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2.3 St. Vincent Island shoreline changes based on historic charts. (Source: Stapor, 1973)............................................................................................................................30 2.4 Age distribution of archaeological sites in the lower Apalachicola River watershed, including St. Vincent Island. Symbols indicate approximate known age of the oldest artifacts found at all dated sites within the lower watershed. Contours show the maximum age of the enclosed sites, indicating a close connection between delta migration and human settlement patterns. Contours are dashed where uncertain. Patterned area northwest of the modern Apalachicola delta is the “Late Pleistocene” delta. (Source: Donoghue and White, 1995).......................................................31 2.5 Archaeological sites on St. Vincent Island. (Source: Braley, 1982)..................................32 3.1 a) Collecting a vibracore. b) Collecting samples by trenching and hammering a short section of aluminum pipe into the vertical face . ......................................46 3.2 Demonstration of the basis of luminescence dating. The event being dated is the setting to zero of the luminescence signal that was acquired at some point in the past. The zeroing of this signal occurs through exposure to sunlight during erosion, transport and deposition. Once the material is buried the signal begins to build again. (Source: Lepper, K., NDSU, http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/klepper) ..............................................................................47 3.3 OSL processes represented by the conduction band model. The mineral is exposed to nuclear radiation. The binding electrons are excited above their ground states. As the electrons return to their ground states, some become trapped in defects in the crystal lattice (represented by “T”). When the mineral is exposed to light or heat the defects are emptied and light is emitted. (Source: Aitken, 1991)..................................................................................48 3.4 Effects of natural radiation on sediment particles. Silt-sized grains are irradiated by alpha, beta, gamma and cosmic radiation but sand-sized grains are only irradiated by beta, gamma and cosmic radiation, since alpha particles have a short range and only penetrate the outer rind of sand-sized grains. Of the four radiation types that contribute to the dose rate, cosmic radiation has the greatest penetration. (Source: Aitken, 1998)............................49 3.5 Sample removed from large core samples. The shaded area represents the 100 grams collected as a dating sample. (Source: Forrest, 2003)......................................50 3.6 Riso TL/OSL measurement system schematic in side view. This system consists of a turntable in which there can be 48 sample aliquot positions. The table rotates and when a sample disc reaches the position of the lift, it is raised for measurement of luminescence. A beta source (i.e. Sr-90) is positioned remotely from the measurement position and viii
preheating is carried out on a heating element. The system is fully automated. (Source: Aitken, 1998) ..........................................................................................51 3.7 Location of samples collected specifically for grain size analysis. The closed green circles represent samples collected in 2005 and 2006 by the author. The closed blue and red circles represent samples collected in 1984 and 1985, respectively, by Tanner and colleagues. (Map Source: Miller et al, 1981) ....................................................................................................................52 3.8 Method of SELF determination. (Source: Balsillie, 1995)................................................53 3.9 Basis of airborne LIDAR surveying. (Source: USACE, 2002). ........................................54 3.10 GPR survey techniques. a) GPR setup. b) 100 mHz antenna unit. c) 250 mHz antenna unit. d) 50 mHz antenna unit. .....................................................................55 4.1 Sample sites on St. Vincent Island. The blue circles represent sites where a vibracore was collected. The black circles represent sites where samples were collected from the vertical wall of a trench. The approximate locations of Roads 4 and 5 are shown in red. .....................................................81 4.2 Example of a trench through a beach ridge on St. Vincent Island. The trench axis is perpendicular to the shoreline. Seaward direction is to the left. Note the seaward dipping beds at all levels in the ridge shown by the solid black line and the dashed lines. Vertical structures in the upper section are root casts. White circles indicate sediment sample locations...............................82 4.3 Site SVI 001 (Paradise Point Site). Location of vibracore site SVI 001 was just offshore. Site location is shown in Figure 4.1. Samples collected from this site are listed in Table 4.1…………………………………………………………..83 4.4 Site SVI 002. Push cores 072304-01,02 and 03 were collected for OSL dating. Vibracore 072304-04 was also collected from the floor of this trench. Site location is shown in Figure 4.1. Samples collected from this site are listed in Table 4.1 . ......................................................................................................83 4.5 Site SVI 003. Trench excavated at site SVI 003. Push cores 072304- 05,06 and 07 were collected for OSL dating. Site location is shown in Figure 4.1. Samples collected from this site are listed in Table 4.1. ......................................84 4.6 Site SVI 004. Vibracore 072304-08 was collected from this site. Site location is shown in Figure 4.1. Samples collected from this site are listed in Table 4.1. .............................................................................................................................85 ix
Page 1 and 2: THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEG
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
Page 5 and 6: 4. RESULTS Laboratory Analyses ....
Page 7: LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Location map of
Page 11 and 12: 4.17 Site SVI 023. a) Trench. b) Sa
Page 13 and 14: 4.38 Location relative to the Apala
Page 15 and 16: A.37 Granplot analysis of sample 05
Page 17 and 18: A.83 Granplot analysis of sample 05
Page 19 and 20: ABSTRACT The goal of this investiga
Page 21 and 22: 4) To further develop Optically Sti
Page 23 and 24: the rate of erosion or deposition a
Page 25 and 26: esult of the buildup of offshore ba
Page 27 and 28: Recent studies of barriers using Gr
Page 29 and 30: and, therefore, sea level) (Dorsey,
Page 31 and 32: Holocene Sea Level Over 900 Holocen
Page 33 and 34: first is that sea level rose steadi
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.2. Beach ridge sets on St.
Page 37 and 38: -100 Figure 1.4. Pleistocene glacia
Page 39 and 40: Figure 1.6. The Apalachicola River
Page 41 and 42: Figure 1.8. Global sea-level histor
Page 43 and 44: K and L have crest elevations of ap
Page 45 and 46: Geoarchaeology The earliest inhabit
Page 47 and 48: Oyster Pond Figure 2.1. Infrared or
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.3. St. Vincent Island shor
Page 51 and 52: Pickalene Middens Paradise Point Si
Page 53 and 54: At each vibracore or trench locatio
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Page 57 and 58: Application of OSL to Coastal Studi
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atio between the first and the fift
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Topographic Surveying Topographic s
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time elapsed between when this ener
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a) b) Figure 3.1. a) Collecting a v
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Increasing energy T CONDUCTION BAND
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Figure 3.5. Sample removed from lar
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Figure 3.7. Location of samples col
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Figure 3.9. Basis of airborne LIDAR
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Sample Sites CHAPTER 4 RESULTS A to
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SVI005 This site is located just we
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collapsed the trench. Therefore, a
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SVI025 This site is located within
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m and 3.7 m respectively. A cross s
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Vincent Island has changed little o
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(sorting). Standard deviation decre
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4,100 and 3,500 years ago. The corr
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Table 4.1 Continued Site Samples Be
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Table 4.3. Measured elevations of S
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Table 4.5. Application of Tanner’
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Table 4.7. OSL age calculations usi
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Table 4.9. Paleosealevel position e
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Figure 4.2. Example of a trench thr
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Figure 4.5. Site SVI 003. Trench ex
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a) b) 050505-01E 050505-01K 050505-
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a) b) 050505-04C 050505-04A Figure
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Figure 4.13. Site SVI 015. Vibracor
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a) b) 011006-15 011006-16 Figure 4.
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a) b) 011106-08 011106-07 011106-10
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Figure 4.21. Dutch gouge-auger core
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Figure 4.23. Line A-A’ represents
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Elevation (m) NAVD 88 5.00 4.50 4.0
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1200 +/- 100 yr 102 Figure 4.27. GP
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0.65 Set C 0.6 0.55 0.5 Set A 0.45
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6 Set B Set C Set E 5 Set A Set F S
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0.7 Set C 0.6 Set A 0.5 Set E Set F
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ENVIRONMENTS OF DEPOSITION -- SKEWN
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mean grain size (phi) 3 2.5 2 1.5 1
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SVI 015 SVI 002 SVI 003 114 SVI 004
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CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION The beach ridg
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vibracore or trench, both of which
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Skewness can be used to identify th
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island. Another is a C-14 date of 2
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sea level. It was at this point tha
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The fourth hypothesis was that sea-
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APPENDIX A INDIVIDUAL SIEVE ANALYSI
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Berger, G., 1988, Dating quaternary
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Douglas, B., Kearney, M. and Leathe
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Jol, H.M., Peterson, C.D., Vanderbu
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Northwest Florida Water Management
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Stapor, F.W. and Tanner, W.F., 1977
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Beth Margaret F
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