appendix
appendix appendix
LINE Application Manual – Liquid Cooled Generator Sets MOTOR STARTING DIAGRAM 5 4 3 2 1 Reactor Motor Starting, Closed Transition LINE MOTOR START: CLOSE 6–7–2–3–4 TRANSFER: OPEN 6–7 RUN: CLOSE 1–5 MOTOR STARTING DIAGRAM 3 2 1 Resistor Motor Starting, Closed Transition 6 5 4 7 6 START: CLOSE 1–2–3 RUN: CLOSE 4–5–6 kVA & TORQUE (% F. L.) B–4 APPENDIX B Rev. Jan 2011 600 500 400 300 200 100 TYPICAL TORQUE AND KVA CURVES FOR SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTORS TORQUE KVA 20 40 60 80 100 SPEED (% SYNCHRONOUS) Starting: Reactor starting has the advantage of simplicity and closed transition, but results in lower starting torque per kVA than with autotransformer starting. Relative torque, however, improves as the motor accelerates. Application Notes: Reactor starting is generally not used except for large, high–voltage or high–current motors. The reactors must be sized for HP and voltage and may have limited availability. Typically, reactor starting costs more than autotransformer starting for smaller motors, but is simpler and less expensive for larger motors. Starting power factor is exceptionally low. Reactor starting allows a smooth start with almost no observable disturbance on transition and is well suited for applications such as centrifugal pumps or fans. MOTOR kVA & TORQUE (% F. L.) 600 500 400 300 200 100 TYPICAL TORQUE AND KVA CURVES FOR SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTORS KVA TORQUE 20 40 60 80 100 SPEED (% SYNCHRONOUS) Starting: Resistor starting is occasionally used for smaller motors where several steps of starting are required and no opening of motor circuits between steps is allowed. Application Notes: Also available as a stepless transition starter which provides a smoother start. Resistor starting is usually the least expensive with small motors. Accelerates loads faster because the voltage increases with a decrease in current. Has a higher starting power factor.
LINE 3 2 1 APPENDIX B MOTOR STARTING DIAGRAM 6 5 4 7 Star–Delta Motor Starting, Closed Transition LINE START: CLOSE 1–2–3 SECOND STEP: CLOSE 4–5–6 THIRD STEP: CLOSE 7–8–9 MOTOR STARTING DIAGRAM 3 2 1 9 8 MOTOR START: CLOSE 1–2–3–4–5–6 RUN: OPEN 4–5–6; CLOSE 7–8–9 Part Winding Motor Starting, Closed Transition 7 9 MOTOR kVA & TORQUE (% F. L.) Rev. Jan 2011 600 500 400 300 200 100 Application Manual – Liquid Cooled Generator Sets TYPICAL TORQUE AND KVA CURVES FOR SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTORS TORQUE KVA 20 40 60 80 100 SPEED (% SYNCHRONOUS) Starting: Star–Delta starting requires no autotransformer, reactor, or resistor. The motor starts star–connected and runs delta–connected. Application Notes: This starting method is becoming more popular where low starting torques are acceptable. It has the following disadvantages: 1. Open transition. Closed transition is available at extra cost. 2. Low torque. 3. No advantage when the motor is powered by a generator set unless the motor reaches synchronous speed before switching. In applications where the motor does not reach synchronous speed, the generator set must be sized to meet the surge. 4 5 6 8 kVA & TORQUE (% F. L.) 600 500 400 300 200 100 TYPICAL TORQUE AND KVA CURVES FOR SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTORS TORQUE KVA 20 40 60 80 100 SPEED (% SYNCHRONOUS) Starting: Part winding starting is less expensive because it requires no autotransformer, reactor, or resistor and uses simple switching. Available in two or more starting steps depending on size, speed, and voltage of motor. Application Notes: Automatically provides closed transition. First, one winding is connected to the line; after a time interval, the second winding is paralleled with the first. Starting torque is low and is fixed by the motor manufacturer. The purpose of part winding is not to reduce starting current but to provide starting current in smaller increments. There is no advantage to this method if the motor is powered by a generator set unless the motor can reach synchronous speed before transition to the line. B–5
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LINE<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
APPENDIX B<br />
MOTOR STARTING DIAGRAM<br />
6<br />
5<br />
4 7<br />
Star–Delta Motor<br />
Starting, Closed<br />
Transition<br />
LINE<br />
START: CLOSE 1–2–3<br />
SECOND STEP: CLOSE 4–5–6<br />
THIRD STEP: CLOSE 7–8–9<br />
MOTOR STARTING DIAGRAM<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
9<br />
8<br />
MOTOR<br />
START: CLOSE 1–2–3–4–5–6<br />
RUN: OPEN 4–5–6; CLOSE 7–8–9<br />
Part Winding<br />
Motor Starting,<br />
Closed Transition<br />
7<br />
9<br />
MOTOR<br />
kVA & TORQUE (% F. L.)<br />
Rev. Jan 2011<br />
600<br />
500<br />
400<br />
300<br />
200<br />
100<br />
Application Manual – Liquid Cooled Generator Sets<br />
TYPICAL TORQUE AND KVA CURVES FOR<br />
SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTORS<br />
TORQUE<br />
KVA<br />
20 40 60 80 100<br />
SPEED (% SYNCHRONOUS)<br />
Starting: Star–Delta starting requires no autotransformer, reactor, or resistor. The motor<br />
starts star–connected and runs delta–connected.<br />
Application Notes: This starting method is becoming more popular where low starting<br />
torques are acceptable. It has the following disadvantages:<br />
1. Open transition. Closed transition is available at extra cost.<br />
2. Low torque.<br />
3. No advantage when the motor is powered by a generator set unless the motor reaches<br />
synchronous speed before switching. In applications where the motor does not reach<br />
synchronous speed, the generator set must be sized to meet the surge.<br />
4 5 6<br />
8<br />
kVA & TORQUE (% F. L.)<br />
600<br />
500<br />
400<br />
300<br />
200<br />
100<br />
TYPICAL TORQUE AND KVA CURVES FOR<br />
SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTORS<br />
TORQUE<br />
KVA<br />
20 40 60 80 100<br />
SPEED (% SYNCHRONOUS)<br />
Starting: Part winding starting is less expensive because it requires no autotransformer,<br />
reactor, or resistor and uses simple switching. Available in two or more starting steps<br />
depending on size, speed, and voltage of motor.<br />
Application Notes: Automatically provides closed transition. First, one winding is<br />
connected to the line; after a time interval, the second winding is paralleled with the first.<br />
Starting torque is low and is fixed by the motor manufacturer. The purpose of part<br />
winding is not to reduce starting current but to provide starting current in smaller<br />
increments. There is no advantage to this method if the motor is powered by a generator<br />
set unless the motor can reach synchronous speed before transition to the line.<br />
B–5
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