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67. Compare Bataillon 1941, pp. 144-151. Marcel
Bataillon, rightly so in my opinion, stresses this moderate,
Erasmian strain. Hansel interprets the 1572-series slight­
ly different as "an Utopian dream of a humanist 'Res pub­
lics literaria'" where conviction is not of any importance;
Hansel 1991, p. 99.
68. On die close relations between Plantin and his
circle on the one hand, and the Huts der Liefde on the
other, see Hamilton 1981a, pp. 65-82. A brief and rather
general overview of spiritualism in the Netherlands in the
sixteenth century is given in Zijp 1986. On Ortels s reli­
gious views see Boumans 1954.
69. For a description of the growing numbers of
Calvimsts in Antwerp up to 1585, cp. Thus 1990,
pp. 9-32.
70. A short survey of the religious conflicts in
these years is given by Woltjer 1986; for a full discussion
of these problems, see Duke 1990. Aspects of the relation
between art and religion in these troubled years are dis­
cussed by Zijp 1987.
71. For a full description of the Imagines doctorum
virorum, see appendix 2C. On the portrait of Beams
Rhenanus, compare appendix 2E, no. 16. The letterpress
tide page, introduction and index were printed by Plantin;
Museum Plantin-Moretus, Arch. 20, fol. 307.
72. On Ravelingen, see Voet 1969-72, vol. 1, pp.
147-151,pp. 169-178. For unknown reasons Ravelingen s
own portrait is not included in the Imagines doctorum vxro-
rum. Encouraged by the fall of Antwerp the Calvinist
Ravelingen left Antwerp with his (Catholic) wife within
a few months after his father-in-law Plantin had returned
to Antwerp after a stay of more than two years in Leiden.
Together with jan Moretus (or Moerentorf), another son-
of-law of the architypographus,'Kzv£ling£n had been charge
of the Plantin Press in Antwerp during Plantin s stay in
Leiden.
73. Consagra 1993, pp. 381-412.
74. The letters of Ortels to Crato were published
in 1847 (Ortels 1847), In another context one of these
letters was discussed briefly by Popham in his article on
the relation between Pieter Bruegel and Ortels (Popham
1931) On Ortels's fascination for prints in general see
Buchanan 1982.
Notes Chapter 2
174
75. "Ago gratias pro tua efHgic, et symbolum
tuum perplacet, et omnibus numeris absofutum judico";
Antwerp, 6 December 1572 (Ortels 1847, p. 82). For the
reference to Rota's pen drawing see note 77.
76. "Vides hie mam effigiem. Prima est earum
quae parantur sec undo volumini: vix potui persuadere
Gallaeo sculptori (mihi tamen amico) ut banc etiam mis
[sic] annecteret, eo quid sciebat inter Plantini futuram.
Gallaeus ipsemet seulpsit: hoc nostrae amicitiae tribuit;
pleraque enim pars a pueris discipulis caelabitur. Forte
nonnihil in ea desiderabis;si praesens adfuisses,non dubito
vivum melius referret; sed ipse de his."; no date, no place
(Ortels 1847, p. 94). As Ortels mentions the news of the
capture of count Maximilian de Bossu (11 October 1573)
the letter must have been written in the second half of
October, before the letter of 7 November 1573 (see the
following note). Ortels may have contacted Gaile on this
matter somewhat earlier. In a letter to Crato he writes:
"Effigiem tuam nondum expressam ex Plantino intelli-
t w
go";Ari erp, 8 August 1573 (Ortels 1847, p. 83).
77. "Misi ante quindecim plus minus dies effigiem
tuam a Gallaeo nostro caelatam: non dubito, quin earn
receperis. Postea accepi eamdem a Rota (cujus nomen ex
editis ab eo monochromatis mihi innotuit) calamo delin-
eatam, ex qua Gallaei, si visum tibi fuent, corrigi poter-
it: tuam de eo [sic] sententiam expectamus. lisdem Uteris,
quibus effigiem injeceram, significavi me Schufio tra-
didisse exemplar Theatri nostri et duo additamenta";
7 November 1573 (Ortels 1847, p. 84). This course of
events could explain the existence of proof impression of
Crato s portrait - without the verses in the margin - as
found m a bound volume of portraits in the Komnklijke
Bibliotheek, The Hague (inv. 1701 C8(2), also cp. note
19). Aside from several images of the 1567-editions (cp.
appendix 2A), I have no knowledge of any other proof
impressions of portraits by Galle.
78. "Effigies tua ad manus meas pervenit,Domine
ornatisssime. Secundi Libri effigierurn fere spem abjico;
tarn rnultis atque aliis occupatum video Galicum";
Antwerp, 5 February 1576 (Ortels 1847, pp. 85-86).
79. "Ciarorum virorum efBgies adhuc sub Gallaei
manu premuntur; propediem eas promittit; quamprimum
autem prodierint, eas ad te curabo.";Antwerp, 16 October
1582 (Ortels 1847, p. 91).
80. "Gallaeus claros suos viros se datururn eras et