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Gulf of Mexico Sea-level Record Several sea-level curves have been created for the Gulf of Mexico using a variety of sea- level indicators. These sea-level curves can be divided into two groups, those that involve dating shoreline indicators and those that are based on sedimentological studies. Curray (1960) created a curve based on samples from the Texas and Louisiana shelf. These samples were shells from organisms that lived near the shoreline and were radiocarbon dated to provide age control. Frazier (1974) created a curve for the northwest portion of the Gulf of Mexico (Texas and Louisiana coasts). This curve was based on radiocarbon dates from peat, molluscs and pelecypods. Scholl et al. (1969) provided sea-level data for south Florida based on radiocarbon- dated peats from the Everglades region. Stapor and Tanner (1977) presented a sea-level curve based on a plane table leveling or topographic profile across the beach ridge plain on St. Vincent Island. Tanner (1991) produced a late Holocene sea-level curve for the Gulf of Mexico based on grain size studies. The sea-level curve was derived from topographic profiling and granulometric parameters on St. Vincent Island and later confirmed at several other locations along the Gulf of Mexico coastline (Tanner, 1991). A sea-level history was developed for an island (Isla del Carmen) on the western edge of the state of Campeche in Mexico (Alvarez 1984, 1985). Another record comes from Mesa Del Gavilan, an island west of Boca Chica, Texas (Tanner et al., 1989). The island is made up of 30+ beach ridges. The ridges were trenched and sampled and a granulometric analysis was conducted (Tanner et al., 1989). Walker et al. (1995) created a sea level curve for the Gulf of Mexico based on archaeological evidence from southwest Florida. Sea-level curves spanning from the Last Glacial Maximum (approximately 21,000 years ago) to the present are available for the Gulf of Mexico. In general the Last Glacial Maximum had a lowstand of about –120 m (Balsillie and Donoghue, 2004). Sea level then rose in a series of spurts alternating with stillstands. Between 5,000 and 7,000 years ago sea level reached close to modern levels and has since oscillated up and down a few meters. Walker et al. (1995) showed that between 3,000 and 2,000 years there were two sea level highstands between 1.5 and 2 m above present level. Sea level is currently rising. Despite the abundance of sea-level curves, the history of sea-level change over the past 5,000-6,000 years is still highly debated. This is, in part, a result of a lack of reliable data. There are three main schools of thought. The 13
first is that sea level rose steadily from a low position in Wisconsin time to its present level without variations (Tanner et al., 1989). The second is that there have been various short-lived cycles of sea level, including at least one position 1.0 m above present level 4,000-6,000 years ago (Tanner et al., 1989). The third is that the noise in the sea-level data is so great that no meaningful information can be obtained. The most recent comprehensive Gulf of Mexico sea-level history was presented by Balsillie and Donoghue (2004). Published and unpublished Pleistocene and Holocene sea-level data for the northern and eastern Gulf of Mexico coast were collected. All of the data collected were based on the radiocarbon dating of shoreline indicators. A total of 342 dated sea-level indicators were assessed, covering the past 20,000 years of geologic time. Each date was analyzed to determine if it represented a stable (i.e. unaffected by tectonic processes, such as subsidence) vertical sea-level indicator. Any questionable data were discarded. Figure 1.5 is a compilation of all available radiocarbon dated sea-level indicators for the northern Gulf of Mexico. The upper panel of Figure 1.5 reveals that several abrupt sea-level changes of 1 to 2 m are recorded in the Gulf of Mexico chronology. Such changes occurred at approximately 2,200 years B.P., 4,000 years B.P., 5,400 years B.P. and 6,800 years B.P. There are few details beyond 3,500 years B.P. along the Gulf of Mexico coast because beach ridge history extends only to approximately 3,500 years B.P. (Tanner, 1991a). The Balsillie and Donoghue (2004) curve is the most recent and well-defined sea-level curve for the northern Gulf of Mexico. 14
Page 1 and 2: THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEG
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
Page 5 and 6: 4. RESULTS Laboratory Analyses ....
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Location map of
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Page 17 and 18: A.83 Granplot analysis of sample 05
Page 19 and 20: ABSTRACT The goal of this investiga
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Page 31: Holocene Sea Level Over 900 Holocen
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Page 67 and 68: Increasing energy T CONDUCTION BAND
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Page 75 and 76: Sample Sites CHAPTER 4 RESULTS A to
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m and 3.7 m respectively. A cross s
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Vincent Island has changed little o
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(sorting). Standard deviation decre
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4,100 and 3,500 years ago. The corr
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Table 4.1 Continued Site Samples Be
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Table 4.3. Measured elevations of S
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Table 4.5. Application of Tanner’
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Table 4.7. OSL age calculations usi
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Table 4.9. Paleosealevel position e
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Figure 4.2. Example of a trench thr
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Figure 4.5. Site SVI 003. Trench ex
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a) b) 050505-01E 050505-01K 050505-
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a) b) 050505-04C 050505-04A Figure
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Figure 4.13. Site SVI 015. Vibracor
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a) b) 011006-15 011006-16 Figure 4.
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a) b) 011106-08 011106-07 011106-10
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Figure 4.21. Dutch gouge-auger core
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Figure 4.23. Line A-A’ represents
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Elevation (m) NAVD 88 5.00 4.50 4.0
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1200 +/- 100 yr 102 Figure 4.27. GP
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0.65 Set C 0.6 0.55 0.5 Set A 0.45
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6 Set B Set C Set E 5 Set A Set F S
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0.7 Set C 0.6 Set A 0.5 Set E Set F
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ENVIRONMENTS OF DEPOSITION -- SKEWN
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mean grain size (phi) 3 2.5 2 1.5 1
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SVI 015 SVI 002 SVI 003 114 SVI 004
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CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION The beach ridg
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vibracore or trench, both of which
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Skewness can be used to identify th
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island. Another is a C-14 date of 2
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sea level. It was at this point tha
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The fourth hypothesis was that sea-
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APPENDIX A INDIVIDUAL SIEVE ANALYSI
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Berger, G., 1988, Dating quaternary
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Douglas, B., Kearney, M. and Leathe
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Jol, H.M., Peterson, C.D., Vanderbu
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Northwest Florida Water Management
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Stapor, F.W. and Tanner, W.F., 1977
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Beth Margaret F
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