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in Antwerp in this period, see Voet 1969-72, vol. 2,
pp. 262-278. Also compare chapter 1.
299. See the detailed study Gieben 1976, its slight­
ly revised version Giehen 1977 and Savelsherg 1992b
pp. 102-104. Also see Gonzalez de Zarate 1992, vol 2,
pp. 249-253, nos, 759-772
300. The first edition is described in detail in
Gieben 1976, pp. 242-257. Gieben surmises that this issue
must have appeared shortly after 1.585, direcdy following
Farnese's seizure of Antwerp. It was then that the
Franciscans, after having been banned by the Calvinist city
council in 1579, were allowed to return to the city. The
series is mentioned in the Memorieboek of Gerard
Grammay - the Antwerp tax-collector and a collector of
prints published by Hieronyraus Cock and Philips Gallc
- which is dated 1580; cp. Denuce 1932, p. 10:"Blaeders
van Philips Galle Franciscus, 16 stucken" ("Sheets by
Philips Gallc Francis, 16 pieces").
301 These letterpress pages are in the Aibcrtina in
Vienna, and are pasted, together with the sixteen engrav­
ings, in an album (HB 75, pp. 34-41). Unfortunately the
dedication, is on the verso of the title page, and could thus
not be transcribed accurately. Nothing is known of a print­
er called Gerard Fabri (Faber?) in Antwerp nor of his
widow. There was, however, a certain Elisabeth Fabry,
widow of a bookseller, active m Louvam; cp. Rouzet
1975a, p. 63.
302. Cp. Gieben 1977, pp. 284-300.
303. Due to several iconographic peculiarities,
Servus Gieben speculates on the fact that a Spanish immi­
grant must have been involved In the commission and
conception of the series (Gieben 1977, pp. 280-283). On
the same grounds, he also refutes the possibility that a
Franciscan friar acted as intellectual advisor during the
conception of the first edition. Although I differ in opin­
ion on the last matter, the suggestion that a Spanish patron
was involved is certainly plausible. The Southern
Netherlands were a Spanish territory, and, even more
important, Spain was an increasingly important market
for devotional books and prints. On this subject, see De
Nave 1992.
304. For an extensive description of die second edi­
tion, see Gieben 1977, pp. 257-280.
Notes Chapter 4
214
305. Sedulius, who arrived in Antwerp in 1585
(cp. note 189), dedicated the Life of St. Francis to Francis
of Tolosa, the newly appointed minister general of the
Franciscan Order. On the same page the ecclesiastical
approbaiio was added, given by the An twerp canon Michiel
Hetsroey. As usual the clerical approval speaks of Philips
Galle - who as head of the workshop would address such
a request to the ecclesiastical authorities - as if he were
himself the engraver of the scries:a Philippo Gallaeo
fbrmis aeneis mcisa " While the plates were undoubtedly
made in the Galle workshop, it is nearly impossible to
attribute them to one specific en graver. The two etchings
are reminiscent of Pieter van der Borcht, by far the most
important etcher in Antwerp.They must have been made
- due to time-pressure? - outside the Galle workshop, as
Philips Galle only rarely published prints in this tech­
nique. In 1636 the plates were still in possession of the
Galle family: "Het leven van Sinte-Franciscus negenthien
platen" ("The life of St. Francis, 19 plates"); Duverger
1984, vol. 1/4, p. 20.
306. On the seven preparatory drawings in the
Alhertina in Vienna, see Bencsch 1928, p. 23, no. 187
(St. Francis receives the stigmata, attributed to Maarten de
Vos) and p. 43, nos. 15-20 (six other drawings, catalogued
as workshop of Maarten de Vos). Also see Zweite 1968
(pp. 110-111), who rejects the attribution of the first sheet
to De Vos, The notable differences in style and quality
between the single sheet and the odier six drawings, can
be explained from the fact that there were two different
draughtsmen involved: St. Francis receives the stigmata was
one of the compositions added to the second edition of
1587, the others were drawn for the first edition.
307. For a short theological summary of the
Franciscus alter Christus tradition, seen in the light of early
Renaissance painting in Italy, compare Van Os 1974,
pp. 115-118. On die Iconography of the tide page, cp.
Gieben, pp. 261-261 and 299.
308. "D. SERAPHIC! FRANCISCI/ TOTIUS
EVANGELICAE PERF-/ECTIONIS EXEMPLARIS,
AD -/MIRANDA HISTORIA" Engraved in the upper
cartouche of the tide page.
309. The last plate of the Life of St. Francis (1587),
for example, also shows five Franciscan saints - including
St. Clare of Assisl, the founder of the female Order of the
poor Clares - togedier widi St. Francis himself. Philips