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lso dated 1577 (TIB, 56, pp. 249-256, nos. 68:1-8), and
The seven sacraments, dated 1576 (TIB. 56, pp. 241-248,
nos. 67:1-8).There are also several, as yet unpublished sin­
gle sheers from the Galle workshop that come remark­
ably close to both these series and to the early engravings
by Goltzius.This again raises the question if Goltzius did
not perhaps engrave more (unsigned) engravings on behalf
of his Antwerp patron.
123. "Virtuturn penms dictarum praeditus almis/
Par levibus ventis [ajethera summa petit. / Ast horum terra
vitiorum mole gravatus/ Mergetur terr[a]e viscera ad ima
nigr[a]e."
124. The central representation of this as yet
unpublished engraving (cp. SeHmk 1991-92, p. 156, note
12) is a copy in the same direction after Goltzius's Last
judgement.Thc engraving has its counterpart in the Seven
spiritual acts of mercy, with an image of Christ in the cen­
tre and seven roundels with renderings of the spiritual
acts: correcting the sinners, teaching the ignorant, show­
ing the doubting the right way, praying for ones neigh­
bour, consoling the sad, bearing injustice with patience
and forgiving sins. Both engravings are undated and
unsigned. Style and technique are quite similar to engrav­
ings from the Galle workshop. Furthermore, the subject
of the spiritual acts of mercy is extremely rare and has, as
far as I know, in this period only been illustrated by Philips
Galle (cp. note 122).
125. On the Dutch Revolt in the period 1575-81,
see inter alia Parker 1981, pp 163-192; Groenveld 1979,
pp. 96-101, 197-198 and, most recently, Duke 1990. A
summary of the religious conflicts in this period can be
found inWoltjer 1986.
126. On this series, see Horst 1990.
127. In his study on the series by Huys, Daniel
Horst convincingly shows that it is impossible to deter­
mine the specific nature of the Reformatorian tenden­
cies (Lutheran, Calvinist or spiritualist) which have influ­
enced its iconography; Horst 1990, pp. 16-21. Seen in
hindsight, however, Calvinism became the dominant
Reformed conviction in the Netherlands in the last quar­
ter of the century. For this reason, I have preferred the use
of this word instead of a more vague and neutral term
such as Reformatorian. On the general issue of the
(impossibilities of interpreting the relation between reli­
Notes Chapter 4
199
gion and art in this period, also cp. Zijp 1987.
128. "God wil dat alle menschen saligh worden: so
wil hy immers niet datter een mensch onsaligh worde "
Quoted from Bonger 1978, p. 248.
129. "Tot Gode, die vande wegh net eynde is,
komtmen alleenlyck doort hantteren vande deughde, die
d'eenighe wegh is tot Gode waart Dus werdt de
dueghde niemanden angheboren vande ouders,maar alien
menschen angheboden van Gode ende byden menschen
vrywilligh verkoren ende anghenomen." Quoted from
Coornhert 1942, p. 143.
130. Coornhert himself, as early as 1552, had
engraved the subject of the Last Judgement in combina­
tion with the acts of mercy These series - incised after
designs by rVlaarten van Heemskerck - renders six, instead
of seven works of mercy; New Hollstein, Maarten van
Heemskerck, vol. 2, pp. 37-43, nos. 330-336.This version
is, in fact, more faithful to the text of the Gospels (Matthew
25:37-40).The seventh act (burying the dead) was only
added in the third century by Lactam; cp. Kirschbaum
1968-75, vol. l,pp. 246-251.
131. Besides Goltzius's Virtutum vitiorumque
encomia and Galle s Seven acts of mercy, these are: Allegory
on ike necessity of prudence (engraved by Goltzius, discussed
below) and the series Four last things? engraved by Goltzius
after designs by Johannes Stxadanus.This last series devi­
ates from the traditional iconographic sequence (compare
note 34) by replacing the Dying hour by the Resurrection;
cp. Strauss 1977, vol. 1, pp. 30-37, nos. 6-9.
132. Hollstein, vol, 8, p. 19, no. 77; TIB. 3, vol 1
p. 75, no. 75 and vol. 2, p. 73; Bartsch 1803-21, vol. 3,
pp. 30-31, no. 75; Hirschmann 1921, p. 37, no. 77 and
Strauss 1977, vol. 1, pp, 82-83, no. 31. Also cp. Knipping
1939-40, vol. 2, p. 310 (wrongly described as Philips Galle
after Maarten van Heemskerck),
133. " dat niemandt verdoemt en sal zijn om
Adams, maer elck om zijn eyghen zonde." Quoted from
Bonger 1987, p. 185.
134. Cp.note 112.
135. Cp. Berkvens-Stevelinck 1990, pp. 24-26.