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