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Table 1. Estimation of annual inputs in Pikine (57ha) and Patte d’Oie (79ha). Source: 53 individual inquiries and field inventory, 2005 N INPUTS Local aubergine (0.5 y -1 ) Tomato (0.5 y -1 ) Salad (5 y -1 ) TOTAL N i t r o g e n input (kg ha -1 y -1 ) Urea (kg ha-1y-1 ) 300 210 40 455 150 NPK (kg ha-1y-1 ) 600 480 60 840 210 Organic manure (t ha-1y-1 ) 20 10 15 90 1800 Irrigation wastewater (m3 ha-1 ) 23 % total surface 200mg/L N 8500 1700 Irrigation groundwater (m3 ha-1 ) 77 % total surface 30mg/L N 30000 1000 Fig. 1. NO3 in 4m depth-groundwater before and after mineral fertilization Fig 2. delta 15 N isotopes in nitrates. 28 Symposium 11: Social Aspects of Water + Environmental Challenges of Border Regions
2 0 Symposium 11: Social Aspects of Water + Environmental Challenges of Border Regions 11. Water violence, governable spaces and the state’s frontier Hagmann Tobias*, Korf Benedikt* *Geographisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich (tobias.hagmann@geo.uzh.ch; korf@ geo.uzh.ch) This paper explores the genealogy of water violence in Somali region, Ethiopia, a contested political space at the margins of the Ethiopian state. Somali region has experienced repeated outbursts of violence related to the access to pasture and water among different Somali clans and between Somali clans and the Ethiopian state. Often, such conflicts are attributed to a form of “eco-violence,” whereby increasing scarcity of natural resources (due to overpopulation, drought, environmental degradation) fosters contestation between different water user groups. We posit that such approaches under-estimate the political economy of water violence and its historical genealogy. Arguably, two inter-related processes are key in explaining these types of resource related conflicts that we observe in Somali region: first, the increasing penetration of the state into the pastoralist and agro-pastoralist spaces of Somali region as a project of modernization and taming of the state’s frontier and, second, new economic opportunities that emerge at the interface of state penetration, porous borders with Somaliland and transnational contraband flows. We illustrate our argument with different case studies stemming from ethnographic research in various parts of Somali region. On the one hand, we will study the “politics of the water pump” whereby competition over the access to irrigation technology becomes a focal point of inter-group conflict. We indicate how such contestation is played out in a complex pattern of clan patronage and the capture of state and aid resources. On the other hand, we scrutinize how privatization of the pastoral commons produces unequal opportunities to monopolize access to water through technical artefacts. While this creates intra-clan resentment, it also disturbs historically long-established inter-clan cooperation around water access in times of distress. Arguably, such examples indicate the political ecology of water violence – it is not material resources or their scarcity that produce social conflict around water, but such conflicts are largely embedded in much longer-term social relationships and political struggles. 11.6 Microbiological quality of groundwater related to urban agriculture of the Dakar area (Senegal) Ndiaye Mamadou Lamine*,*** ; Peduzzi Raffele**,*** ; Pfeifer Hans-Rudolf**** ; Niang Seydou*; Dieng Yémou ***** & Tonolla Mauro** *LATEU-Laboratoire de traitement des eaux usées, IFAN, Université Cheikh A. Diop, Dakar, Senegal (ndiayma2@etu.unige.ch) **Istituto cantonale di microbiologia, Via Mirasole 22A, CH- 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland. ***Section de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Genève, CH- 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland. ****IMG-Centre d'Analyse Minérale, Faculté de Géosciences et de l’Environnement, Bâtiment Anthropole, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. *****Département de parasitologie et mycologie, Université Cheikh A. Diop Dakar, Senegal. Urban agriculture (UA) has existed in the Dakar area since 1937 and plays an important role for food security and local economy. However, due to the lack of water due to climatic change and the increase of the demand, untreated waste water and manure are used by farmers to increase the yield. The agricultural production is mainly based on vegetables with a rapid turnover. The study area is located in the topographically low-laying remnants of the natural Niayes ecosystem, comprising dunes and lakes, 10 to 15km in width, which extends 150 km to north (Fig. 1). About 200 farmers work on 0.5 km 2 surrounded by the rapidly growing town. Several small lakes with elevated salt contents still persist and the groundwater level is shallow, which makes it very vulnerable to contamination. In the town quarters around, water for drinking and cooking still stem largely from hand dug wells and tube pumps. To evaluate the risk for the population and the environment, a long term survey of the microbiological quality of the various waters was started: 1) waters used for irrigation (untreated wastewater, shallow groundwaters called “Ceane” water) and 2) deeper groundwaters from wells, piezometers and pumps were sampled. A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) procedure was developed to analyse viable Salmonella spp, and E. coli in water samples. The preliminary results show the presence of E. coli in all the categories of water within and around the UA sites (Fig. 1). Also, Salmonella spp is detected in ground and surface water (≈1.5 m depth) within the site of Patte d’Oie) and around the sites of Patte d’Oie and Pikine (Fig. 2). Although, UA is an important source of food and income for a large city such as
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