2nd North American Conference - International Ozone Association

2nd North American Conference 

on Ozone, Ultraviolet & Advanced 

Oxidation Technologies 

C O N F E R E N C E P R O G R A M 

International 

Ozone Association 

Co-organized by IOA and IUVA 

September 18 - 21, 2011 

Fairmont Royal York 

Toronto, Ontario, Canada 

International 

Ultraviolet Association

Thank you to the following sponsors for their support of the 

2011 North American Joint Regional Conference

� I�am�pleased�to �extend�my�warmest�greetings�to�everyone�attending�the� 

second�annual�North�American�Conference�on�Ozone,�Ultraviolet�and� Advanced� 

Oxidation�Technologies,� hosted�by�the�International�Ozone�Association�and�the� 

International�Ultraviolet�Association.� 

� 

� � The �Government�of�Canada�works�with�the�provinces �and�territories �to� 

protect�the�long�term�security�of�Canada�s�renewable�water� resources,�and�continues�to� 

play�a�leading�role�in�scientific�research,�monitoring, �and�the�development �of�water� 

quality�guidelines. � 

� 

� � This �meeting�gives�water�quality�professionals�a�forum�in�which�to� 

discuss�current�issues�of�interest�and�to�exchange�information�about�the�newest�and� 

most�promising�advances�in �oxidation�techniques�for�the�protection �of�human�health� 

and�the�environment. �I�am�certain�that�attendees �will�benefit�from�the� educational�and� 

networking�opportunities�available�at�this�conference,�and�will�leave �ready�to�put�what� 

they�have�learned�into�practice.� 

� 

� � �behalf�of�the�Government 

On 

�of�Canada,�I �offer�you�my�best�wishes�for�a� 

most�enjoyable�and�productive �conference. � 

� 

� 

� 

� � 

� � � � � � 

The�Rt.�Hon. �Stephen�Harper,�P.C.,�M.P.� 

� 

OTTAWA� 

�2011� 

�

September 18 – 21, 2011 

Premier of Ontario - Premier ministre de l’Ontario 

A PERSONAL MESSAGE FROM THE PREMIER 

On behalf of the Government of Ontario, I am delighted to extend 

warm greetings to everyone attending the 2 nd North American 

Conference on Ozone, Ultraviolet and Advanced Oxidation 

Technologies, co-hosted by the International Ozone Association and 

the International Ultraviolet Association. 

Countries around the globe are seeking innovative ways of addressing 

environmental challenges. Those who develop responsible and 

sustainable approaches to meeting these challenges will play a vital 

role in shaping a greener, healthier economy. I am confident that this 

conference, which brings together scientists, engineers, manufacturers 

and other experts from around the world, will provide an ideal forum 

to share the latest ideas and technologies in municipal and industrial 

water and wastewater processes. 

I commend organizers, sponsors and everyone who has worked hard 

to ensure the success of this event. And to everyone in attendance: 

welcome to Toronto — the provincial capital! I hope you find time 

to take in some of the sites and attractions the city has to offer. 

Please accept my sincere best wishes for an informative and 

productive conference. 

Dalton McGuinty 

Premier

Dear Colleagues and Friends 

On behalf of the International Ozone Association – Pan American Group, it is my pleasure to 

welcome you to the 2nd North American Conference on Ozone, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation 

Technologies in the vibrant city of Toronto. We are proud to present this year’s joint conference with 

a focus on both Ozone and Ultraviolet Technology and to continue to highlight the many benefits 

when used alone and cohesively. 

We are excited to share with you the comprehensive sessions presented by leaders in the field. 

I am sure their presentations will inspire new thoughts and discussions about the uses of Ozone 

and Ultraviolet technologies, as well as encourage you to continue to learn. In addition, great 

networking opportunities abound during the receptions, the exhibits and the closing banquet! 

We thank our Conference Technical Program Committee Co-Chairs Dr. Pamela Chelme-Ayala, 

Prof. Ron Hoffman and Prof. Daniel Smith for putting together a strong technical program. 

While in Toronto we hope you are able to find time to enjoy some of the many activities the city has 

to offer. From a walk around the outside edge of the CN Tower, a visit to the Art Gallery of Ontario, 

shopping at Eaton Centre, a baseball game, or even the Bata Shoe Museum, there is definitely 

something for everyone. 

Finally, the conference would not be possible without the support of our sponsors. Our appreciation 

goes out to our generous sponsors and exhibitors, and all those who have made this event possible. 

Dr. Saad Y. Jasim, P.Eng. 

President 

International Ozone Association-Pan American Group

Dear IUVA Members 

As the IUVA President and on behalf of our Board of Directors, it is my great pleasure to welcome 

you to Toronto and to our conference. Thanks to your participation, the 2nd North American 

Conference on Ozone and Ultraviolet Technologies is going to be a success. My hope is that this 

Conference will be a rewarding and useful experience for you as we share and learn about new ideas 

and technologies in our industry. I hope that you’ll also take the opportunity to explore the beautiful 

city of Toronto, in between the many Conference events. 

This is our forum to showcase leading innovative research and technologies for municipal water and 

wastewater, industrial process applications, and other UV applications. The conference sessions 

include talks with special attention to ozone and UV synergy, and the benefits of ozone and UV as 

green technologies. The broad group of high-quality presentations will also give you the opportunity 

to learn about the latest scientific achievements from experts in the field. This is your opportunity to 

deepen knowledge areas and interact with IUVA’s many leaders in their respective fields. 

We’d like to acknowledge the many exhibitors, who contribute so much to make our events a 

success. In addition, we’d like to thank our many sponsors. I also want to extend my thanks for the 

local support we have received from Absolute Conferences & Events, who planned the event for us. 

I hope that your experience this week will confirm that this IUVA/IOA Conference is a leading event in 

our industry. Our planning committee has worked diligently to meet the needs of our membership 

and the ozone and UV communities, with the objectives of: building relationships, encouraging 

future research and highlighting the significant scientific achievements in our ever-evolving industry. 

Thank you and I look forward to speaking with you at the Conference. 

Sincerely, 

Paul Swaim 

President, IUVA

Program 

Saturday, September 17, 2011 

10:00 – 12:00 Boardroom PAG – Ozone Safety Group 

14:00 – 18:00 Boardroom IOA International Meetings 

15:00 – 17:00 Jasper Room Municipal Task Force 

14:00 – 17:00 Mezzanine Balcony North Registration 

Sunday, September 18, 2011 

07:00 – 21:00 Canadian Room Foyer Registration 

08:00 – 13:00 Library Room IOA – PAG Board Meeting 

08:00 – 16:30 Manitoba Room Ozone Disinfection for Water and Wastewater Treatment 

Systems: Depth and Breadth Workshop 

Quebec Room UV Disinfection for Water and Wastewater 

Treatment Systems: Depth and Breadth Workshop 

11:00 – 12:00 Boardroom IUVA Manufactures Council Meeting 

14:00 – 17:00 Boardroom IUVA Board Meeting 

14:00 – 17:00 Library Room IOA International Board Meeting 

19:00 – 21:00 Canadian Room Opening Reception 

Monday, September 19, 2011 


08:15 – 09:30 Concert Hall General Opening Session 

Welcome by: 

Dr. Saad Jasim 

President, International Ozone Association – 

Pan American Group 

Paul Swaim 

President, International Ultraviolet Association 

Awards Ceremony 

Keynote Addresses by: 

Pierre Trepanier 

Commissioner, International Joint Commission 

Lee Anne Jones 

President, Ontario Water Works Association – 

Section of AWWA 

Manager, Capital Programming and Facility Asset 

Planning, City of Toronto 

09:30 – 10:15 Canadian Room Refreshment Break on the exhibit floor 

2nd North American Conference on Ozone, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 5

10:15 – 11:55 Ballroom Session 1 – Disinfection and Disinfection Byproducts 

Moderator: Daniel W. Smith 

• 10:15 – 10:40 Advantages of Combined Oxidants in Water Treatment 

Douglas Rittmann, Ph.D, P.E. 

• 10:40 – 11:05 Multiple Benefits of Intermediate Ozone at Four Surface 

Water Treatment Plants in Southern California 

Michael A. Oneby, Richard Lin, and James H. Borchardt 

• 11:05 – 11:30 Disinfection Byproducts in Wastewater Effluent and 

Technology Approaches to Meet Developing Regulations 

Christopher S. Carr, Larry Schimmoller, Mike Witwer, 

and Jenny Reina 

• 11:30 – 11:55 Comparison Between Conventional Treatments and 

Advanced Oxidation Processes Used in Disinfection of 

Treated Wastewater 

Rodriguez-Chueca J., Sarasa J., López A., Miguel N., 

Mosteo R., and Ormad M.P. 

10:15 – 11:55 Ontario Room Session 2 – UV Validation and Monitoring I 

Moderator: Linda Gowman 

• 10:15 – 10:40 Use of a High-Resistance Challenge Organism for 

Validation of Low Pressure, High Output UV Reactors for 

Virus Inactivation 

Brian Petri, Stewart Hayes, Adam Festger, P. Chan, 

O. Karl Schieble, C. Shen, P. Patil, C. Odegaard, 

and I. Gobulukoglu 

• 10:40 – 11:05 How Low Can You Go: Impact of UV Turndown 

Capabilities on Operating Efficiency 

Bryan Townsend, Donnie Ginn, Andrew Schipper, 

Adam Westermann, and Xi Zhao 

• 11:05 – 11:30 Wastewater UV Disinfection Systems – Lessons Learned 

during Performance Testing 

Cody L. Charnas, Katherine Y. Bell, Ph.D., PE, BCEE, 

Dale Adams, PE, Jed Chambers, Dean Cohrs, 

Dan Hammer, and Pat Schmidt 

• 11:30 – 11:55 Operation, Maintenance, and Reporting Activities for 

Municipal Drinking Water UV Disinfection Facilities 

Todd Elliott, Alex Chen, David Euler, Andrew Niblock, 

Eric Kiefer, Enoch Nicholson, and Paul Swaim 

10:15 – 11:55 Salon A Session 3 – AOP Methods 

Moderator: Fernando Rosario-Ortiz 

• 10:15 – 10:40 Catalytic Ozonation of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in 

Water using Ni/SiO 2 

J.L. Rodríguez S, T. Poznyak, H. Tiznado, 

M.A. Valenzuela, and D. Magallanes 

• 10:40 – 11:05 Composite Titania Photocatalytist Coating for 

Vacuum UV Photoreactor 

C. Duca, G. Imoberdorf, and M. Mohseni 

6 2nd North American Conference on Ozone, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies

10:15 – 11:55 Salon A Session 3 – AOP Methods (continued) 

• 11:05 – 11:30 Advanced Oxidation of Drinking Water Using Ultraviolet 

Light and Alternative Solid Forms of Hydrogen Peroxide 

Zachary Monge, MS, EIT, and Erik Rosenfeldt, PE, Ph.D. 

• 11:30 – 11:55 Development of an Integrated UV/Self-Generated Ozone 

Advanced Oxidation Reactor for Water Treatment 

Jingyun Fang, Hai Liao, Chii Shang, Minzhen Zeng, 

Zhi Chen, Menglin Ni, and Wei Liu 

12:00 – 13:05 Concert Hall Lunch 

13:10 – 16:50 Ballroom Session 4 – Ozone in Drinking Water Treatment 

Moderator: Kerwin L. Rakness 

• 13:10 – 13:35 Seven Years of Using Ozone as a Cost Effective 

Treatment Strategy 

Gord Devine, and Bill Mundy 

• 13:25 – 14:00 Designing Ozone Systems for the Great Lakes Water – 

State of the Art and Lessons Learned from 10 Years 

of Experience 

Helen Jin, Quirien Muylwyk, and Ed Minchew 

• 14:00 – 14:25 Upgrading the Largest WTP Plant in the Czech Republic – 

Experiences Gained in Design, Start up and Operation of a 

State of the Art Ozonation System 

Radka Hušková, Jiri Benes, Philip Page, Florian Axt, 

and Michael Ziegler 

• 15:10 – 15:35 Implementing Ozone at the Frank J. Horgan Water 

Treatment Plant 

Liza Ballantyne, P.Eng., Alex Vukosavljevic, 

and Gordon Mitchell, P.Eng. 

• 15:35 – 16:00 Implementing Ozone Training and Maintenance 

Integration at the Frank J. Horgan Water Treatment Plant 

Alex Vukosavljevic, Liza Ballantyne and Gord Mitchell 

• 16:00 – 16:25 Mitigation of Anoxic Hypolimnetic Water in a Drinking 

Water Reservoir by Bottom Water Withdrawal and 

Treatment – Bench-Scale Ozone Test and 

Full-Scale Water 

Keisuke Ikehata, Andrew T. Komor, and 

Philip F. Bogdanoff 

• 16:25 – 16:50 Assessing Raw Water Ozonation for Taste and Odor 

Removal, Manganese Oxidation, and DAF Preconditioning 

Joseph Huang, P.E., Robert Biehler, P.E., 

Dean Gregory, Ph.D., and Alan G. LeBlanc, P.E. 

13:10 – 16:50 Ontario Room Session 5 – UV Validation and Monitoring II 

Moderator: Tom Hargy / Karl Linden 

• 13:10 – 13:35 Yikes! What the UVDGM Does Not Address on 

UV Disinfection 

Harold Wright, Mark Heath, and Jeff Bandy 


13:10 – 16:50 Ontario Room Session 5 – UV Validation and Monitoring II (continued) 

• 13:25 – 14:00 Evaluating Piping Layout Impacts on UV Does Delivery 

Christopher Schulz, P.E.; Mike Hyland, P.E.; 

Mark Allen, P.E., David Werth Ph.D., P.E., and 

Inder Singh, M.A.Sc. P.Eng. 

• 14:00 – 14:25 UV System Checkpoint Bioassays: Challenges from the 

Field, Comparison Methodology, and Proof of Scale-Up 

B. Petri, J. An, Y. Lawryshyn, and V. Moreland 

• 15:10 – 15:35 Impact of Low Wavelength UV Light on UV Dose 

Monitoring and Validation 

H. Wright, J. Bandy, M. Heath, C. Bokermann, 

and R. Bemus 

• 15:35 – 16:00 Practical UV Light Source Diagnostic Tools for Measuring 

Uniformity, Intensity and Fluence 

Todd E. Lizotte 

• 16:00 – 16:25 Understanding Evaluation, Testing and Certification of 

UV Systems for Drinking Water and Recreational 

Water Treatment 

Richard Martin 

• 16:25 – 16:50 Using Microbial Surrogates for the Wrong Reasons: 

The Risk in T1 as UV Challenge Microbe for Waste Water 

Brian Petri, Wayne Lem, and Mike Shortt 

13:10 – 16:50 Salon A Session 6 – AOPs Applications 

Moderator: Susan Andrews / Yuri Lawryshyn 

• 13:10 – 13:35 Degradation of Carbamazepine during UV/H 2O 2 

Treatment of Wastewater 

Olya Keen, Seungyun Baik, Karl Linden, Diana Aga 

and Nancy G. Love 

• 13:25 – 14:00 Removal of Cylindrospermopsin from Water by 

Photochemical Oxidation 

Xuexiang He, Armah A. de la Cruz and 

Dionysios D. Dionysiou 

• 14:00 – 14:25 Fate and Residual Toxicity of Pharmaceuticals in 

Oxidation Processes 

Viviane Yargeau, Deniz Nasuhoglou, Simone Larcher, 

and Angela Rodayan 

• 15:10 – 15:35 Methylene Blue Bleaching by a Solar Driven Advanced 

Oxidation Process 

Po Yee Chan, James R. Bolton and 

Mohamed Gamal El-Din 

• 15:35 – 16:00 Micropollutant Degradation in Tap Water by UV, Ozone 

and UV/Ozone Processes 

Jingyun Fang, Zhi Chen, Minzhen Zeng, Chii Shang, 

and Wei Liu 


13:10 – 16:50 Salon A Session 6 – AOPs Applications (continued) 

• 16:00 – 16:25 Pesticides Removal by Advanced Oxidation Processes in 

the Water Reclamation Process 

Natividad Miguel, Judith Sarasa, 

Jorge Rodríguez-Chueca, Isabel García-Suescun, 

and María P. Ormad 

• 16:25 – 16:50 Cresols Oxidation with Fenton’s Reagent, Ozone and 

Combination Ozone-Fenton’s Reagent 

Clementina Rita Ramírez-Cortina, 

Ma. Ángela Sánchez-Aguilar and 

María Soledad Alonso-Gutiérrez 


17:00 – 18:30 Canadian Room Exhibitor Reception 

Tuesday, September 20, 2011 


08:15 – 11:55 Ballroom Session 7 – Ozone in Wastewater Treatment 

Moderator: Saad Jasim 

• 08:15 – 08:40 Treatment of Irrigation Return-Flow Water Containing 

Pesticides Using Ozone 

Pamela Chelme-Ayala, Daniel W. Smith, and 

Mohamed Gamal El-Din 

• 08:40 – 09:05 Study of Anaerobic Effluent Disinfected with Ozone 

G.H. Ribeiro da Silva, L.A.Daniel, H. Bruning, and 

W.H. Rulkens 

• 09:05 – 09:30 Examining the Role of Effluent Organic Matter 

Components on the Decomposition of Ozone and 

Formation of Hydroxyl Radical in Wastewater 

Sarah Gonzales, Andria Peña , and 

Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz 

• 10:15 – 10:40 Enhanced Coagulation Pre-treatment to Improve Ozone 

Efficiency in Wastewater 

Eric C Wert, Sarah Gonzales, Jeff Neemann, and 

Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz 

• 10:40 – 11:05 Degradation of the Lignin Derivatives in Pulp and Paper 

Mill Effluent with Conventional Ozonation 

J. Amacosta, and T. Poznyak 

• 11:05 – 11:30 Ozone-Enhanced Biological Treatment of 

Landfill Leachates 

Claudio Di Iaconi , Antonio Lopez, and Achim Ried 

• 11:30 – 11:55 The BISCO Concept: Biological-Compatible In-Situ 

Chemical Oxidation with Coated Microbubble Ozone 

(Gas Exchange) Sparging 

William B. Kerfoot 


08:15 – 11:55 Salon A Session 8 – UV Design 

Moderator: Jim Bolton 

• 08:15 – 08:40 Design, Commissioning, and Operation of Cedar Rapids 

UV Disinfection Facilities 

Todd Elliott, Bruce Jacobs, and Tony Myers 

• 08:40 – 09:05 Sensor-Based Control – The Way for Safe, Energy-Efficient 

UV System Operation 

Mike Newberry, and Paul Ropic 

• 09:05 – 09:30 The Role of UV Disinfection in Meeting U.S. Regulatory 

Requirements at an Existing Ozone Facility 

Paul D. Swaim, P.E., Joseph Zalla, P.E., 

Brad Johnson, P.E., Joe Pomroy, P.E., Harvey Johnson, 

and Wayne Pearson, P.E. 

• 10:15 – 10:40 New Design Lamp Drivers for Low Pressure Lamps 

Tonnie Telgenhof Oude Koehorst, and 

Gerhard van Eerden 

• 10:40 – 11:05 Scale-Up of UV AOP Reactors from Bench Tests 

Using CFD Modeling 

Keith Bircher, Mai Vuong, Brad Crawford, Mark Heath, 

and Jeff Bandy 

• 11:05 – 11:30 Assessing the UV Dose Delivered from Two UV Reactors 

in Series: Can you Always Assume Doubling the UV Dose 

from Individual Reactor Validations? 

Joel J. Ducoste, and Scott Alpert 

• 11:30 – 11:55 Point-of-Use Ultraviolet Disinfection: Shedding Light on 

Appropriate Technologies for Developing Communities 

Christina K. Barstow, Aaron D. Dotson, and 

Karl G. Linden 

08:15 – 11:55 Ontario Room Session 9 – AOPs in Drinking Water Treatment 

Moderators: Madjid Mohseni / Ron Hofmann 

• 08:15 – 08:40 Removal of Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products and 

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds and Reduction of 

Disinfection By-products Using Ozone/H 2O 2 and 

UV/H 2O 2 Processes 

Devendra Borikar, Saad Jasim, Madjid Mohseni, 

Leslie Bragg, Mark Servos, Souleymane Ndiongue, 

and Larry Moore 

• 08:40 – 09:05 Advanced Oxidation Treatment of Drinking Water: Part I. 

Occurrence and Removal of Pharmaceuticals and 

Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds from Lake Huron Water 

Mohammad Feisal Rahman, Earnest K. Yanful, 

Saad Y. Jasim, Leslie M. Bragg, Mark R. Servos, 

Souleymane Ndiongue, and Devendra Borikar 

• 09:05 – 09:30 Combination of O 3/H 2O 2 and UV for Multiple Barrier 

Micropollutant Treatment – An Economic Attractive Option 

Jens Scheideler, Karin Lekkerkerker-Teunissen, 

Ton Knol, Achim Ried, Jasper Verberk, and 

Hans van Dijk 


08:15 – 11:55 Ontario Room Session 9 – AOPs in Drinking Water Treatment 

(continued) 

• 10:15 – 10:40 Advanced Oxidation for Surface Water Treatment in 

Cornwall – A New Lighthouse Project in Europe 

Chris Rockey, Andreas Kolch, Alan Royce, Colin Tinkler, 

and Tim Ball 

• 10:40 – 11:05 UV Advanced Oxidation for Taste and Odor Control: 

Understanding Life-Cycle Cost and Sustainability 

Paul D. Swaim, P.E., Matt Ridens, Adam Festger, 

and Alan Royce, P.Eng. 

• 11:05 – 11:30 Inactivation of Adenovirus Using Low-Dose 

Ultraviolet/H 2O 2 Advanced Oxidation 

Sarah Bounty, Luke Martin, and Karl Linden 

• 11:30 – 11:55 The Effectiveness of UV + Chlorine Treatment of 

Trichloroethylene in Drinking Water 

Ding Wang, Tim Walton, Leigh McDermott, 

Susan Andrews, and Ron Hofmann 

08:15 – 11:55 Salon B Session 10 – UV Case Studies and Research 

Moderators: Jane Bonsteel / Ghassan Ghali 

• 08:15 – 08:40 Energy Efficient UV Upgrade at the Arrowhead Ranch 

Water Reclamation Facility 

Gary L. Hunter, P.E., Andrew J. Mally, P.E., 

Dan Buhrmaster, P.E., Larry Broutman, and 

Arif Rahman 

• 08:40 – 09:05 Integrating Ozonation and UV Disinfection for an Unfiltered 

System to Comply with LT2ESWTR 

Jeff Neemann, Bryan Townsend, Mario Francucci, 

Kathy Moriarty, Rick Pershken, Kevin Pottle, and 

Dina Page 

• 09:05 – 09:30 Hurdles and Progress in UV-C LED Technology for 

Water Disinfection 

Jennifer G. Pagan, Oliver Lawal, and Paolo Batoni 

• 10:15 – 10:40 12-Month UV Fouling Study on Unfiltered Source Water 

Chad Talbot, Mark Heath, Harold Wright, and 

David Peters 

• 10:40 – 11:05 Photochemical Fate of Oil Dispersants Used in the Gulf Oil 

Spill Clean-Up 

Austa M. Parker, Caitlin M. Glover, 

Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz, and Karl G. Linden 

• 11:05 – 11:30 Algae Control Methods Compared: The Importance of 

Successful Algae Control for Facilities with UV Disinfection 

David Drobiak, Brent R. Gill, Shawna Gill, D.C., and 

Joseph Nestico 

• 11:30 – 11:55 Adopting and Adapting to Advanced Treatment 

Technologies 

Jane Bonsteel, Andrew Farr, and Jeff Hennings 



12:00 – 13:05 Concert Hall Lunch 

13:10 – 16:50 Ballroom Session 11 – Ozone Research and Design 

Moderators: Pamela Chelme-Ayala / 

Souleymane Ndiongue 

• 13:10 – 13:35 Study of Ozone Application for the Degradation of 

Paraquat Dissolved in Water 

Patricia Reynoso Quispe, Roberto J. Carvalho, and 

Wilfredo I. Urruchi 

• 13:35 – 14:00 Decomposition Kinetics of Ozone Dissolved in Different 

Aqueous Solutions 

A.Pérez, T. Poznyak, and I.Chairez 

• 14:00 – 14:25 Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis Optimizes 

Pipeline Flash Reactor Design 

Celia Mazzei and Mike Spillner 

• 15:10 – 15:35 Ozone Sidestream Injection: Solving Start-Up Problems 

Using Underwater Video and Engineering Creativity 

Alan Domonoske and Gardner Olson 

• 15:35 – 16:00 Development and Use of an Ozonation Process Simulator 

at the Frank J. Horgan Water Treatment Plant 

Gord Mitchell, Liza Ballantyne, Alex Vukosavljevic and 

Kerwin L. Rakness 

• 16:00 – 16:25 Ozone Retrofit Considerations at the Oakville Water 

Purification Plant 

Elia Edwards, and Bill Mundy 

• 16:25 – 16:50 Mastering Ozonolysis: Production From Laboratory to Ton 

Scale in Continuous Flow 

Markus Nobis and Dominique M. Roberge 

13:10 – 16:50 Ontario Room Session 12 – UV Treatment Research 

Moderators: Bertrand Dussert / Ron Hofmann 

• 13:10 – 13:35 IUVA Uniform Protocol for Wastewater UV Validation 

Applications 

G. Elliott Whitby, Ph.D. on behalf of the 

IUVA Manufacturers Council 

• 13:35 – 14:00 Biodosimetry of a Full-Scale Wastewater UV Disinfection 

System Using Multiple Surrogate Microorganisms 

Bruno Ferran, and Wei Yang 

• 14:00 – 14:25 When Dose is Not Dose. The Case of UV Disinfection 

of Adenovirus 

Karl G. Linden, Karl Scheible, Phyllis Posy, 

Gwy-Am Shin, Jeanette Thurston, and Anne Eischeid 

• 15:10 – 15:35 Ultraviolet Lamp Efficiencies: Modern Derivation of the 

Keitz Formula and Other Efficiency Issues 

Qing Sheng Ke and James R. Bolton 


13:10 – 16:50 Ontario Room Session 12 – UV Treatment Research (continued) 

• 15:35 – 16:00 What is the Impact of UV Absorbing Particles on the 

Inactivation of Indigenous Bacteria? 

R.E. Cantwell and R. Hofmann 

• 16:00 – 16:25 UV-LEDs for Water Disinfection – Are We Close? 

Colleen Bowker, Scott Alpert, PhD, PE, and 

Joel Ducoste, Ph.D. 

• 16:25 – 16:50 Degradation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by 

222 nm and 254 nm UV Light 

Hiroshi Sakai, Tatsuro Takamatsu, Koji Kosaka, 

Naoyuki Kamiko, and Satoshi Takizawa 

13:10 – 16:50 Salon B Session 13 – Ozone Operation 

Moderators: Liza Ballantyne / Bill Mundy 

• 13:10 – 13:35 Sustainability and Ozonation: Making the Case for 

Generator Upgrades 

Julie Herzner, P.E., Anni Luck, P.E., Ian Crossley, 

C.Eng., and Gerard Moerschell 

• 13:35 – 14:00 Ozone Cost Implications from Oxygen Supply – 

Advantages of VSA Technology 

David Schneider and Soeren Schmitz 

• 14:00 – 14:25 The Ozonation Option for Private Onsite Wastewater 

Treatment – The WATERCLEAN Solution 

Thomas W. Bain 

• 15:10 – 15:35 Ozone Residual Meter Calibration Approach and Status 

Kerwin L. Rakness and Glenn F. Hunter 

• 15:35 – 16:00 Liquid Oxygen Specification for Ozone Generation 

Derek Miller 

• 16:00 – 16:25 Converting a Large Water Treatment Plant to Enhanced 

Coagulation and Biological Filtration 

Mark Simon, Michael Mikeska, Peter Stencel, 

Jennifer Cottingham, Nick Burns, Jeff Neemann, 

George Budd, and Randy Romack 

• 16:25 – 16:50 After the Dust Settles – Ozone System Operation and 

Optimization After Start-Up 

Glenn F. Hunter 

13:10 – 16:50 Salon A Session 14 – General Session and Food Applications 

Moderator: Ghassan Ghali / Jacque-Ann Grant 

• 13:10 – 13:35 Source Area Treatment of a TCE Plume by Coated 

Microbubble Ozone and Sequential ERD at a Portland, 

Oregon, Facility 

Paul Ecker, Paul McBeth, and William B. Kerfoot 

• 13:35 – 14:00 Photodecomposition Efficacy Validation of a Medium 

Pressure (MP) UV Reactor for removal of Residual Free 

Chlorine and Monochloramine in Water 

Ismail Gobulukoglu 


13:10 – 16:50 Salon A Session 14 – General Session and Food Applications 

(continued) 

• 14:00 – 14:25 UV Laser Based Longitudinal Illuminated Diffuser (LID) 

Beam Shaping System 

Todd Lizotte 

• 15:10 – 15:35 Pulsed Light Inactivation of Foodborne Pathogens: 

Fundamentals, Applications and Potential for the Future 

Carmen I. Moraru 

• 15:35 – 16:00 Ultraviolet Light for Safety of Fluid Foods and Beverages 

Tatiana Koutchma, PhD, Marta Orlowska, PhD, and 

Cheryl Defelice, PE. 

• 16:00 – 16:25 Ozone for Fresh Produce Transit 

David J. Cope 

• 16:25 – 16:50 Plague Elimination and Ozone Effects on Types Stored Corn 

Jose G. LLanes O, and Miguel Angulo 


18:30 – 19:00 Ballroom Foyer Reception (cash bar) 

19:00 – 22:30 Ballroom Room Closing Banquet 

Joe Sealy has enjoyed a highly successful career as a 

musician, composer, recording artist and radio 

broadcaster. Tonight you will enjoy the melodic sounds of 

this entertaining group. 

Wednesday, September 21, 2011 

Visit us at the Registration Desk & ask about possible remaining availability! 

Wednesday tours are NOT included in the full conference registration, and are separate events intended for 

those interested in seeing UV and Ozone applications firsthand. Each tour/workshop registration includes 

transportation and a box lunch. 

*Arrival times back to the hotel and airport are approximate. 

Ozone Technical Tour 

Horgan Water Treatment Plant & 

Oakville Water Purification Plant 

Sponsored by: 

Associated Engineers & Mitsubishi Electric 

Deadline for registration is September 14, 2011 

• Depart at 08:00, Return to 

Royal York by 16:00 

• Optional Drop off at Toronto Pearson Airport 

by 15:00 


UV Technical Tour 

Lorne Park Water Treatment Plant & Oakville Southeast Wastewater Treatment Plant 

Sponsored by: Trojan 

Deadline for registration is September 14, 2011 

• Depart at 08:00, Return to Royal York by 16:00 

• Optional Drop off at Toronto Pearson Airport by 15:00 

Ozone Social Tour 

Niagara-on-the-Lake – Peller Estates Ozone Tour 

• Depart at 08:30, Return to Royal York by 16:00 

• Optional drop off at Toronto Pearson Airport by 15:00 

Experience the charm of Canada’s quaint village of Niagara-on-the-Lake with a tour to Peller Estates Winery. 

The Niagara Region is one of the world’s great wonders and is not to be missed during a visit to Ontario. 

Your morning begins on board a comfortable sightseeing coach as it takes you away to the scenic and 

breath-taking town of Niagara-on-the-Lake. As you travel done the peaceful side roads, you will see some 

of Canada’s top wineries and picturesque vineyards that supply delicious wines all year round. 

When you visit the Peller Estates Winery, you will experience the Peller family’s commitment to excellence in 

winemaking that spans three generations and over 45 years. You will discover how the Peller family’s dream 

of producing world-class premium wines is being carried out each day at the winery. You will enjoy a tasting of 

3 Peller Estates VQA wines and time to browse their selection of current and back vintage wines in the Winery 

Boutique with a $5 rebate towards a purchase of wine. 

A beautiful lunch will be served on site in the Peller Wine Garden. 

After you have experienced the true warmth of the Niagara-on-the-Lake Winery Region, it’s time to depart for 

Toronto, as you reflect on this special day of scenic beauty and Canadian charm. 


Hotel Floor Plan 

MAIN MEZZANINE FLOOR 

PRINCE 

EDWARD 

ISLAND 

vvvvv 

vvvvv 

NEW 

BRUNSWICK 

NFLD. 

NOVA 

SCOTIA 

LADIES 

CONFEDERATION CONFEDERATION CONFEDERATION TUDOR TUDOR 

3 5 6 7 8 

SASKATCHEWAN 

MENS 

TO GARAGE 

vvvvvvv 

vvvvvvv 

MANITOBA 

ALBERTA 

AUDIO 

VISUAL 

ROOM 

MEDICAL 

CENTRE 

CHECK 

ROOM 

KITCHEN 

QUEBEC 

BOARDROOM 

TERRITORIES 

MENS 

BRITISH 

COLUMBIA 

ALGONQUIN 

LADIES 

YORK 

STATION 

BAR 

SALES/CATERING OFFICE 

LIBRARY YORK EXECUTIVE OFFICE RESERVATION 

OFFICE 

ESCALATORS 

16 2nd North American Conference on Ozone, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 

CONVENTION FLOOR 

KITCHEN 

STAGE 

MENS 

LADIES 

ONTARIO 

CANADIAN 

FOYER FOYER 

CONCERT HALL 

CHECK 

ROOM 

SALON B SALON A TORONTO 

ESCALATORS 

BALLROOM

General Information 

Registration Desk 

Conference Registration desk will be open during the following times at the locations indicated below: 

Saturday, September 17 14:00 – 17:00 – Mezzanine Balcony, North 

Sunday, September 18 07:00 – 21:00 – Canadian Room Foyer, Convention Floor 

Monday, September 19 07:00 – 17:00 – Canadian Room Foyer, Convention Floor 

Tuesday, September 20 07:00 - 13:00 – Canadian Room Foyer, Convention Floor 

If you require information or assistance at any time during the Conference, staff at the Registration Desk will be 

pleased to assist you. 

Badges 

Delegates, speakers, exhibitors and guests must wear their identification badges at all times to gain 

admission to the conference sessions and tradeshow. In the event that your badge is lost or misplaced, a 

replacement may be obtained at the Registration desk during published hours at a cost of $15. 

Cell phones 

Please mute or turn off cell phones, pagers etc. during conference presentations. 

Continuing Education Units & Professional Development Hours 

Continuing Education Units (CEU’s) and Professional Development Hours (PDH’s) will be provided for this 

meeting. If you are interested in obtaining this please visit the registration area for more information. 

Conference Proceedings 

Copies of all papers received by the deadline will found on the DVD in each delegate bag. Additional copies are 

available at $75US for members and $100US for non-members from IOA (www.io3a.org) or IUVA (www.iuva.org) 

Smoking 

The Conference has been designated a non-smoking area. 

Emergency Procedures 

Details are included on the following page. 

Dress 

The dress for the Conference is business casual. 

Insurance 

The Organizing Committee, the International Ozone Association (IOA), International Ultraviolet Association 

(IUVA) and Absolute Conferences & Events Inc. (Absolute) will accept no liability for personal injuries sustained 

by or for loss or damage to property belonging to Conference participants, either during or as a result of the 

Conference or during the tours. 


The Fairmont Royal York 

Emergency Procedures 

Security Services: 

• the hotel has 24 hr. 7 days a week security 

• Security can be reached through the hotel operator by dialing “0” 

• all security officers are trained in First Aid & CPR 

• Security will handle any Lost & Found items that you may have 

Medical: 

• if any guest requires to go to the hospital the hotel will send them by taxi 

• if an emergency an ambulance will be called 

• there are two hospitals with in 5 minutes driving distance 

• response time for an ambulance is 5 -10 minutes 

Fire: 

• the hotel has a two stage alarm system 

• all alarms go directly to an outside monitoring company who will call the fire department 

• the hotel operator also calls the fire department 

• the intermittent tones means there is an alarm in the hotel and guests should stand by and 

prepare to leave 

• continuous tones means to evacuate the immediate area 

• public announcements will be made giving information and instructions 

• the off site assembly area is the main level to the right in Union Station directly across from the hotel 

• response time is 3 – 5 minutes 

Emergency Response Team: 

• the hotel has a team that is informed by pagers and a 2-way radio system 

• the hotel has an internal call system similar to the public 911 system. Dial 7- 4333 from any phone. 

The call goes direct to the Switchboard Supervisor. 

• DO NOT dial 911 from a cell phone. There are too many entrances to the hotel to effectively direct 

emergency crews to the correct location 

• Any 911 calls from hotel phones automatically transfer to the switchboard supervisor 

• any emergency will have six or more staff responding at any given time to your emergency 

The hotel trains all new staff on emergency procedures and departmental training is done twice a year. 

An annual full evacuation is done with staff involvement. 


Upcoming Events 

October 20, 2011 

Drinking Water Disinfection with Ultraviolet Irradiation Workshop 

Tracy, CA 

www.iuva.org 

December 7, 2011 

UV for Water Treatment: Recent Implementation and Trends 

Congress Centre, Great Russell Street, 

London 

www.iuva.org 

September 23 – 26, 2012 

IOA – PAG Regional Conference 

Hyatt Regency Milwaukee 

Milwaukee, WI 

www.io3a.org 

September 24 – 27, 2013 

21st Ozone and 7th Ultraviolet World Congress 

Mirage Resort 

Las Vegas, NV 

www.iuva.org, www.io3a.org 


Oral Presentations 

Session 1 – Disinfection and Disinfection Byproducts S1-1 

Advantages of Combined Oxidants in Water Treatment 

Douglas Rittmann, Ph.D, P.E. 

Water/Wastewater Consultant, 1008 Sun Ridge Drive, El Paso, Texas 79912 

Combined oxidants use in water treatment has been increasing because of more stringent drinking water 

regulations. First of all, this paper will present a literature review of other studies concerning the advantages of 

combined disinfectants. This paper will also report on three laboratory and plant studies performed at two 

water plants in El Paso, Texas and a water plant in Aurora Colorado. All of these studies showed synergistic 

benefits of combined oxidants in reducing THMs and chlorite levels while increasing disinfection capability in 

the same disinfection zone and reducing bromate formation at the ozone water plant. The combined oxidants 

evaluated were chlorine dioxide and chlorine at the Canal Plant in El Paso; chlorine dioxide and chloramines 

treatment at Aurora Colorado Water Plant in reducing chlorite and THMs levels while increasing disinfection 

credit; and chlorine dioxide as a pre-oxidant to ozonation to reduce bromates in water with excessive bromide 

levels. Linear regression equations were developed from lab and plant studies to predict THMs formation and 

bromate formation. Combined chlorine dioxide and chlorine disinfection in the same zone showed the 

advantages of more chlorite reduction while increasing disinfection credit and providing a double barrier safety 

margin in the disinfection capability of the plant. 

Keywords: Oxidants; Combined Oxidants; Chlorine Dioxide; Chlorine, Ozone; Chloramines; TTHMs; 

Bromates; Disinfection. 



Multiple Benefits of Intermediate Ozone at 

Four Surface Water Treatment Plants in Southern California 

Michael A. Oneby 1 , Richard Lin 2 , and James H. Borchardt 2 

1. MWH Americas, 789 N. Water St, Suite 430, Milwaukee, WI 53202-3558, USA 

2. MWH Americas, 618 Michillinda Ave., Suite 200, Arcadia, CA 91007, USA 

Four conventional surface water treatment plants owned and operated by a California water agency (Agency) 

integrated an ozone disinfection process into existing conventional treatment trains that produce potable water 

for several communities. The Agency is a wholesaler that purchases water from the State Water Project (SWP), 

treats and delivers water to several communities in the Antelope Valley. Ozone replaced chlorine gas enabling 

the agency to meet regulated disinfection byproduct (DBP) limits for regulated trihalomethane (THM) and 

haloacetic acid (HAA) compounds at all sample locations in the respective distribution systems as required by 

the Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 2 DBP). The projects began operation in 

2009. Quarterly distribution system sampling since startup of the ozone facilities indicates a drop in DBP 

formation. Additionally, each of the plants experienced a reduction of filter effluent turbidity and longer filter 

run time, benefits not factored into the original selection process. The applied ozone dose is limited by bromate 

formation, and the operators utilize bromate control strategies to achieve disinfection and operational goals 

while staying within the bromate limit of 10 µg/L. Due to improvement in downstream processes, particularly 

filtration, the ozone process has become an integral process in maintaining high finished water quality under a 

wide range of operating conditions. 

Keywords: Ozone; Ozonation; Disinfection, Disinfection Byproducts; Bromate. 



Disinfection Byproducts in Wastewater Effluent and 

Technology Approaches to Meet Developing Regulations 

Christopher S. Carr 1 , Larry Schimmoller 2 , Mike Witwer 3 , and Jenny Reina 4 

1. CH2M HILL, Altanta, GA 

2. CH2M HILL, Denver, CO 

3. CH2M HILL, Gainesville, FL 

4. CH2M HILL, Oakland, CA 

As total water management continues to be key for sustainable infrastructure, new regulations affecting 

wastewater effluent and reuse water are directing water utilities to consider alternative disinfection treatment 

technologies. Whether the application is surface water discharge, ground water injection, indirect potable 

reuse, or irrigation, regulators across the country are monitoring and/or permitting disinfection by-product 

levels. While other technologies can provide an effective solution to DBPs, there are options to consider with 

regards to chlorine use. The ways in which existing chlorination systems can potentially be modified to manage 

DBPs includes; Optimizing Chlorine Contact Time and Dose, Control Chlorination pH, Utilize Ammonia for 

Chloramination, and Sequential Chlorination. 

If through evaluation it is determined that the use of chlorine as a disinfectant cannot meet the DBP 

requirements, several alternate disinfectants or disinfection combinations can be implemented; Ultraviolet 

Disinfection, Ozonation, Ozone with UV, Chlorine Dioxide, Peracetic Acid, and Ferrate. 

Keywords: Ultraviolet; Ozone; Chlorine; Chloramination; Disinfection; DBPs; THMs. 


Comparison Between Conventional Treatments and Advanced Oxidation 

Processes Used in Disinfection of Treated Wastewater 

Rodriguez-Chueca J., Sarasa J., López A., Miguel N., Mosteo R., and Ormad M.P. 

Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technologies, University of Zaragoza 

12, Pedro Cerbuna Street , 50009, Zaragoza, Spain 

This paper shows the inactivation results obtained on Escherichia coli present in treated urban wastewater 

using a conventional treatment like chlorination, and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) such as ozonation, 

UV light, H 2O 2/sunlight radiation and Fenton process. All of the studied treatments are able to remove 

Escherichia coli in greater o lesser level. The total inactivation (6.5-7.5 log) is reached by mean of chlorination. 

AOPs achieve significant levels of inactivation using ozonation (3.40 log) and UV light (3.80 log), and closer to 

5 log using Fenton reaction. The aim of this research work is to study the application of different disinfection 

treatments such as chlorine, O 3, UV, H 2O 2/ sunlight radiation and Fenton technology in the inactivation of 

Escherichia coli present in treated wastewater, and show the advantages and disadvantages of each treatment. 

Keywords: Wastewater; Chlorination; AOPs; Ozonation; UV Radiation; Fenton; Disinfection; Escherichia coli. 


Session 2 – UV Validation and Monitoring I S2-1 

Use of a High-Resistance Challenge Organism for Validation of Low 

Pressure, High Output UV Reactors for Virus Inactivation 

Brian Petri 1 , Stewart Hayes 1 , Adam Festger 1 , P. Chan, O. Karl Schieble 2 , 

C. Shen 2 , P. Patil 2 , C. Odegaard 3 , and I. Gobulukoglu 4 

1. Trojan Technologies, London, ON, Canada 

2. HydroQual Inc., Mahwah, NJ, USA 

3. GAP EnviroMicrobial, London, ON, Canada 

4. Aquafine Corporation, Valencia, CA, USA 

The United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment 

Rule (LT2) defined UV dose requirements for inactivation of viruses based on the relatively resistant adenovirus 

(USEPA, 2006). Further, LT2 requires virus treatment for unfiltered public water systems and systems that 

utilize uncovered finished water storage reservoirs. Subsequently, EPA’s Groundwater Rule (GWR, 2006) 

requires that groundwater systems provide 4-log inactivation of viruses or demonstrate through monitoring that 

source waters are free from fecal indicators. According to the GWR, 4-log virus treatment can be accomplished 

with a variety of technologies including chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone and membranes. However, in the 

absence of existing validations demonstrating UV’s ability to deliver a dose of 186 mJ/cm 2 , the GWR did not 

explicitly allow for UV to meet virus treatment requirements. Instead, discretion was left to the states. For 

utilities and bottling companies wishing to utilize UV for virus inactivation, the lack of existing validation and 

regulatory clarity has led to challenges in implementing UV. 

Water bottlers, bulk haulers, and retail water providers may also be impacted by LT2 and GWR regulations 

regarding virus treatment. The potential exists for state agencies to interpret the GWR to require 4-log 

inactivation of viruses for such systems. As the addition of chlorine or other chemical disinfectants is 

undesirable and, in fact may jeopardize “spring water” status, bottlers are understandably reticent to utilize 

chemical disinfectants to achieve virus treatment. UV presents an attractive non-chemical option. 

With respect to the UV dose required for inactivation of adenovirus, recent data demonstrates that in a given 

water, a medium pressure lamp generating polychromatic UV light is able to inactivate adenovirus at doses 

lower than 186 mJ/cm2 (Linden et al., 2005, Linden et al., 2009). A virus inactivation benefit associated with 

medium pressure lamps, from the perspective of state regulatory agencies, may not be sufficient to meet federal 

regulatory requirements. Further, the effectiveness of medium pressure polychromatic light for inactivation of 

adenovirus is reported to be partly the result of low wavelength absorbance (i.e.

Session S2-1 continued 

Validation of a family of low pressure high output lamp-equipped UV reactors for beverage and drinking water 

disinfection applications was performed at the UV Validation Center in Johnstown, NY by HydroQual Inc. 

A. niger was cultured at sufficient volumes and concentrations to complete the full scale challenge. Results of 

the full scale UV validation testing demonstrated that A. niger is an effective surrogate for adenovirus. Its 

resistance to UV was greater than adenovirus, and measured REDs were as high as 400 mJ/cm 2 . This 

validation allows utilities and bottlers to install UV to meet federally-prescribed virus treatment requirements, 

up to and including 4-log inactivation at a required dose of 186 mJ/cm 2 . 

Keywords: UV Disinfection; Adenovirus; Aspergillus niger; Surrogate; Validation; Low Pressure High Output; 

Groundwater. 


How Low Can You Go: 

Impact of UV Turndown Capabilities on Operating Efficiency 

Bryan Townsend 1 , Donnie Ginn 2 , Andrew Schipper 3 , Adam Westermann 4 , and Xi Zhao 5 

1. Black & Veatch, 8520 Cliff Cameron Drive, Suite 210, Charlotte, NC 28269 

2. Black & Veatch, 5750 Castle Creek Parkway North, Suite 245, Indianapolis, IN 46250 

3. Fort Wayne City Utilities, One Main Street, Room 480, Fort Wayne, IN 46802 

4. Black & Veatch, 4555 Lake Forest Drive, Suite 310, Cincinnati, OH 45242 

5. Black & Veatch, 8400 Ward Parkway, Kansas City, MO 64114 

In order to comply with the Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, the Fort Wayne City 

Utilities is constructing a UV disinfection facility at the Three Rivers Filtration Plant (TRFP) for inactivation of 

Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Due to the wide range of flows and UVTs that the TRFP is expected to encounter, 

the evaluation of proposed UV system designs needed to address the validated limits, dose-monitoring strategy, 

turndown capabilities and the UV system operating efficiency specific to each UV reactor. While the primary 

focus of a UV system design is to create a UV facility that provides the necessary level of disinfection to protect 

public health, the importance of selecting the proper equipment that can efficiently dose-pace and avoid overdosing 

throughout the entire flow and UVT range should not be overlooked. 

Keywords: Disinfection; Efficiency, Energy, Validation; Ultraviolet; UV. 



Wastewater UV Disinfection Systems – 

Lessons Learned During Performance Testing 

Cody L. Charnas 1 , Katherine Y. Bell 2 , Ph.D., PE, BCEE 

Dale Adams 3 , PE, Jed Chambers 3 , Dean Cohrs 3 , Dan Hammer 3 , and Pat Schmidt 3 

1. CDM, 555 17th Street, Suite 1100, Denver, CO 80202 

2. CDM, 210 25th Avenue North, Suite 1102, Nashville, TN 37203 

3. Colorado Springs Utilities, 1521 S. Hancock Expy, Colorado Springs, CO 80903 

As many new ultraviolet (UV) systems are being designed and constructed for disinfection of secondary 

wastewater effluent, it is important to confirm both the design and the system’s ability to meet the discharge 

permit requirements through performance testing. Performance testing is recommended for all wastewater UV 

disinfection system projects and should include evaluation of the UV system under “worst-case” conditions. 

Additionally, it is important to confirm the actual headloss through the reactors and verify the power 

consumption to confirm that the system can meet the required design specifications. This case study presents 

the test protocols and the results of the testing. 

Keywords: Ultraviolet Disinfection; UV; Wastewater Disinfection; Total Suspended Solids; Performance Testing. 


Operation, Maintenance, and Reporting Activities for 

Municipal Drinking Water UV Disinfection Facilities 

Todd Elliott 1 , Alex Chen 2 , David Euler 3 , Andrew Niblock 4 , 

Eric Kiefer 5 , Enoch Nicholson 6 , and Paul Swaim 7 

1. CH2M HILL, Mendota Heights, MN, USA 

2. Seattle Public Utilities, Seattle, WA, USA 

3. City of North Bay, North Bay, ON, CAN 

4. City of St. Johns, St. Johns, NL, CAN 

5. North Shore Water Commission, Glendale, WI, USA 

6. CH2M HILL, Seattle, WA, USA 

7. CH2M HILL, Denver, CO, USA 

Over the last 10 years, the implementation of UV disinfection in the municipal drinking water industry has 

grown rapidly with most installations focused on Cryptosporidium inactivation in response to the USEPA’s 

Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR). Despite the widespread use of UV 

disinfection, operation and maintenance requirements are an area of interest for those contemplating the 

implementation of UV disinfection, and practical information can be difficult to locate. The reporting 

requirements to regulators may not be well understood, or even overlooked, until the UV system has been 

commissioned. Although the EPA’s UV Disinfection Guidance Manual (UVDGM) provides excellent guidance in 



general, it allows for state, provincial, or other site specific requirements to over-ride UVDGM requirements, 

and in some cases, detailed conversations with regulators are needed to identify their specific preferences. 

This presentation will summarize general operation and maintenance requirements for municipal drinking 

water UV disinfection installations based on utility experiences. Site specific information from operating UV 

facilities including Seattle Public Utilities Cedar Water Treatment Facility, in operation for over 6 years, and 

Ketchikan Public Utilities UV Disinfection Facility, in operation for 1 year, will be included. State or provincial 

requirements that deviate from the UVDGM will be identified as applicable. For example, the Cedar facility 

must operate at a MS2 Reduction Equivalent Dose of 40 mJ/cm 2 or greater at all times and the Ketchikan UV 

facility must base the UV dose on the minimum S/So. Types of routine operations and maintenance activities 

that will be discussed include monitoring and recording frequency of required operational parameters, lamp 

and sleeve replacement frequency, intensity sensors and UVT analyzers calibration requirements, sleeve 

cleaning, and lamp intensity checks. Costs associated with replacing spare parts and energy consumption will 

also be provided. Types of regulatory reporting requirements that will be discussed include monthly reporting 

requirements, daily operating logs, calibration logs, and off-specification worksheets. Specialty topics like 

mitigating the consequences of lamp breaks or addressing off-specification water with operational controls will 

be included as well. 

This presentation will benefit water utility managers, plant operators, and regulators by providing real-world 

examples of operation, maintenance, and reporting requirements for UV disinfection facilities. This information 

will prepare water utilities for what to discuss with regulators and what to expect once their UV facility is 

brought online. 

Keywords: Drinking Water Treatment; UV Disinfection; UV Design Guidance Manual; Long-Term 2 Enhanced 

Surface Water Treatment Rule; Operation and Maintenance. 


Session 3 – AOP Methods S3-1 

Catalytic Ozonation of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in 

Water Using Ni/SiO 2 

J.L. Rodríguez S 1,2 , T. Poznyak 1 , H. Tiznado 3 , M.A. Valenzuela 2 , and D. Magallanes 1 

1. Lab. Ing. Química Ambiental. ESIQIE – Instituto Politécnico Nacional. 

Zacatenco, 07738 México, D.F. México. 

2. Lab. Catálisis y Materiales. ESIQIE – Instituto Politécnico Nacional. 

Zacatenco, 07738 México, D.F. México. 

3. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Km. 107 

Carretera Tijuana a Ensenada, C. P. 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México 

Catalytic ozonation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) in aqueous solution has been carried out in a 

semi-continuous laboratory reactor where SiO 2 and Ni/SiO 2 have been used as the catalysts. The presence of 

the two catalyst significantly improve the degradation of 2,4-D and the generation of intermediate species 

compared to the results from non-catalytic ozonation. Adsorption of 2,4-D on the two catalytic surfaces have 

no remarkable influence on the degradation. 

The preparation method is a fundamental step in the heterogeneous catalysts so that, the catalysts were 

synthetized by wet impregnation and liquid phase photo-deposition methods. The results show that only 30% 

of the 2,4-D was removed in the conventional ozonation during 1 h. The catalytic ozonation with Ni/SiO 2 

increases the herbicide decomposition for two catalysts: impregnation and photo-deposition. However, the best 

activity and stability are observed for the catalysts prepared by the impregnation method, this due to the strong 

interaction of nickel with SiO 2. Glycolic, fumaric, maleic and oxalic acids were some intermediates formed in 

the catalytic ozonation. 

Keywords: Ozone; Ni/SiO 2; Impregnation and Phodeposition Methods; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid 

Decomposition. 


Composite Titania Photocatalytic Coating for Vacuum UV Photoreactor 

C. Duca, G. Imoberdorf, and M. Mohseni 

Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 

2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada 

The main objective of this research was to compare Vacuum UV (VUV) process and photocatalysis. Different 

sol-gel techniques were used to prepare TiO 2 coatings, which were evaluated using a small photocatalytic 

reactor irradiated with 254 nm radiation (UV). The catalyst that presented the highest photocatalytic activity 

and the highest attrition resistance was used to compare photocatalysis with VUV in an annular flow-through 

reactor. The degradation of 2,4-D in Millipore water was tested using immobilized TiO 2/UV, slurry Degussa 

P25/UV, and VUV, under the same operating conditions. The conversions obtained were 2.5%, 38%, and 

100%, respectively, showing that the efficacy of photocatalysis is significantly lower than that of VUV. 

Keywords: Vacuum UV; Photocatalysis; Photoreactor; 2,4-D; Micropollutants. 



Advanced Oxidation of Drinking Water Using Ultraviolet Light and 

Alternative Solid Forms of Hydrogen Peroxide 

Zachary Monge 1 , MS, EIT, and Erik Rosenfeldt 2 , PE, Ph.D. 

1. CH2M HILL, 430 East Genesee Street, Syracuse, NY 

2. Hazen and Saywer 

With the increasing focus on removing emerging, unregulated drinking water contaminants, the use of 

advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) has become more prevalent. A commonly used AOP is the ultraviolet 

light/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H 2O 2) AOP. This process utilizes the formation of hydroxyl radicals to oxidize 

contaminants to less harmful forms. In this analysis, two alternative solid forms of H 2O 2, sodium perborate (SPB) 

and sodium percarbonate (SPC) were used as sources of H 2O 2 in the UV/H 2O 2 AOP. The potential advantage 

of SPB and SPC is that they are solids in nature, and as a result, the shipping costs and shipping energy 

requirements can be reduced significantly compared to that of liquid H 2O 2. 

The yields of active H 2O 2 via SPB and SPC were investigated in deionized (DI) water and three natural water 

sources from the Northampton, MA Water Filtration Plant. In DI water, the active yields of H 2O 2 via SPB and 

SPC were much higher than in the natural water sources. The findings of this analysis indicate that both SPB 

and SPC are viable sources of H 2O 2, especially in waters that are treated to reduce the background carbonate 

concentration. 

In highly finished waters similar to DI water, it is expected that the use of SPB and SPC will result in reduced 

oxidation rates of drinking water contaminants. Therefore, the use of SPB and SPC as H 2O 2 sources in the 

UV/H 2O 2 AOP in highly finished waters is not encouraged. In natural water sources, SPB and SPC appear to be 

viable alternatives to liquid H 2O 2 for use in the UV/H 2O 2 AOP up to active H 2O 2 concentrations of 5mg/L. 

Using SPB and SPC has the potential for significant cost savings depending on the source of the water used 

in the drinking water treatment process. For facilities with surface waters as the source water, significant cost 

savings are possible. However water reclamation and reuse facilities have high purity source waters and SPB 

and SPC as sources of H 2O 2 are more costly alternatives. The reduction in treatment facilities carbon 

footprints’ associated with shipping H 2O 2 is largely dependent on the location of the chemical production 

facilities of each reagent. 

Keywords: UV Advanced Oxidation; Hydrogen Peroxide. 



Development of an Integrated UV/Self-Generated Ozone 

Advanced Oxidation Reactor for Water Treatment 

Jingyun Fang 1 , Hai Liao 1 , Chii Shang 1 , Minzhen Zeng 1 , Zhi Chen 1 , Menglin Ni 1 , and Wei Liu 2 

1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and 

Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 

2. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 

UV irradiation or ozone alone has been widely used for water disinfection and/or oxidative destruction of 

pollutant for decades. The combination of UV and ozone has been proved to have a synergistic effect on 

micro-pollutant destruction and pathogen disinfection. However, the cost is prohibitive for sustaining the two 

energy-intensive processes. Using conventional low-pressure Hg Lamp, which emits two principal wavelengths: 

254 nm and 185 nm, to generate ozone and achieve UV/ozone coexposure has been considered in earlier 

work. However, the development is rather limited, likely due to the low ozone generation rate. Recent 

advancement in UV lamp tube design and manufacturing, nevertheless, enables the possibility to realize the 

concept by increasing the output intensity and the penetration of light at 185 nm. We therefore revisit the 

concept of using the 185 nm UV light to produce ozone from air circulated between the UV lamp and the 

quartz sleeve. The produced ozone can then be pumped into the UV system in the water phase to create a 

scenario of the UV/ozone process to enhance micro-pollutant oxidation and/or disinfection by ozone and/or 

hydroxyl radical attack. This study focused on the development of a flow-through, integrated UV/self-generated 

ozone advanced oxidation reactor using low-pressure, high-intensity Hg lamp made with synthetic quartz. The 

development and evaluation of the reactor consists of the following three aspects: 1) how to enhance ozone 

production in the gas phase by changing the gas flow rate, pressure and reactor configurations; 2) how to 

enhance the mass transfer of the produced ozone into the water phase by using different diffusers; and 3) how 

to better design the reactor to maximize pollutant destruction and pathogen disinfection in the water phase by 

changing the combining sequences and the reactor configurations. The combination of UV and the low levels 

of ozone give a higher rate and efficiency in destruction of micropollutants (i.e., nitrobenzene and Nnitrosodimethylamine) 

and disinfection of E. coli and coliphage MS-2. This integrated reactor is energy- and 

space-saving, compared to the combining use of a conventional UV irradiator and an external ozone generator. 

It is a promising process to be used in households, swimming pools, and drinking water treatment plants. More 

details will be available in the presentation. 

Keywords: UV; Ozone Advanced Oxidation. 


Session 4 – Ozone in Drinking Water Treatment S4-1 

Seven Years of Using Ozone as a Cost Effective Treatment Strategy 

Gord Devine, and Bill Mundy 

Regional Municipality of Halton, 1151 Bronte Road, Oakville, ON, Canada, L6M 3L1 

The Regional Municipality of Halton (Halton Region) is located south west of Toronto, Ontario, Canada and is 

located on Lake Ontario. Lake Ontario is the source water for all three of Halton Region’s surface Water 

Treatment Plants which serves an approximate population of 400,000 people for the City of Burlington, the 

Town of Oakville and Town of Milton. 

Lake Ontario is influenced by significant urbanization with approximately 5.6 million people living in the greater 

Toronto area which makes the source water potentially contaminated by Cryptosporidium. Through 

surveillance sampling that Halton Region had conducted, Cryptosporidium has been detected. As a result of 

this potential risk, Halton Region chose to adopt an internal cryptosporidium inactivation goal which is beyond 

the current regulations established by the regulatory authority. Additionally, Lake Ontario does have seasonal 

taste and odour events that can be quite significant, making the case for selection of ozonation as a primary 

disinfectant, and taste and odour removal. 

With seven years of operating with ozone on Lake Ontario water, ozone has been successfully integrated as a 

must-have operational tool. This paper will discuss the process design, operational issues, taste and odour 

removal, bromate control, and an operating cost comparison between diffuser and sidestream installations. 

Keywords: Ozone; Taste; Odour; Cryptosporidium; Diffuser; Sidestream; Bromate; Costs; Capital; Retrofit. 


Designing Ozone Systems for Great Lakes Water – 

State of the Art and Lessons Learned from 10 Years of Experience 

Helen Jin 1 , Quirien Muylwyk 2 , and Ed Minchew 3 

1. CH2M HILL Canada, 255 Consumers Road, Toronto, ON, M2J 5B6, Canada 

2. CH2M HILL Canada 

3. CH2M HILL 

In the past ten years, CH2M HILL has designed ozone systems for four agencies (Windsor Utilities Commission, 

Region of Halton, Peel Region, and Toronto Water), providing an installed capacity of over 6,000 kg/d ozone 

production to treat more than 2,000 ML/d water. This represents over a decade of experience and lessons 

learned when ozone is used as an integral role to protect public health. Why – and how – ozone is used on the 

Great Lakes will be summarized, with specific design details described based on these installations. 

Keywords: Ozone; Design. 



Upgrading the Largest WTP in the Czech Republic – Experiences Gained in 

Design, Start Up and Operation of a State of the Art Ozonation System 

Radka Hušková 1 , Jiri Benes 2 , Philip Page 3 , Florian Axt 4 , and Michael Ziegler 4 

1. Pražské vodovody a kanalizace, a.s., Praha, Czech Republic 

2. DISA, v.o.s, Brno, Czech Republic 

3. Statiflo International Ltd, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom 

4. ITT Water & Wastewater Herford GmbH, Germany 

Since 1991 the City of Prague relies on ozone for sanitation and disinfection of its drinking water within WTP 

Želivka. With a maximum flowrate of 7 m 3 /s it is the largest DWTP in the Czech Republic. Before 2009, 36 kg/h 

of ozone was generated from dry air, then introduced to the water through porous diffusers. Because of its low 

efficiency and increasing demand for maintenance, this system needed replacing. 

In the autumn of 2009 this old ozonation system was replaced with a new ITT Wedeco system, consisting of 

2 x PDO 1000, each with a 16kg/h capacity. The new ozonation system which was commissioned in the spring 

of 2010 generates ozone from oxygen at a concentration of 12 wt% and above and uses a custom engineered 

STATIFLO Gas Dispersion System (GDS). 

The content of this presentation is focused on comparison of the old and the new ozonization technology and 

describes the first experiences gained from the operation of the new installation. The good results of the ozone 

transfer efficiency are illustrated from continuous measurement. 

Current analyses of the new technology have shown a significant improvement on the drinking water quality, 

the ease of operation and the process economy. 

Keywords: Water Treatment Plant; Ozone; Ozonization; Mixing; Dissolving; Gas Dispersion System. 


Implementing Ozone at the F.J. Horgan Water Treatment Plant 

Liza Ballantyne, P.Eng., Alex Vukosavljevic, and Gordon Mitchell, P.Eng. 

City of Toronto, F.J. Horgan WTP, 201 Copperfield Road, Toronto, ON M1E 5G7, Canada 

The F.J. Horgan Water Treatment Plant is one of four water treatment facilities in the City of Toronto. It is 

currently undergoing a 230 ML/d capacity expansion to increase its overall capacity to 800 ML/d. A major 

component of the expansion will be the conversion to ozone for primary disinfection and taste and odour 

control for the entire 800 ML/d process stream. Construction is currently on-going and the commissioning is 

anticipated to begin in the first quarter of 2012. 

The paper will focus on the steps that were undertaken to implement ozone at this facility including factors that 

lead to the selection of ozone, technical consideration during the design phase, contractual considerations that 

lead to the pre-purchasing of the ozone equipment and the importance of leveraging the experiences and 

lessons learned from other municipalities. 

Keywords: Lessons Learned; Value Engineering; Peer Review; Pre-Purchase; Sampling System; Liquid Oxygen; 

Dissolution System; Residual Quenching. 



Implementing Ozone Training and Maintenance Integration at 

the Frank J. Horgan Water Treatment Plant 

Alex Vukosavljevic, Liza Ballantyne and Gord Mitchell 

City of Toronto, F.J. Horgan WTP, 201 Copperfield Road, Toronto, ON, Canada 

Toronto Water has embarked on an aggressive capital work program which includes the expansion and 

major process upgrades to the F.J. Horgan Water Treatment Plant, one of four municipal treatment facilities. 

A key aspect of the 230 ML/day capacity expansion is the incorporation of an ozone treatment system for 

primary disinfection and taste & odour control. Ozone treatment for potable water is a totally new process for 

Toronto Water. 

This paper will describe Toronto Water’s research, contractual requirements and implementation plan for 

replacing chlorine with ozone for primary disinfection from the perspective of operations and maintenance 

staff preparation, health & safety knowledge and comprehensive training. In addition, the processes involved 

in incorporating a host of new ozone related equipment into the facility Computerized Maintenance 

Management System (CMMS) will be detailed. The paper will summarize the steps being taken to make the 

transition to a fundamentally new treatment process a smooth and painless one with broad based buy-in and 

acceptance by critical staff. 

Keywords: Training, Ozone; Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS); Continuing Education 

Units (CEU); Expansion; Upgrade; Modernization. 



Mitigation of Anoxic Hypolimnetic Water in a Drinking Water Reservoir by 

Bottom Water Withdrawal and Treatment – 

Bench-Scale Ozone Test and Full-Scale Water Treatment 

Keisuke Ikehata 1 , Andrew T. Komor 1 , and Philip F. Bogdanoff 2 

1. Pacific Advanced Civil Engineering, 

17520 Newhope Street, Suite 200, Fountain Valley, California 92708 

2. Public Utilities Department, City of Anaheim, 

201 S. Anaheim Boulevard, Suite 601, Anaheim, California 92805 

Due to thermal stratification followed by the development of anoxic hypolimnion, accumulation of reduced 

constituents, including sulfide, manganese, ammonia, as well as phosphate, was noticed in the Walnut 

Canyon Reservoir (WCR), a drinking water reservoir in the city of Anaheim, in the summer of 2010. In order 

to minimize the risks associated with these constituents, withdrawal of the anoxic water and its treatment using 

an existing ozonation facility in the Lenain water treatment plant (LWTP) was considered as an effective 

mitigation option. First, a bench-scale ozone test was conducted to determine the ozone demand and the 

mass ratio between ozone and sulfide to achieve treatment targets based on the odor threshold of sulfide 

(0.05 mg/L) and the secondary maximum contaminant level for manganese (0.05 mg/L). An ozone to sulfide 

mass ratio of 2:1 was found to be sufficient to reduce the sulfide concentrations to below 0.05 mg/L, which is 

lower than published values (3:1 to 4:1). In order to remove manganese, more ozone was required 

(ozone:sulfide ≈ 2.6:1), although over-oxidation of manganese occurred when a higher ozone-to-sulfide mass 

ratio, such as 3:1, was used. Based on these results, the anoxic bottom water was withdrawn from the lowest 

intake (30 m below the water level) in the WCR, blended with bypass water (5% bottom + 95% bypass) and 

treated by a treatment train consisting of pre-chlorination, coagulation, flocculation, clarification, intermediate 

ozonation, filtration, and post-chlorination in the LWTP. Majority of sulfide was removed or volatilized during 

coagulation, flocculation, and clarification. Sulfide was not detected (


Assessing Raw Water Ozonation for Taste and Odor Removal, 

Manganese Oxidation, and DAF Preconditioning 

Joseph Huang 1 , P.E., Robert Biehler 2 , P.E., Dean Gregory 3 , Ph.D., and Alan G. LeBlanc 4 , P.E. 

1. Camp Dresser and McKee Inc., 2295 Gateway Oaks, Suite 240, Sacramento, CA 95833 

2. New Jersey American Water, 120 Raider Boulevard, Hillsborough, NJ 08844 

3. 3235 Field Street, Wheat Ridge, CO 80033 

4. Camp Dresser and McKee Inc., Jefferson Mill, 

670 N. Commercial Street, Suite 201, Manchester, NH 03101 

New Jersey American Water Company (NJAW) owns and operates the Canoe Brook Water Treatment Plant 

in Short Hills, New Jersey. The plant experiences algal blooms in the raw water reservoir that result in taste 

and odor issues with the treated water. To control these taste and odor elements (such as geosmin and 

2-methylisoborneol) ozonation will be installed as part of water treatment plant improvements currently 

under construction. 

To determine the ozone design dosages, the project team relied on historical ozone usage at a nearby 

treatment plant treating similar water. To confirm these dosages for the Canoe Brook plant, the project team 

undertook a battery of laboratory tests to determine such factors as ozone demand and geosmin and 

2-methylisoborneol (MIB) removal at various ozone doses, as well the effectiveness of manganese oxidation. 

Other factors to be examined were the effect of pH adjustment and PEROXONE. 

The laboratory testing revealed the ozone demand to be greater than anticipated, and the ozone design 

dosage had to be increased, and indicated that pH adjustment ahead of ozone addition would be beneficial. 

Ozone also showed to be effective in removal of geosmin and MIB, while PEROXONE did not have an effect 

on the treatment. 

The laboratory testing proved very beneficial because it allowed the design team to confidently size the ozone 

components for the anticipated water quality conditions at the Canoe Brook Water Treatment Plant, and to 

include pH adjustment as part of the design. 

Keywords: Taste; Odor; Geosmin; MIB; Canoe Brook; Drinking Water; Raw Water. 


Session 5 – UV Validation and Monitoring II S5-1 

Yikes! What the UVDGM Does Not Address on UV Disinfection 

Harold Wright 1 , Mark Heath 2 , and Jeff Bandy 1 

1. Carollo Engineers, Boise, ID, USA 

2. Carollo Engineers, Portland, OR, USA 

The USEPA UV Disinfection Guidance Manual (UVDGM) provides guidance for the design, validation and 

operation of UV systems in the United States for disinfection under the Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water 

Treatment Rule. The UVDGM was prepared over the course of six years with drafts released in 2001 and 2003 

and a final version released in 2006. The preparation of the UVDGM was challenged by the limited experience 

in the US with full-scale UV system implementation and validation. During the drafting of the UVDGM and over 

the course of a decade of full-scale experience, our understanding of UV disinfection has significantly 

progressed. This paper describes nine issues that impact UV dose delivery and monitoring by installed systems 

but that are not fully addressed by the UVDGM. Solutions to each issue are proposed. 

Keywords: UV; Disinfection; UV Dose Delivery. 


Evaluating Piping Layout Impacts on UV Dose Delivery 

Christopher Schulz, P.E. 1 ; Mike Hyland, P.E. 2 ; Mark Allen, P.E. 1 , 

David Werth Ph.D., P.E. 3 , and Inder Singh, M.A.Sc. P.Eng. 4 

1. CDM Denver, Colorado 

2. CDM Seattle, Washington 

3. Clemson Engineering Hydraulics, Inc., Anderson, South Carolina 

4. Metro Vancouver, Burnaby, British Columbia 

The Ultraviolet Disinfection Guidance Manual (UVDGM) provides technical information and guidance on design 

and operation of UV systems for receiving disinfection credit under the Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water 

Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR). An important topic in the UVDGM relates to inlet and outlet piping configurations 

installed in the full-scale UV facility and how they relate to the piping configuration used during validation testing 

and associated impacts on UV dose delivery. Several design approaches are cited in the UVDGM to ensure that 

“the inlet and outlet piping to the UV reactor in the UV facility results in a UV dose delivery that is equal to or 

greater than the UV dose delivered when the reactor was validated.” The purpose of this paper is to present an 

alternative method for meeting the UVDGM dose delivery objective, while allowing for flexibility in the design of 

UV piping systems to meet project-specific design constraints. The proposed method involves use of physical or 

computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to evaluate and optimize inlet hydraulics to the UV reactor until 

acceptable velocity profiles are achieved, and then verification of actual performance by taking measurements 

of inlet velocity profiles during validation and start-up of the full-scale UV facility. Conservative “acceptance” 

criteria for comparing these results are proposed to ensure improved UV dose delivery at full-scale. This method 

was applied to the design of a new UV disinfection facility for the Coquitlam Water Treatment Facility – an 

unfiltered gravity-fed water system owned and operated by Metro Vancouver in British Columbia, Canada. 

Keywords: UV Disinfection; Hydraulics; Velocity Profiles; UVDGM; UV Dose Distribution; Physical Modeling. 



UV System Checkpoint Bioassays: Challenges from the Field, 

Comparison Methodology, and Proof of Scale-Up 

B. Petri 1 , J. An 1 , Y. Lawryshyn 2 , and V. Moreland 3 

1. Trojan Technologies Inc., 3020 Gore Rd., London, Canada, N5V 4T7 

2. University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Canada, M5S 3E5 

3. Moreland Consulting LLC, Honolulu, USA 

The NWRI/AwwaRF “Ultraviolet Disinfection Guidelines for Drinking Water and Water Reuse” (the Guidelines) 

require that UV systems be sized based on bioassays. Although not expressed in the Guidelines, the California 

Department of Public Heath has adopted the practice of requiring a Checkpoint Bioassay for installed systems 

producing recycled water. A Checkpoint Bioassay is a term for a small bioassay (typically 8 tests) of a full scale 

system where the intent is to measure disinfection performance and verify that the system is operating properly. 

Verification comes by comparing measured performance to expected performance based on the original product 

bioassay validation. Various approaches for comparing and judging installed systems have been employed. 

Bioassay validations of UV reactors are typically executed with high accuracy, using a test centre that has been 

setup to do biological validations with all of the required considerations (e.g. wide ranges of flow capacity and 

water quality, good control of variables, accurate measurement of variables, proper mixing of injected 

constituents, proper placement of sample ports to collect representative samples). For closed-vessel reactors, 

UV reactor performance cannot be scaled to different sized reactors, because the flow and UV light fields will 

differ between them. The performance of tested units must be added in series or in parallel to achieve the 

design for systems requiring higher doses or higher total flows, respectively. Open-channel UV reactors are a 

special case of reactors that can be scaled due to modularity, given certain constraints. Thus, Checkpoint 

Bioassays serve to answer two questions: does performance scale-up for modular UV systems; are there any 

site-specific issues that change the performance of the UV system. 

We have completed Checkpoint Bioassays on 7 sites in California and 2 in Hawaii, and have verified the 

scaling of modular UV reactors in all cases. In some cases, site-specific issues were identified that were the 

cause of lowered performance, including civil works that were out of tolerance and constrained hydraulics. 

When corrected, UV system performance increased to expected levels. In almost all cases, the sites were 

difficult to test accurately because they were not designed, built or instrumented with the intention of testing. 

Challenges included unsteady flows, interrupting operations to produce maximum and minimum flows, large 

reservoirs as part of the tested system that increased residence volumes to unmanageable levels, lack of 

suitable sampling sites due to mixing, contamination, and access issues, lack of accurate flow instrumentation 

or flow instrumentation not monitoring the UV system itself. Taken together, it is diffult to assign a high level of 

accuracy to Checkpoint Bioassay data, and although useful for verification we have encountered situations 

where that data was assumed to be of high quality and system de-ratings were proposed. 

In terms of comparing Checkpoint Bioassay data to product validation data, and judging the performance for a 

site, we have encountered a number of approaches. Criteria such as 7 of 8 tests must have performance 

greater than expected (expected performance is the perforamnce predicted from the product validation data at 

the Checkpoint Bioassay test conditions) violate the concept that the expectations are based on a regression 

that describes the “average” trend in a dataset. Ratios of measured to expected performance have been 

calculated and de-ratings applied based only on the tests that had ratio values less than 1, not weighting in the 

performance from tests that exceeded expected levels. Most importantly, the Checkpoint Bioassay results have 

been used without any consideration of accuracy. The paper will discuss approaches that consider confidence 

bands both for Checkpoint Bioassay data and product validation data, and comparison methods that are 

mathematically and statistically justifiable. 



Checkpoint Bioassays have been useful for identifying a number of issues that can lead to lowered 

performance for installed UV systems. However, they are difficult to execute properly and have inherently low 

accuracy. For modular UV reactors that have undergone a number of these commissioning tests, we can 

confidently say that their scale-up has been verified and that Checkpoints Bioassays are no longer required to 

prove the same point. The second question that Checkpoint Bioassays address is whether any site-specific 

factors can impact performance. We have now identified main causes which are out-of-tolerance civil works 

and constrained hydraulics. These causes can be identified without Checkpoint Bioassays. Civil works can be 

evaluated through standard measurement of dimensions, and remedies can be made through epoxying (to 

decrease dimensions) or grinding (to increase dimensions). Ultimately, adhering to stated tolerances during 

construction can avoid the need for any remedies. Hydraulics can be designed to produce regular velocity 

fields for the UV reactor, and these velocity fields can be measured through velocity profiling (a technique 

actually described in the Guidelines for commissioning tests). Thus, Checkpoint Bioassays are useful as a onetime 

check of a new UV reactor product to verify scale-up, but are not required for every installation. Sitespecific 

issues can be identified with more practical techniques. The use of Checkpoint Bioassay data to 

de-rate UV systems without considering the accuracy of the measurements, can lead to unneccesary and 

costly capacity reductions or power increases. 

Keywords: UV Disinfection; NWRI/AwwaRF Guidelines; Checkpoint Bioassays; Field Experiences; Scale-Up. 


Impact of Low Wavelength UV Light on UV Dose Monitoring and Validation 

H. Wright 1 , J. Bandy 1 , M. Heath 1 , C. Bokermann 2 , and R. Bemus 2 

1. Carollo Engineers, 12592 West Explorer Drive, Suite 200, Boise, ID 83713 

2. ITT-WEDECO, 14125 South Bridge Circle, Charlotte, NC 28273 

The USEPA UV Disinfection Guidance Manual states that UV dose monitoring by polychromatic UV systems 

should account for bias affects caused by 1) differences in the spectral response or action spectra of the test 

microbes used during validation and the target pathogen, 2) spectral changes in UV lamp output due to lamp 

and quartz sleeve aging and fouling, and 3) differences in the spectral UV absorbance of the water used 

during validation and the water treated at the water treatment plant. 

The 2006 UVDGM states that the relative impact of the action spectra can be assessed by calculating the 

germicidal output of polychromatic UV lamps using: 

where P G is the germicidal output of the lamps, P(λ) is the UV output of the lamp as a function of wavelength, 

λ, and G(λ) is the action spectra of the microbe. The UVDGM states that the ratio of the germicidal output of 

the UV lamps calculated using the action spectra of MS2 to that calculated using the action spectra of 

Cryptosporidium is 1.04. While the 2006 UVDGM does not provide details on the action spectra and lamp 

output used to determine this ratio that data is provided in 2003 draft UVDGM (EPA 815-D-03-007). The ratio 

was determined using the MS2 action spectra from 225 to 320 nm as shown in Figure F.9 of the 2003 draft 

UVDGM and a medium pressure lamp output data given in Figure F.12 of the 2003 UVDGM. That lamp had 

negligible UV output below 230 nm. In contrast, medium pressure UV lamps currently used by UV vendors 



have notable UV output at wavelengths down to and below 200 nm. This UV output creates a significant 

polychromatic bias that impacts UV dose delivery and monitoring. 

First, the action spectra of MS2 is much greater than that of Cryptosporidium at wavelengths below 240 nm. 

Depending on the reference, the ratio is a factor of 8 to 12 at 215 nm, and is likely greater at lower wavelengths. 

Hence, if the lamp has significant UV output below 240 nm, validation using MS2 can overestimate UV dose 

delivery to Cryptosporidium by as much as a factor of 2. 

Second, many UV sensors used with medium pressure UV systems have a low wavelength cutoff around 230 

to 240 nm, and hence do not measure germicidal UV light below these wavelengths. If these wavelengths 

have a significant contribution to UV dose delivery, the UV sensor will not indicate if that contribution is 

occurring at the water treatment plant. This can occur with lamp aging or sleeve fouling where lower 

wavelength UV light below 240 nm is reduced more than higher wavelength UV light or changes with the UVT 

spectra at lower UVT. Under these conditions, the RED estimated using the UV sensor could be much greater 

than the actual RED. 

The impact of low wavelength light on UV dose delivery and monitoring is also impacted by the quartz sleeves 

used by the lamps and the UVT spectra of the water used during validation. UV vendors use three types of 

quartz sleeves. Type 219 sleeves absorb most of the UV light below 240 nm. Synthetic quartz sleeves have a 

high UVT for wavelengths down to 200 nm, with a UVT of 90% at 200 nm. Type 214 sleeves transmit less, 

with a UVT of 55% at 200 nm. With UV systems sold in North America, there has been a trend by UV vendors 

towards using synthetic quartz sleeves. The UVT spectrum of the water used during validation can also have a 

relatively low UVT at wavelengths below 240 nm, depending on the spectra of the raw water and UV absorber. 

These issues also impact UV dose monitoring for adenovirus credit, since the action spectra of adenovirus 

below 240 nm is much greater than that of MS2 phage (e.g. a factor of 8 at 230 nm). Recent work has shown 

that benefits of low wavelength light with the inactivation of adenovirus are eliminated if the spectra UVT of the 

water below 240 nm drops. 

The solution to these issues is to validate medium pressure UV systems using Type 219 sleeves or apply a 

safety factor to UV dose monitoring. This paper provides a detailed discussion of these impacts supported by 

validation data. 

Keywords: UV Dose; Monitoring; Validation. 



Practical UV Light Source Diagnostic Tools for 

Measuring Uniformity, Intensity and Fluence 

Todd E. Lizotte 

Lizotte Tactical Development, LLC, 21 Post Road, Hooksett, NH 03106 

Industry leaders within the UV disinfection marketplace and the customers, who purchase their systems, 

understand that the majority of costs to a water treatment facility is spent on system maintenance and is 

typically the largest single controllable expenditure in a production plant. Reducing costs in this economy is a 

driving factor, towards improving in-situ predictive and proactive, not reactive maintenance of UV based water 

treatment and industrial disinfection systems. With practical and cost effective diagnostic tools UV disinfection 

system developers can develop further proactive approaches to reduce system down time, safe guard 

operational performance and reduce premature or catastrophic failures during plant operations. A critical 

aspect of UV disinfection systems is that it is the last line of defense for making water and air safer to the 

general population. Analytical analysis (computational) provides quantifiable results on performance that are 

more precise than qualitative standards, but each have a role in determining overall performance of the system 

when taking into consideration issues or variables that tend to emerge within a dynamic and operational 

system. This paper highlights the need for alternate diagnostics to cover variables that cannot be factored into 

the analytical analysis. The paper will provide an overview of potential diagnostic tools which could be used 

during research, design and manufacture of UV reactors and by the end customer or field service engineers to 

diagnose problems or monitor key process performance indicators. 

Keywords: UV Lamp Diagnostics; UV Lamp Homogeneity; Intensity Uniformity; Profilometry; UV Disinfection 

Diagnostics; UV Delivery; UV Beam Shaping. 


Understanding Evaluation, Testing and Certification of UV Systems for 

Drinking Water and Recreational Water Treatment 

Richard Martin 

NSF International 

NSF International (NSF) has several standards and programs involving the testing and certification of 

performance and health effects of water treatment and distribution products for many end uses such as 

residential drinking water treatment, industrial and waste water, ballast water treatment, public or municipal 

drinking water treatment as well as the pool, spa, and recreational water treatment. NSF/ANSI Standard 50: 

Equipment for Pool, Spa, Hot Tub and Other Recreational Water Facilities is the all encompassing product and 

system evaluation criteria for evaluation of products and materials used at recreational water facilities. This 

presentation will discuss harmonized testing and certification requirements, new developments and criteria 

that have been developed for the Recreational Water and Aquatics Markets, specifically evaluation, testing and 

certification of ultraviolet (UV) light systems. 

Keywords: Ultraviolet Disinfection; Cryptosporidium; MS2 Phage; Testing; Certification, Validation; Water 

Quality; RED-Reduction Equivalent Dose; LTSESWTR Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rules; 

USEPA UVDGM United States Environmental Protection Agency Ultra Violet Disinfection Guidance Manual. 



Using Microbial Surrogates for the Wrong Reasons: 

The Risk in T1 as UV Challenge Microbe for Waste Water 

Brian Petri, Wayne Lem, and Mike Shortt 

Trojan Technologies, London, ON, Canada 

Bioassay validation of UV disinfection reactors has become standard practice for municipal drinking water and 

waste water reuse applications. It is also now finding acceptance in municipal waste water applications, 

borrowing from the experience gained in the former applications. However, some of the translated experience 

is being mis-applied, namely the unqualified use of T1 bacteriophage as a validation challenge surrogate for 

waste water. 

The use of challenge surrogates such as T1 bacteriophage, MS2 bacteriophage, and QB bacteriophage, for 

validating UV reactor performance, has gained acceptance as an industry best practice. One of the reasons for 

this is that in municipal drinking water and waste water reuse applications, indigenous microbe populations are 

very low, and are thus not useful for validating UV reactor performance. Municipal waste water applications 

typically have highly populous indigenous microbe communities that could be used to directly validate UV 

reactor performance, but the between-site, between-day and within-day variability in the population levels and 

resistance kinetics limit their usefulness in these applications as well. Thus challenge surrogates are also the 

best choice for validating UV reactor performance in municipal waste water applications. However, the right 

choice of the specific surrogate is paramount to a system design that protects public health. Ideally, a 

microbial challenge surrogate should match the resistance of the target pathogen. This single statement is key 

to understanding why T1 can be an unsuitable choice for waste water, while it may be very suitable for 

municipal drinking water. 

It is intuitive that a surrogate with the same resistance as a target pathogen, is the ideal choice for validating 

performance of any disinfection system (UV or other technologies). If the surrogate has a lesser resistance than 

the target pathogen, demonstration of surrogate inactivation cannot guarantee similar levels of inactivation of 

more resistant microbes. Conversely, if the surrogate is more resistant than the target pathogen, demonstration 

of surrogate inactivation will guarantee at least the same level of inactivation of the target pathogen. A caveat is 

that resistant surrogate inactivation may not guarantee proportionately more inactivation of a less resistant 

pathogen, due to the real-life finite efficiency of all disinfection systems. The safest approach from a public 

health perspective, is to validate disinfection systems with challenge surrogates of equal or higher resistance 

than target pathogens. Additional tests with a low-resistance surrogate, can be used to demonstrate that the 

disinfection system has or does not have finite limitations for disinfecting any microbe to given limits (due to 

finite efficiency limitations). In particular, T1 bacteriophage is a common choice for validating UV reactors for 

drinking water, because it is similar in resistance (but still slightly more resistant) than the often-targeted 

pathogens Cryptosporidium and Giardia. In these cases, T1 is an excellent choice. Similar rationale has been 

applied to the choice of T1 as a waste water UV reactor surrogate, because it’s resistance is similar to the 

resistance of “free” coliforms. In this case, this is not a good choice for two main reasons: T1 is much less 

resistant than the coliforms of concern, those that are not “free” but rather particle-associated; and, coliforms 

themselves are pathogen indicators, and T1 is much less resistant than the true pathogens of concern in waste 

water, namely resistant viruses such as Polio, Hepatitis, and Rotavirus. 

In this paper we will present data to support this rationale. From a large database of UV dose-response curves 

for coliforms in various types of waste water treatment trains, we will show that resistant particle-associated 

coliforms are the rightful targets when considering typical inactivation goals. We will also show a sensitivity 

analysis based on measured variability in coliform levels and UV resistances in waste waters, and how they 



translate into increased UV design dose requirements that make the use of T1 even less appropriate. We 

will also review whether MS2 is the most appropriate UV reactor validation surrogate. An example of sizing a 

UV disinfection project will be given, using both T1 and MS2, that will show the disinfection risk when T1 

is chosen. 

Keywords: UV Disinfection; Surrogate; Validation; T1, MS2; Disinfection Risk. 

Session 6 – AOP Applications S6-1 

Degradation of Carbamazepine during UV/H 2O 2 Treatment of Wastewater 

Olya Keen 1 , Seungyun Baik 2 , Karl Linden 1 , Diana Aga 2 and Nancy G. Love 3 

1. University of Colorado 

2. University of Buffalo 

3. University of Michigan 

Carbamazepine is an antiepileptic drug that has been detected in wastewater effluents and wastewater 

impacted streams in many parts of the world. It has been shown to persist in the wastewater treatment plants 

using traditional treatment methods and even advanced treatment methods such as membrane bioreactors 

(Clara et al. 2005). Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are one of the technologies used for addressing 

pharmaceutical contamination in drinking water and water reuse applications. Currently, AOP application for 

wastewater treatment is gaining interest, especially for treating recalcitrant compounds such as 

carbamazepine. This study investigated degradation of carbamazepine in wastewater during UV/H 2O 2 

advanced oxidation via direct photolysis and hydroxyl radical oxidation followed by biological treatment. 

Polychromatic medium pressure UV was used in the study. A combination of UV fluence and H 2O 2 dose 

(1800 mJ/cm 2 and 10 mg/L respectively) was used to achieve 1-log degradation of the carbamazepine spiked 

into wastewater. The compound was labeled with carbon-14. Treated water was then subjected to bench scale 

biodegradation with activated sludge culture in an aerated batch reactor connected to a carbon dioxide trap. 

Using liquid scintillation counter it was determined that no mineralization of carbamazepine occurred after 

AOP. However, subsequent biodegradation experiment showed a significant degree of mineralization in 

samples treated with AOP and no mineralization in untreated samples. This indicates that the products of 

carbamazepine produced during AOP are more biodegradable than the parent compound. The authors also 

observed that nitrate present in wastewater at the nitrifying treatments plants can be a significant source of 

hydroxyl radicals when medium pressure UV is used. In wastewater from a nitrifying plant (10 mg/L nitrate), 

80% degradation of the parent compound was observed at 2000 mJ/cm 2 with no H 2O 2 added. In clean water 

with no nitrate carbamazepine was only 3% degraded at the same UV fluence. The results of this study 

suggest that coupling AOP with biofiltration at wastewater treatment facilities is a promising technology for 

addressing pharmaceuticals in the effluent. Using nitrate present in the wastewater for hydroxyl radical 

generation can make the process economically appealing to wastewater treatment facilities. 

Keywords: Advanced Oxidation; Carbamazepine; Pharmaceuticals; Ultraviolet; Wastewater Treatment; 

Biodegradation; Activated Sludge. 



Removal of Cylindrospermopsin from Water by Photochemical Oxidation 

Xuexiang He 1 , Armah A. de la Cruz 2 and Dionysios D. Dionysiou 1 

1. Environmental Engineering and Science Program, 

University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0012, USA 

2. Office of Research and Development, 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA 

The cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms are a growing threat to human health and ecosystem viability. Among 

the cyanotoxins that are currently receiving great attention is the potent inhibitor of protein synthesis, 

cylindrospermopsin (CYN). In this study, we investigated the photochemical fate of CYN in water environments 

by UV 254 nm advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), namely UV/H 2O 2, UV/S 2O 8 2 - and/or UV/HSO5-. It was 

found that the degradation efficiency of CYN generally followed UV/S 2O 8 2 - > UV/HSO5- > UV/H 2O 2. UV/H 2O 2 

process was inhibited much more significantly in the presence of natural organic matter and alkalinity. 

Keywords: Cylindrospermopsin; Advanced Oxidation Process; AOPs; UV; Hydrogen Peroxide; Persulfate; 

Peroxymonosulfate. 


Fate and Residual Toxicity of Pharmaceuticals in Oxidation Processes 

Viviane Yargeau, Deniz Nasuhoglou, Simone Larcher, and Angela Rodayan 

Department of Chemical Engineering, 

McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2B2 

The risk associated with pharmaceuticals in the environment is a rising issue of global concern. Our research 

focuses not only on the removal of these compounds during biological and advanced oxidation treatment of 

municipal and industrial wastewaters but also on the identification of products as well as the residual toxicity of 

treated water. The fate of a variety of pharmaceuticals including sulfamethoxazole (SMX), levofloxacin (LEVO), 

17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2), clofibric acid (CA) and ibuprofen (IBP) have been studied during oxidation 

processes including: biodegradation, ozonation, sonolysis/ozonation as well as photolysis and photocatalysis. 

Although SMX was rapidly degraded in the presence of ozone, sulfanilamide was produced as an intermediate 

and products were shown to have an effect on mammalian culture cells (HepG2). Surprisingly, similar ozone 

doses were required in a secondary effluent to obtain the SMX removal observed in reverse osmosis water. 

Faster removal was obtained by photolysis than in presence of TiO 2. However, a more complex mixture of 

persistent products was obtained when using UV exposure alone. When a low dose of ozone (0.5 mg/L) was 

applied to SMX-containing water a significant increase in the biodegradability of the compound was obtained. 

LEVO and its antibacterial activity were completely removed when exposed to ozone but the maximum 

mineralization attained was less than 60%. Photocatalysis treatment of LEVO resulted in a residual COD that 

decreased monotonically with increasing irradiation time. As a last example, ozonation of EE2 led to the 

formation of products with an intact phenolic ring and resulted in a decreased testosterone production in 

cultured fetal rat testes. These results demonstrate the importance of an improved understanding of the fate of 

pharmaceuticals and provide insight on ways to control their transformation in order to convert these agents to 

non-toxic, biologically less active or more biodegradable species. 

Keywords: Pharmaceuticals; Ozonation; Photolysis; Photocatalysis; Transformation Products; Residual Toxicity. 



Methylene Blue Bleaching by a Solar-Driven Advanced Oxidation Process 

Po Yee Chan, James R. Bolton and Mohamed Gamal El-Din 

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 

University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2W2, Canada 

Organic dyes are one of the common contaminants in industrial wastewaters. Color removal is always one of 

the challenges during the treatment of dye wastewaters. Ultraviolet light (UV)-based Advanced Oxidation 

Processes (AOPs) have been developed for decolourization of dye wastewater; however, the application cost is 

usually high because it often involves the use of intensive energy for the UV system. Instead, this research 

investigated the possible application of a sunlight-driven AOP for the decolorization of dye wastewaters. This 

study takes advantage of the overlap between the absorption spectrum of the hypochlorite ion (OCl–) and the 

UV region of solar spectrum as the initiator of the UV/chlorine AOP. Methylene blue (MB) was selected as a 

model organic dye for the evaluation of the possibility of the photobleaching by this solar-driven AOP. 

This research demonstrated that photobleaching of MB occurs with the UV/chlorine AOP at 303 nm and pH 

10 in bench-scale experiments; the MB photobleaching reaction obeyed a pseudo first-order rate law. The 

bleaching rate constant for a specific concentration of MB was estimated when the UV was completely 

absorbed by an infinitely high concentration of OCl– at 303 nm. By concdutcing the theoretical calculations 

with the reference spectrum air mass 1.5 from Renewable Resource Data Center, this estimation indicated that 

less than 6 h of solar exposure would be required for 99 % color removal for the chosen MB mixture. 

Keywords: Methylene Blue; Bleaching; Solar; Chlorine; Advanced Oxidation Process. 



Micropollutant Degradation in Tap Water by 

UV, Ozone and UV/Ozone Processes 

Jingyun Fang 1 , Zhi Chen 1 , Minzhen Zeng 1 , Chii Shang 1 , and Wei Liu 2 

1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and 

Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 

2. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 

UV irradiation or ozone alone has been widely used for water disinfection and oxidative destruction of 

pollutants for decades (Legrini et al., 1993; von Gunten, 2003). Micropollutant degradation either by direct UV 

photolysis or ozone is selective (Meijers et al., 1995; Karimi et al., 1997; Schwarzenbach et al., 2003), while 

the combination of UV light with ozone (UV/ozone) can produce hydroxyl radicals, which are a non-selective 

oxidant with a high oxidation potential (Hoigné, 1998). However, less is known about their performance on 

micropollutant degradation in point-of-use device setups, where tap water can be further treated with UV 

and/or low levels of ozone. 

The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of direct UV (254 nm) photolysis, ozonation and UV 

and ozone (UV/ozone) coexposure processes in degrading micropollutants and disinfection byproducts (DBPs), 

which are the main non-biological, health-related contaminants in tap water. Nitrobenzene (NB) and Nnitrosodimethylamine 

(NDMA) were selected as the model compounds. The former has been detected in 

different water bodies and found highly toxic, and the latter is an emerging DBP found in chlor(am)inated 

water and wastewater (Latifoglu and Gurol 2003). Destruction of chlorine residuals and several common DBPs 

in tap water was also studied. 

Keywords: Ozone; UV Irradiation; Advanced Oxidation Process. 



Pesticides Removal by Advanced Oxidation Processes in 

the Water Reclamation Process 

Natividad Miguel, Judith Sarasa, Jorge Rodríguez-Chueca, 

Isabel García-Suescun, and María P. Ormad 

Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technologies, 

University of Zaragoza. Pedro Cerbuna, 12. 50009 Zaragoza, Spain. 

Institute of Environmental Sciences of Aragon, Spain 

The main objective of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of several Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) 

in the degradation of the 9 pesticides detected in effluents of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) analysed 

for the purpose of improving the water quality to be reused. 

The AOPs applied are: ozonation treatments (O 3, O 3/H 2O 2, O 3/UV), UV treatments (UV, UV/H 2O 2), photo-fenton 

treatment (Fe/H 2O 2/UV) and photocatalytic treatments (TiO 2/UV, TiO 2/H 2O 2/UV). Studied pesticides are: 

chlorpyrifos, chlorfenvinfos, 3,4-dichloroaniline, dimethoate, isoproturon, metholachlor, simazine, 

terbuthylazine and terbutryn. 

Most effective treatments in order to degrade studied pesticides in effluents of WWTPs are UV treatments, 

mainly the treatment UV/H 2O 2, for which the average degradation of pesticides is almost complete. Good 

degradation percentages are achieved with O 3/H 2O 2/UV and TiO 2/H 2O 2/UV. However, by O 3 and O 3/H 2O 2 the 

degradation of pesticides in WWTPs effluents is very low. 

Keywords: Pesticides; Advanced Oxidation Processes; Water Reclamation. 


Cresols Oxidation with Fenton’s Reagent, Ozone and 

Combination Ozone-Fenton’s Reagent 

Clementina Rita Ramírez-Cortina 1 , Ma. Ángela Sánchez-Aguilar 2 and 

María Soledad Alonso-Gutiérrez 1 

1. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Azcapotzalco. División de CBI, Departamento de Energía, 

San Pablo 180, Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, Delegación Azcapotzalco, México D. F., C. P. 02200 México 

2. Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo. 

Research work’s objective: evaluation of oxidation effectiveness of ozone (O 3), Fenton’s reagent (H 2O 2 – Fe) 

and Ozone-Fenton’s reagent on cresols solutions. Experiments were carried out in glass reactor of 750 mL, 

equipped with porous glass diffuser of fine bubble, with pores of 100 µm, heating-cooling system, pH 

indicator, at environmental temperature (22-25°C). Cresols (o, m and p) concentrations were used at 250, 500 

and 1000 mg/L, with 4 h oxidation time. Cresols oxidation tests were sampled every 30 minutes and COD was 

analyzed. Reaction products were analyzed by chromatography. Results show the highest COD reduction 

achieved with Ozone-Fenton’s reagent, secondly the ozonation and finally Fenton’s reagent. Conclusion, at 

these experimental conditions, the Ozone-Fenton’s reagent can be used for cresols oxidation. 

Keywords: Cresols; Oxidation; Ozone; Fenton’s Reagent. 


Session 7 – Ozone in Wastewater Treatment S7-1 

Treatment of Irrigation Return-Flow Water Containing 

Pesticides Using Ozone 

Pamela Chelme-Ayala, Daniel W. Smith, and Mohamed Gamal El-Din 

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, 

University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2W2 

The treatment of irrigation return-flow water containing two pesticides, bromoxynil and trifluralin, was 

investigated using ozone (O 3) and O 3 combined with hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) in batch reactors. The results 

indicated that these pesticides could not be completely degraded during ozonation, achieving degradation 

levels lower than 50%. An enhancement of the level of degradation was observed using O 3/H 2O 2 process. 

A biphasic behaviour of O 3 was also observed. Acute toxicity analysis performed using Microtox ® showed a 

decrease in the toxic effects of the samples on the luminescent bacteria during the first few minutes of 

treatment, followed by an increase of the toxic effects at the end of the reaction. The quantification of oxidation 

by-products generated during treatment was also addressed. 

Keywords: Ozone; Hydrogen Peroxide; Irrigation Return-Flow Water; Pesticides; By-product; Toxicity. 


Study of Anaerobic Effluent Disinfected with Ozone 

G.H. Ribeiro da Silva 1 , L.A.Daniel 2 , H. Bruning 3 , and W.H. Rulkens 3 

1. Unesp – Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Engenharia Campus de Bauru, 

Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 

s/nº Vargem Limpa, CEP 17033-360, Bauru – SP, Brazil. 

2. Universidade de São Paulo (USP-EESC), Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento, 

Av. Trabalhador Sãocarlense, 400, CEP: 13566 -490, São Carlos, SP, Brazil 

3. Wageningen University and Research Centre, Sub-department of Environmental Technology, 

P.O. Box 8129 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 

This research was aimed at studying oxidation processes, to verify the effectiveness coliform inactivation and 

evaluate the formation of ozonation disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in anaerobic sanitary wastewater effluent 

treated with ozone applied at doses of 2.4 – 3.3 mg L -1 with contact time of 10 min and 6.8 – 9.0 mg L -1 with 

contact time of 20 min. The mean chemical oxygen demand (COD) reductions were 7.50 and 9.40% for mean 

ozone consumed of 1.18 and 4.74 mg L -1 , respectively. The Escherichia coli (E. coli) inactivation range was 

1.36 – 3.06 log10 and the total coliform inactivation range was 0.96 -3.51 log 10. The aldehydes formation 

investigated was very low. 

Keywords: Ozone; Byproducts; Sanitary Wastewater; Anaerobic Effluent; Disinfection. 



Examining the Role of Effluent Organic Matter Components on the 

Decomposition of Ozone and Formation of Hydroxyl Radical in Wastewater 

Sarah Gonzales 1 , Andria Peña 2 , and Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz 1 

1. Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, 

University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 

2. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Mayaguez, PR 00681 

The impact of wastewater derived effluent organic matter (EfOM) on the long-term decomposition of ozone and 

formation of hydroxyl radicals (HO ● ) was evaluated for four wastewaters (sites A, B, C1 and C2). The reactivity 

of EfOM was assessed by fractionation into four apparent molecular weight (AMW) fractions (< 10 kDa, < 5 kDa, 

< 3 kDa, and < 1 kDa). The RCT, defined as the ratio of HO ● exposure to ozone exposure (∫HO ● dt / ∫O 3dt), was 

measured for all fractions and bulk waters (at times greater than 5 seconds), with an initial ozone dose equal 

to the total carbon concentration of EfOM (ozone:DOC ratio of 1). The RCT of all the samples and ozone first 

order decay rates of two of the waters increased significantly (95% confidence) from the bulk sample to the 

< 10 kDa fraction, and decreased with AMW. This indicates that the intrinsic capacity of different molecular 

weight fractions of the EfOM have different reactivity with ozone. 

Keywords: Ozone; AOP; Effluent Organic Matter; Hydroxyl Radical; RCT. 


Enhanced Coagulation Pretreatment to 

Improve Ozone Efficiency in Wastewater 

Eric C Wert 1 , Sarah Gonzales 2 , Jeff Neemann 3 , and Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz 2 

1. Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA), P.O. Box 99955, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9955, USA 

2. Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, 

University of Colorado, Boulder, 428 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 

3. Black & Veatch, Kansas City, MO, USA 

The application of ozone to wastewaters for the oxidation of organic contaminants is influenced by the 

concentration and reactivity of the organic matter present in solution, commonly referred to as effluent organic 

matter (EfOM). The presence of EfOM at high concentrations can result in greater ozone demand, faster ozone 

decay rates, and scavenging of hydroxyl radicals. As a result, greater concentrations of ozone may be needed 

to meet specific treatment objectives. Enhanced coagulation presents a pretreatment alternative to remove 

EfOM ahead of ozonation. This study evaluated the use of ferric chloride coagulation as a pretreatment strategy 

for the ozonation of three secondary treated wastewaters. The addition of ferric chloride dosages of 10, 20, and 

30 mg/L as Fe were demonstrated to remove anywhere between 10-46% of the total organic carbon (TOC) 

present in the wastewater. The TOC reduction also reduces the ozone dose requirements to achieve a similar 

O 3:TOC ratio. Results will be presented regarding the effect of enhanced coagulation pretreatment on ozone 

exposure, hydroxyl radical exposure, trace organic contaminants, bromate, and organic characterization. 

Keywords: Ozone; Wastewater; Effluent Organic Matter (EfOM); Enhanced Coagulation; Ferric Chloride; 

Pharmaceuticals. 



Degradation of the Lignin Derivatives in Pulp and Paper Mill 

Effluent with Conventional Ozonation 

J. Amacosta, and T. Poznyak 

Superior School of Chemical Engineering, National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico (ESIQIE-IPN,), 

Edif. 7, UPALM, Z.C. 07738, Mexico D.F., Mexico 

In the present work the degradation of lignin derivatives in pulp and paper mill effluent from the Kraft process 

by conventional ozonation was investigated. The purpose of this study was to degrade the toxic organic 

compounds in residual water. The treatment of this wastewater was carried out by ozone in different dilution 

(1 to 1, 1 to 10 and 1 to 20) during 60 minutes in a semi batch reactor to control of the degradation. The 

ozonated samples were analyzed by a Spectrophotometer UV-Vis with the absorbance in a wavelength of 

254nm and 465nm to study the behavior of the effect of the ozonation conditions on the decoloration 

dynamics and by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) degradation kinetics. As well as its show, 

the reduction of color and the diminution of the wavelengths 210 and 254nm is significant for the three 

dilution (11.66, 76.23, 89.39%). 

Keywords: Ozone; Lignin Derivatives; Non Biodegradable; Chlorinated Phenolic Compounds; Discoloration; 

Degradation. 


Ozone-Enhanced Biological Treatment of Landfill Leachates 

Claudio Di Iaconi 1 , Antonio Lopez 1 , and Achim Ried 2 

1. Water Research Institute, CNR, Bari, Italy 

2. ITT W&WW Herford, Germany 

Municipal landfill leachates, resulting from the percolation of water through solid waste, are considered one of 

the types of wastewater with the greatest environmental impact because of high content of organic matter, 

ammonia, salts and metals. The composition of landfill leachates, however, varies depending on the nature of 

deposited wastes, soil characteristics, rainfall patterns and largely landfill age (Chen, 1996; Kjeldsen et al., 2002). 

Usually, young landfill leachates are treated more easily as compared to the medium-old ones since the 

biodegradable organic matter decreases with landfill age as a result of the anaerobic decomposition that takes 

place in the site. Therefore, usually a combination of physical, chemical and biological methods is required for 

effective treatment of medium-old landfill leachates (Irene, 1996; Ehrig, 1989; Wiszniowski, 2006). In the 

present study, an innovative process based on ozone enhanced biological degradation, carried out in an 

aerobic granular biomass system (SBBGR – Sequencing Batch Biofilter Granular Reactor), is tested at labscale 

for treating a typical medium-age landfill leachate. 

Keywords: Landfill Leachates; Biological Degradation; Ozonation. 



The BISCO Concept: Biological-Compatible In-Situ Chemical Oxidation with 

Coated Microbubble Ozone (Gas Exchange) Sparging 

William B. Kerfoot 

Kerfoot Technologies, Inc., 766-B Falmouth Road, Mashpee, MA 02649 

Ozone sparging can be optimized for cleanup of petroleum and solvent spills in aquifers by operating within 

the ideal optimal conditions for enhancing bacterial growth. The chemical oxidation should be targeted at 

certain contaminants with which it is highly reactive (targeting kinetics). The chemical agent must be 

transported efficiently to the target (adsorbed compounds) through the soil capillaries to establish good 

contact. The pH and Eh (ORP) must be maintained within a suitable range which does not break down the 

tissue (soil mineral matrix). Gaseous exchange (sparging) must be maintained to carry off waste gases (CO 2) 

which would accumulate to slow metabolic efficiency of the responding bacteria and products of chemical 

degradation. An efficient means of pulsing is performed to allow sufficient time for contact and later gas 

exchange consistent with the volume of saturated soil to be treated. Nutrients can be added to maintain and 

control growth of oxidative bacterial populations as a time-varying coating on the supplied gases. 

The presentation discusses the critical ranges of ORP and pH, gaseous exchange, and pulsing to optimize 

removal of target hydrocarbons. Examples include fuel oil and solvent spills. With this approach, MCLs are 

commonly achieved without hexavalent chromium concerns from mineral matrix attack. Rebound has been 

found to be a rare event since the procedure of operation adjusts delivered oxidant mass spatially and 

temporally to remaining contaminant mass and avoids buildup of CO 2 which can slow aerobic bacterial action. 

The BISCO concept has proved efficient at treating both source areas and large plume regions at reasonable 

costs per cubic yard. An historic cost curve is presented and the current breakthrough region achieving below 

$10/cubic yard. Two case studies will be profiled: 1) oxidative/reductive with Perozone ® for removal of DCE and 

use of dehalococcoides ethenogenes, and 2) oxidative/oxidative with Perozone ® for petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) 

and BTEX removal and use of pseudomonas sp. 

Keywords: Petroleum Hydrocarbon Decomposition; Microbubble Ozone and Peroxide; Ozone and Total 

Oxygen Needs. 


Session 8 – UV Design S8-1 

Design, Commissioning, and Operation of 

Cedar Rapids UV Disinfection Facilities 

Todd Elliott 1 , Bruce Jacobs 2 , and Tony Myers 3 

1. CH2M HILL, Mendota Heights, MN, USA 

2. City of Cedar Rapids Water Department, Cedar Rapids, IA, USA 

3. CH2M HILL, Milwaukee, WI, USA 

The City of Cedar Rapids, Iowa recently commissioned two 40 million gallon per day (mgd) UV disinfection 

facilities designed to provide at least 0.5-log virus inactivation. These were one of the first UV facilities in the 

United States designed to provide virus inactivation to meet the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR). Due to 

the presence of high levels of ammonia in the source water, achieving adequate levels of virus inactivation was 

not feasible using free chlorine. Therefore, the City conducted both bench-scale and full-scale testing of 

various disinfection alternatives. Based on the test results, the City selected UV disinfection to provide partial 

virus inactivation coupled with chloramine contact time, low turbidity and lime softening virus credit. This 

approach gained regulator acceptance. In addition, provisions for a future UV advanced oxidation process 

(AOP) were provided to protect the City against future disinfection by-product regulations on compounds like 

Nnitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). 

In 2006, the Cedar Rapids Water Department began design of UV disinfection facilities and selection of the UV 

equipment. The April 2006 Interim Draft of the UVDGM was used for the basis of design for “pre-validated” UV 

reactors. The UV equipment was pre-purchased by the City utilizing an evaluated bid approach which included 

both economic and noneconomic criteria. Among the non-economic criteria considered was the UV system’s 

ability to deliver higher levels of virus inactivation during periods of lower flows in order to provide more 

operational flexibility. In addition, the ability of the UV reactors to be upgraded into a UV AOP system easily was 

strongly considered. Guaranteed costs for electrical consumption and replacement parts were also obtained. 

Construction of the two UV facilities began in 2007 and was completed in 2010. Each UV facility consisted of 

four, 30-inch diameter, 10 medium-pressure lamp UV reactors. The project had unique and challenging 

design aspects, such as integrating the UV building between a filter building and reservoir while maintaining 

plant operations. Also, coordinating fabrication, delivery, storage, installation, and performance testing of the 

UV reactors was critical. 

Issues addressed during commissioning included optimization of the flow distribution between UV trains to 

reduce energy consumption, integration into the plant control system, updating the biodosimeter to match 

Final UVDGM calculations, minimizing loss of chloramines residual through UV disinfection, and modifying the 

minor/major alarm set points. Training was provided for all plant operators to gain understanding of routine 

maintenance, emergency operations, regulatory requirements, and lamp break procedures. 

As a result of this project, the City was able to meet drinking water regulations before the State regulatory 

deadline of July 1, 2010. The UV system provides the disinfection needed now, but is also designed for easy 

expansion for much higher UV doses and the addition of hydrogen peroxide to control micro-constituents 

(pharmaceuticals, endocrine disrupters, etc.) in the future. Operating costs and maintenance requirements 

have so far met the City’s expectations. 

This presentation will summarize the key aspects of the project encountered during design, commissioning, 

and operation of the City of Cedar Rapids UV facilities. It will provide useful, real-world insights for water utility 

managers, regulators, design engineers, and operators who are considering UV disinfection or are in the 

process of implementing UV disinfection to meet current or future treatment objectives. 

Keywords: Drinking Water Treatment; UV Disinfection; UV Design Guidance Manual; Cedar Rapids Iowa; 

Virus Inactivation. 



Sensor-Based Control – 

The Way for Safe, Energy-Efficient UV System Operation 

Mike Newberry, and Paul Ropic 

ITT Water & Wastewater U.S.A. / WEDECO Products, 14125 South Bridge Circle, Charlotte, NC 28273 

Ultraviolet disinfection systems for wastewater have been widely implemented and accepted over the last two 

decades. They are proven to provide reliable reduction of pathogens in the effluent if sized and operated correctly. 

In recent years discussions in the UV industry were often dealing with the subject of the most appropriate 

sizing model. For water reuse applications the NWRI/AwwaRF 2003 Guidelines for Drinking Water and Water 

Reuse describe a design method utilizing biological verification (bioassay). Calculated ultraviolet sizing models, 

such as point source summation, have been largely used for secondary discharge installations. 

Top priority for the successful operation of a UV system is to stay in compliance under all design conditions. 

Therefore sizing is usually based on conservative estimations for peak flow conditions, water quality, and 

design UV dose. As a result underperformance is seen very rarely. However, in the light of recent discussions 

about reliability and sustainability, the challenge is to operate the UV equipment with the highest level of 

energy-efficiency. The goal is the smallest carbon footprint possible without putting the safety of the 

disinfection process at risk. 

In order to accomplish safe disinfection at minimum cost, sophisticated disinfection units are calculating the 

operational UV dose based on real time sensor readings. This sensor-based control methodology allows observing 

worse or better fouling conditions during operation, reducing the number of lamps and / or the UV lamp output 

with better water quality or less fouling than expected, and saving energy without compromising safety. 

Keywords: UV Intensity Measurement; Optimised Operation; Energy Efficiency. 



The Role of UV Disinfection in Meeting U.S. Regulatory Requirements 

at an Existing Ozone Facility 

Paul D. Swaim, P.E. 1 , Joseph Zalla, P.E. 2 , Brad Johnson, P.E. 3 , Joe Pomroy, P.E. 3 , 

Harvey Johnson 3 , and Wayne Pearson, P.E. 4 

1. CH2M HILL, 9193 South Jamaica Street, Englewood, CO, USA 80112 

2. CH2M HILL, 215 South State Street Suite 1000, Salt Lake City, UT, USA 84111 

3. Incline Village General Improvement District, 1220 Sweetwater Road, Incline Village, NV 89451 

4. CH2M HILL, 2525 Airpark Drive, Redding, CA, USA 96001 

The Incline Village General Improvement District owns and operates the Burnt Cedar Water Disinfection Plant 

located on the north shore of Lake Tahoe in Nevada. The plant currently produces 32.2 MLD of drinking water 

from an unfiltered supply with ozone followed by free chlorine residual disinfection. The facility now requires 

improvements and modifications to continue reliable operation, as well as additional treatment to comply with 

the EPA’s Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. An alternative consisting of the continued 

use of ozone and the implementation of UV disinfection is under construction as the preferred treatment 

approach. 

Keywords: UV Disinfection; Ozone; Retrofit; LT2ESWTR; Advanced Oxidation; UV and Ozone Synergy; Project 

Implementation. 



New Design Lamp Drivers for Low Pressure Lamps 

Tonnie Telgenhof Oude Koehorst, and Gerhard van Eerden 

Nedap Light Controls, PO Box 10, 7140 AC Groenlo, The Netherlands 

Increasing worldwide interest for Ultra Violet disinfection systems and the continuous drive to use energy 

efficient solutions, have positioned the low pressure UV lamps back in the spotlight. So it’s time to redefine and 

redesign the electronic lamp drivers (ballasts) for these low pressure (LP) UV lamps. 

The low pressure lamp technology has proven to be 2.5 to 3 times more energy efficient in their capabilities to 

convert electrical energy to the needed UV light, compared to medium pressure lamps. Despite the drawback 

of this lower efficiency, the medium pressure lamps have unsurpassed power capabilities at small dimensions. 

We have seen medium pressure UV lamps at 35kW used in very compact disinfection systems. 

The “green quest” for more energy efficient systems has led to new low pressure lamps with power handling of 

800 to 1000 Watt per (amalgam) lamp. These lamps need new, high efficient and intelligent lamp drivers to 

preheat, ignite and power the lamp at various power levels. 

Following aspects will become more important for new designs of UV disinfection systems: 

• Dimming capabilities, without lowering specified lamp lifetime expectations 

• Allow longer distances between lamp driver and lamps 

• Protect lamp driver for leakage currents, shorts to ground and End of Life (EOL) effects of lamps 

• Optimal preheat and starting sequence 

• Full control and monitoring of UV lamps 

Over the last years many different types of low pressure UV lamps have been used in the disinfection market, 

requiring lamp drivers that will offer a broad range of electrical characteristics like lamp voltages, currents, 

preheat times, preheat currents and starting voltages, resulting in the same high number of different lamp 

driver types. 

A totally new lamp driver design (the UVineo product range) for low pressure lamps is available now, using the 

latest technology for high efficient power conversion in combination with intelligent controls and communication 

protocols. Smart printed circuit board design allows building multiple-lamp drivers for lamp voltages of 67V up 

to 220V and power levels between 120W to 440W per lamp, all within one lamp driver platform. A single lamp 

design is made for lamp power rating of up to 800W. For the most commonly used lamps, their characteristics 

are stored within the lamp driver firmware and can be selected by the customer. The intelligent lamp converters 

are specially designed for optimal ignition, maximal dimming capabilities and allowing longer lamp cables 

without compromising lamp performance and life expectancy. 

Also state of the art detection and protection circuits are integrated for sleeve leakage, shorts to ground and 

lamp End of Life effects. Without these protective circuits, these effects could damage the lamp driver. 

Together with the comprehensive software and communication tools, that allow full monitoring of most of the 

parameters, this new generation of lamp drivers will further expand the application area of the low pressure 

UV lamps. 

Keywords: Low Pressure Lamp; Design. 



Scale Up of UV AOP Reactors from Bench Tests Using CFD Modeling 

Keith Bircher 1 , Mai Vuong 1 , Brad Crawford 1 , Mark Heath 2 , and Jeff Bandy 2 

1. Calgon Carbon Corporation, 7100 Woodbine Ave., Markham, ON, L3R5J2, Canada 

2. Carollo Engineers, 12592 West Explorer, Suite 200, Boise, Idaho, USA 83713 

A method for scale up of UV/AOP reactors that uses bench scale testing to determine the UV Dose required 

per log destruction of a particular contaminant (D L) that can be used to define water quality. This can then be 

used in CFD Modeling to size a full scale reactor and in performance testing. Results from full scale testing of 

this method are presented. 

Keywords: Advanced Oxidation; AOP; Pilot Testing; Scale up; CFD; Geosmin; MIB; Ultraviolet; UV; Dose per 

Log; D L 


Assessing the UV Dose Delivered from Two UV Reactors in Series: 

Can You Always Assume Doubling the UV Dose from 

Individual Reactor Validations? 

Joel J. Ducoste 1 , and Scott Alpert 2 

1. Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, 

208 Mann Hall CB 7908, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7908 

2. Hazen and Sawyer, 4944 Parkway Plaza Boulevard, Suite 375, Charlotte, NC, 28217 

A study has been performed to quantify the UV dose delivery from multiple UV reactors in series. As part of 

this assessment, simulations were performed on open channel reactors and closed conduit reactors that were 

physically placed end to end or separated by a significant number of pipe diameters or open channel widths. 

Simulations were also performed with microorganisms that had different UV response kinetics. Results showed 

that UV dose delivery from multiple reactors in series may not consistently follow the sum of the individual UV 

dose delivered by each reactor. The results of the numerical simulations suggest that the summation of UV 

dose delivery from multiple reactors in series can only be achieved when sufficient mixing is accomplished 

upstream from each subsequent individual reactor. 

Keywords: UV; Disinfection; Dose Delivery; Reactors in Series; Validation, CFD. 



Point-of-Use Ultraviolet Disinfection: Shedding Light on 

Appropriate Technologies for Developing Communities 

Christina K. Barstow, Aaron D. Dotson, and Karl G. Linden 

Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 

Point-of-use (POU) disinfection systems have the ability to provide safe drinking water to the millions who lack 

access to an improved water source. While many POU systems exist in developing communities, there are 

several concerns creating low user acceptability. Concerns include low flow rates, taste and odor issues, high 

cost, recontamination and ineffectiveness at treating common pathogenic organisms. In response to these 

concerning issues, an ultraviolet (UV) POU system has been developed consisting of developing community 

appropriate materials (recycled plastics, recycled aluminum, etc.) and simple construction techniques based 

around the use of a 3-watt low pressure UV bulb. The current prototype has the ability to inactivate 4-log 

bacteria and protozoa, and 1-2 log viruses, with future prototypes being designed to achieve greater than 4-log 

inactivation of most waterborne pathogens of public health concern. 

Keywords: Ultraviolet Disinfection; Drinking Water Treatment; Developing Communities. 

Session 9 – AOPs in Drinking Water Treatment S9-1 

Removal of Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products and Endocrine 

Disrupting Compounds and Reduction of Disinfection By-products Using 

Ozone/H 2O 2 and UV/H 2O 2 Processes 

Devendra Borikar 1, 2 , Saad Jasim 3 , Madjid Mohseni 2 , Leslie Bragg 4 , Mark Servos 4 , 

Souleymane Ndiongue 1 , and Larry Moore 1 

1. Walkerton Clean Water Centre, Walkerton, ON, Canada 

2. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of BC, Vancouver, Canada 

3. Great Lakes Regional Office, International Joint Commission, Windsor, ON, Canada 

4. Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada 

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and 

disinfectant by-products (DBPs) have several health implications, requiring their elimination during drinking 

water treatment. In 2009 and 2010, a total of 12 experiments were conducted using the dual train pilot scale 

treatment plant with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as ozone/H 2O 2 and UV/H 2O 2, located at the 

Walkerton Clean Water Centre, Walkerton, Ontario, Canada using raw water from two surface water sources 

and one groundwater source under direct influence of surface water. 

When chlorine dosages were applied during uniform formation condition-trihalomethanes (UFC-THMs) tests, 

average THMs reduction by conventional treatment was 28.1%. Ozone/ H 2O 2 and ozone (alone) treatments, 

along with conventional treatment provided average 20.5% and 18.3% reduction of THMs, respectively as 

both compared to conventional treatment. On the contrary, UV/H 2O 2 was found to increase average THMs by 



68.2%. The results of the study demonstrated that conventional treatment was able to partially (average 

29.9%) degrade the selected PPCPs and EDCs which is slightly higher than expected. Ozone/ H 2O 2 was found 

to be the most effective (average 96.9%) method to remove the selected PPCPs and EDCs, followed by ozone 

which was also very effective, however it has a slightly lower (average 94.5% removal) than ozone/H 2O 2. 

Ozone/ H 2O 2 and ozone treatments were very effective irrespective of the raw water quality. UV (higher 

dosages)/H 2O 2 along with conventional treatment also resulted in good (average 86.3% for higher UV dosages) 

removal. However, UV/H 2O 2 AOPs efficacy was relatively lower for water, having higher dissolved organic 

carbon (DOC) and turbidity. 

Keywords: Ozone; Ultraviolet; Hydrogen Peroxide; Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products; Endocrine 

Disrupting Compounds; Trihalomethanes; Advanced Oxidation Processes. 


Advanced Oxidation Treatment of Drinking Water: Part I. 

Occurrence and Removal of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine-Disrupting 

Compounds from Lake Huron Water 

Mohammad Feisal Rahman¹, Earnest K. Yanful¹, Saad Y. Jasim¹ , ², Leslie M. Bragg³, 

Mark R. Servos³, Souleymane Ndiongue², and Devendra Borikar² 

1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 

The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada 

2. Walkerton Clean Water Centre, Walkerton, Ontario, Canada, N0G 2V0 

3. Department of Biology, The University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada 

Increased interest in the fate of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal 

care products (PPCPs) in the environment has been triggered by the discovery of trace concentrations 

(ng/L to mg/L) of these compounds globally in the aquatic environment. The issue of possible human health 

impacts garnered considerable concern after it was confirmed that EDCs and PPCPs are capable of causing 

hormonal disruption in wildlife. Many of these chemicals have the potential to generate biological responses 

within the human body as they are designed that way. 

A joint study between the Walkerton Clean Water Centre and the University of Western Ontario was conducted 

to focus on the occurrence of selected endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals and personal care 

products in Lake Huron Water and their removal using ozone/hydrogen peroxide based pre-coagulation, 

advanced oxidation process (AOP). 

The experimental work was conducted at the pilot scale treatment facility at the Walkerton Clean Water Centre 

(Centre), Walkerton, Ontario, Canada. Raw Lake Huron water spiked with nine target compounds was treated 

in a dual train pilot scale treatment plant. None of the target chemicals showed any significant removals 

following conventional treatment processes (coagulation, sedimentation and filtration). Five of the nine target 

pollutants plummeted to concentrations below the method detection limits following AOP. For all the target 

compounds AOP treatment provided higher removal compared to conventional treatment. 

Keywords: Ozone; Hydrogen Peroxide; Advanced Oxidation Process; Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care 

Products; Endocrine Disrupting Compounds. 



Combination of O 3/H 2O 2 and UV for Multiple Barrier 

Micropollutant Treatment – An Economic Attractive Option 

Jens Scheideler 1 , Karin Lekkerkerker-Teunissen 2,3 , Ton Knol 2 , Achim Ried 1 , 

Jasper Verberk, and Hans van Dijk 3 

1. ITT W&WW GmbH, Boschstraße 6, 32051 Herford 

2. Dunea, PO 34, 2270 AA, Voorburg, The Netherlands 

3. Delft University of Technology, PO 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands 

The presented data are extracted from extended pilot trials carried out at DUNEA in 2009 and 2010. Dunea 

(The Netherlands,The Hague) produces drinking water from the Meuse River, which contains a variety of 

organic micropollutants as a result from upstream activity. Dunea is performing research to extend the current 

multiple barrier treatment (e.g. pre-treatment, artificial recharge and recovery (ARR), post-treatment) with an 

advanced oxidation processes (AOP), situated at the pre-treatment location in Bergambacht, before ARR. The 

degradation of organic micropollutants as a result of advanced oxidation using different combinations of 

hydrogen peroxide, ozone, low pressure (LP) UV lamps has been assessed by means of pilot-scale (5 m 3 /h) 

experiments. The influent was pre-treated river water, with an yearly average UV-transmission of 80% and a 

DOC concentration of 4 mg/L. The peroxide doses were varied as 0, 5 and 10 ppm, the ozone doses were 

varied as 1, 2 and 3 g ozone / m 3 . The UV doses were varied between 300 and 650 mJ/cm 2 . The installed 

power for the LP reactor was 0.26 kWh/m 3 . Atrazine, bromacil, ibuprofen and NDMA were spiked (10-20 µg/L) 

and used as model compounds. 

Bromacil was completely (>99%) removed by ozone/peroxide. Atrazine and Ibuprofen were good (58% and 

85% respectively) removed by O 3/H 2O 2 and NDMA was not (9%) removed by this technique, whereas NDMA 

showed good (82%) removal by UV/H 2O 2. Atrazine, Bromacil and Ibuprofen were degraded by UV/H 2O 2 at 53, 

46 and 59 %, respectively. In addition also combined AOP was tested; spiked water was treated by O 3/H 2O 2 

first and followed by a LP-UV reactor downstream. All four compounds showed high degradation rates (> 80%) 

during for this combined AOP treatment. This process combination results in the lowest opex and capex cost 

for a reduction rate of > 80% for the investigated compounds atrazine, bromacil, ibuprofen and NDMA. In 

addition the formation of bromate was limited to 1 µg/L. 

Keywords: Advanced Oxidation; AOP; Organic Micropollutants; Low Pressure UV; Ozone; Bromate Formation; 

CAPEX & OPEX Calculation. 



Advanced Oxidation for Surface Water Treatment in Cornwall – 

A New Lighthouse Project in Europe 

Chris Rockey 1 , Andreas Kolch 2 , Alan Royce 3 , Colin Tinkler 1 , and Tim Ball 1 

1. South West Water, Peninsula House, Rydon Lane, Exeter, Devon, UK 

2. Hytecon GmbH, Hereford, Germany 

3. Trojan Technologies, London, ON, Canada 

In this pilot study, Advanced Oxidation (AOP) denotes the combination of ultraviolet irradiation (UV) utilising 

low pressure lamps and hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2). This technology undergone a rapid development in the US 

where numerous projects have been installed, consisting mostly of standalone pump and treat technology, 

predominantly in the ground water remediation area. 

In contrast, Europe has not yet embraced the trend towards this form of AOP technology. However, one of the 

most prominent projects of this type has been pioneered by PWN in the Netherlands, where the UV/H 2O 2 

AOP is used within a surface water treatment plant to provide a universal barrier for a range of organic 

micro-pollutants. 

South West Water, UK (SWW), is currently working on an AOP project to realise one of the most modern 

treatment trains of this type in Europe to ensure compliance with the UK pesticide standard. The new 

treatment units will consist of an AOP prior to Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) contactors. Other significant 

treatment benefits, are likely to include an improvement in the acceptability (taste and odour) of supplies, an 

additional treatment barrier for cryptosporidium, reduced disinfection by-product formation and improved 

biological stability. This is likely to have a huge impact on the course of water treatment plant design over the 

UK in the next 5 -10 years. 

During the AOP/GAC pilot investigation, SWW worked with Trojan Technologies, who also supplied the UV 

system, and PWN, who provided piloting and operational expertise. The piloting work was conducted to 

provide proof of concept of the emerging technology for the treatment of the acid herbicides 2,4-D, mecoprop, 

MCPA and triclopyr and the neutral herbicide linuron. In addition, work has also been conducted targeting 

treatment of the taste and odour causing compounds of geosmin and 2-methyl-isoborneol (MIB). 

From the pilot evaluation Electrical Energy per Order of destruction (EEO) values were calculated and 

compared to those predicted by Trojan’s models. The use of low pressure lamp technology and good quality 

water (high UV-Transmittance (UVT) and low scavenging potential) has resulted in an energy efficient and low 

peroxide use barrier against the target range of organic micro-pollutants. 

Parameter Trojan EEO prediction (kWh/m 3 /order) Measured EEO (kWh/m 3 order) 

Geosmin 0.14 0.17 

MIB 0.18 0.22 

2,4 D 0.33 0.20 

MCPA 0.19 0.13 



GACs of different ages were assessed in terms of their ability to quench peroxide and remediate any potential 

by-products when subjected to different empty bed contact times (EBCT) and surface loading rates (SLR). 

Peroxide was suitably quenched in all situations and the limited data available indicates that no significant by 

products would pass forward into supply. 

In summary it can be concluded that the combination of AOP and biologically active GAC will achieve effective 

removal of all of the above mentioned substances enabling SWW to proceed as planned; upgrading the 

existing plant to one of the most sophisticated surface water treatment streams in Europe. 

Keywords: Drinking Water Treatment; Advanced Oxidation; Organic Micropollutant Control; Pesticides; Neutral 

Herbicides; Acid Herbicides; Geosmin; 2-Methyl-iso-borneol (MIB); Earthy Musty Tastes and Odours. 


UV Advanced Oxidation for Taste and Odor Control: 

Understanding Life-Cycle Cost and Sustainability 

Paul D. Swaim, P.E. 1 , Matt Ridens 1 , Adam Festger 2 , and Alan Royce, P.Eng. 3 

1. CH2M HILL, 9193 South Jamaica Street, Englewood, CO, USA 80112 

2. Trojan Technologies, 7001 N. Edgewood Pl., Tucson, AZ, USA 85704 

3. Trojan Technologies, 3020 Gore Road, London, ON, Canada N5V 4T7 

Taste and odor is a problem faced by many drinking water utilities. Although taste and odor represents 

primarily an aesthetic issue, problems are readily observed by customers, are often a source of complaints, 

and can erode consumer confidence in the quality of the treated water. Among taste and odor control 

treatment options, ozone, biological filtration, UV advanced oxidation, and powdered activated carbon (PAC) 

are readily implementable at many WTPs. This work compares treatment technologies for taste and odor 

control in terms of capital cost, operation and maintenance (O&M) cost, and greenhouse gas footprint. 

Keywords: UV Advanced Oxidation; Ozone; Taste and Odor Control; Technology Cost Comparison; Technology 

Greenhouse Gas Comparison; Sustainability. 



Inactivation of Adenovirus Using 

Low-Dose Ultraviolet/H 2O 2 Advanced Oxidation 

Sarah Bounty, Luke Martin, and Karl Linden 

Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering 

University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309 

Advanced oxidation using hydroxyl radicals developed by the exposure of ultraviolet light (UV) to hydrogen 

peroxide (H 2O 2) is a proven technology for the degradation of many contaminants found in water and 

wastewater. Research on the disinfection capacity of hydroxyl radicals has been limited in scope thus far. Most 

microbes are sensitive to UV disinfection alone and can be easily disinfected from absorbing the wavelengths 

of UV light alone. Adenovirus is a human pathogen found in water and wastewater that has shown significant 

resistance to conventional UV disinfection. Regulations for disinfection of viruses in the EPA Long Term 2 

Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule set high dose requirements for UV disinfection based on this 

resistance of adenovirus. This research aims to determine the disinfection kinetics of adenovirus in a 

combined UV/ H 2O 2 system using UV doses typical of a UV disinfection system. Experiments currently 

underway are using a collimated beam apparatus for UV exposures and adenovirus type 2 (Ad2). Cell culture 

infectivity assays are being performed on the treated virus. UV doses from 0 to 120 mJ/cm 2 and peroxide 

concentration of 10 mg/L are being examined. OH radical exposure is measured using methods previously 

developed with para-chlorobenzoic acid. 

Further experiments will focus on using different water types and H 2O 2 concentrations. In addition, polymerase 

chain reaction (PCR) will be performed on samples treated with UV and UV/H 2O 2 to determine the extent of 

DNA damage from each disinfection method. Typical UV disinfection is mainly achieved by damage to the viral 

genome that inhibits replication, but it is possible that the hydroxyl radicals may damage parts of the virus 

capsid structure and inactivate the virus via a different mechanism than UV alone. Results from PCR will 

indicate any differences in DNA damage between UV alone and UV-peroxide treatments and provide insight 

into other possible inactivation mechanisms by UV/H 2O 2. Initial experiments have shown a difference in the 

inactivation of adenovirus by UV/H 2O 2 and UV alone. For example, In the presence of 10 mg/L peroxide, a UV 

dose of 40 mJ/cm 2 resulted in more than double the log inactivation of Ad2 compared to a dose of 40 without 

any peroxide added. This research is expected to be complete in Spring 2011. 

Keywords: Virus; Disinfection; Advanced Oxidation Process; Hydroxyl Radical; Ultraviolet Light; Low Pressure. 



The Effectiveness of UV+Chlorine Treatment of 

Trichloroethylene in Drinking Water 

Ding Wang 1 , Tim Walton 2 , Leigh McDermott 3 , Susan Andrews 1 , and Ron Hofmann 1 

1. Department of Civil Engineering, 

University of Toronto, 35. St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A4 

2. Region of Waterloo, 2069 Ottawa St. S., Kitchener Ontario, Canada, N2E 3K3 

3. Stantec Consulting Ltd., 49 Frederick St., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, N2H 6M7 

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a relatively common groundwater contaminant. It can damage the human nervous 

system, liver and kidney, and has been proven to be carcinogenic to animals. As such, it is often regulated, 

typically at concentrations in the order of 5 μg/L. UV light photolysis alone can destroy TCE, but the efficiency 

can be increased by operating a UV system as an advanced oxidation process (AOP), such as by adding 

hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2). The UV photolysis of chlorine is also known to produce hydroxyl radicals, and may 

be a practical AOP, but there is little prior experience with this form of treatment. 

A full-scale study at the Middleton Water Supply System in Cambridge (Ontario, Canada) compared 

UV+chlorine treatment to UV+ H 2O 2 to destroy TCE, and found its performance to be slightly superior when 

using similar mass concentrations of chlorine and H 2O 2. These results are being presented at the 2011 

IOA-IUVA World Congress in Paris. Preliminary reaction kinetic modeling, however, contradicts the full-scale 

results and suggests that while UV+chlorine is an effective AOP, UV+H 2O 2 should be slightly superior under 

the conditions at the Middleton system (pH 7.55, 0.65 mg-C/L dissolved organic carbon, 88 mg/L alkalinity 

as CaCO 3). It is hypothesized that some of the previously-reported reaction parameters describing chlorine 

photolysis, such as the yield of hydroxyl radical formation, may not be properly understood, and can be 

contributing to the difference between full-scale observations and the reaction models. 

This presentation will report on laboratory work that has been undertaken to learn more about the UV+chlorine 

system. In particular, the destruction of TCE using UV+chlorine in parallel with UV+H 2O 2 or UV alone is being 

monitored using a medium pressure UV collimated beam system, to ensure greater control over analytical and 

operational conditions than at full-scale. A greater range of conditions is also being explored in this work than 

has been tested at full-scale, including different pH values, and different concentrations of inorganic carbon, 

which serve as radical scavengers. A comprehensive examination of potential disinfection by-products will also 

be reported, including THMs, HAAs, total organohalides, and various organonitrogen species that have been 

shown to be promoted by medium pressure UV lamps. 

The data obtained from these laboratory tests will be used to improve our chemical model of the UV+chlorine 

system, so that we can more confidently assess the potential to use UV+chlorine as a viable treatment process. 

Keywords: Advanced Oxidation; UV; Chlorine, Trichloroethylene; Hydroxyl Radical; Disinfection By-Products. 


Session 10 – UV Case Studies and Research S10-1 

Energy Efficient UV Upgrade at the 

Arrowhead Ranch Water Reclamation Facility 

Gary L. Hunter 1 , P.E., Andrew J. Mally 1 , P.E., Dan Buhrmaster 1 , P.E., 

Larry Broutman 2 , and Arif Rahman 2 

1. Black & Veatch Corporation 

2. City of Glendale 

Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection has emerged as a viable alternative to traditional disinfection technologies. The 

City of Glendale has received an Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant (EECBG) from the 

Department of Energy (DOE) to implement cost saving measures at the Arrowhead Ranch Water Reclamation 

Facility (ARWRF). The primary component of the project is replacement of the existing medium pressure UV 

disinfection system with a more energy efficient low pressure high output UV disinfection system. 

Keywords: UV Disinfection; Reclamation Facility. 


Integrating Ozonation and UV Disinfection for 

an Unfiltered System to Comply with LT2ESWTR 

Jeff Neemann 1 , Bryan Townsend 1 , Mario Francucci 1 , Kathy Moriarty 2 , 

Rick Pershken 2 , Kevin Pottle 2 , and Dina Page 2 

1. Black & Veatch, Boston, Massachusetts 

2. Bangor Water District, Bangor, Maine 

The Bangor Water District (BWD) has evaluated the treatment requirements for compliance with the US EPA’s 

Long Term 2 Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2SWTR). The LT2ESWTR will supplement existing regulations 

by mandating additional Cryptosporidium inactivation requirements for higher-risk systems. BWD is an 

unfiltered water system that currently uses ozonation and chloramination. After an evaluation and selection 

process, BWD is in the process of adding UV disinfection to meet the LT2ESWTR treatment requirements. The 

UV transmittance (UVT) data collected to date demonstrates the significant impact of ozonation. The raw water 

99th percentile for UVT was 70 percent, where as the 99th percentile for the ozonated water was 83 percent. It 

was determined to put UV after ozone, however, there was a considerable difference between designing the UV 

system with or without ozone, because of the difference in transmittance. In many cases it meant going from 

two reactors (one duty and one standby) to 3 or even 4 reactors. It was decided to let the market decide the 

true cost of being “conservative” and designing the UV system for the raw water transmittance. So the final 

design of the UV system included pre-purchase of the UV system. The UV system bid included a based bid 

with a “high” UVT assuming ozone is in service and an alternate bid with a “low” UVT assuming ozone was out 

of service. The UV manufacturers were also required to submit detailed information on the operating envelope 

of the base bid so it could be determined how much “extra” capacity the base bid had by using more power or 

adding more lamps to the reactor. The allowed BWD to balance the initial cost savings of the base bid, while 

having a contingency plan should the need to treat lower UVT water in the future 

Keywords: Ozonation; UV; Transmittance; Unfiltered. 



Hurdles and Progress in UV-C LED Technology for Water Disinfection 

Jennifer G. Pagan 1 , Oliver Lawal 2 , and Paolo Batoni 1 

1. Dot Metrics Technologies, 9201 University City Blvd. Grigg Hall, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA 

2. Aquionics Inc. 21 Kenton Lands Road, Erlanger, KY 41018, USA 

Currently UV treatment of fluids is almost exclusively carried using Low and Medium Pressure lamp technology 

that incorporate mercury as a generation source for UV photons. While UV treatment is replacing traditional 

chemical treatment in many applications, it still has a number of drawbacks. UV light-emitting diodes (UV- 

LEDs) provide solutions to most of these drawbacks. 

UV-C LEDs which emit radiation in the germicidal wavelengths (200 nm-300 nm) are an emerging technology 

with few manufacturers worldwide. Commercial adoption of UV-C LEDs is impeded by extremely low external 

quantum efficiencies, typically below 3%. However, despite their inefficiency, UV-C LEDs continue to generate 

interest for use in water disinfection applications. Low optical output powers of UV-C LEDs necessitate the use 

of multichip packages to generate the power levels necessary to achieve disinfection. High device thermals 

and UV emission combine to make multi-chip packages challenging and require the development of 

packaging materials which would provide lower thermal resistance and UV stability than those currently used 

in the high brightness (HB) LED market. 

Data taken from a 265 nm LED from Sensor Electronic Technology (Columbia, SC) show that a 30°C jump in 

ambient temperature results in a more than 43% drop in peak output power. This indicates, as is the case with 

visible LEDs, that the cooling of a UV-C LED is essential to maintaining optical output power levels. In addition, 

testing of 265 nm TO-39 packaged LEDs demonstrated that when the LEDs are convectively (fan) cooled with 

a heat sink, the package temperature drops by 20°C. The operating lifetime of the cooled LEDs was 

significantly increased over the as-packaged devices, indicating that optimized thermal management would 

have a significant impact on UV-C LED device performance. 

Multi-chip packages which are necessary to achieve power levels adequate for disinfection exacerbate the 

heating issues. While a single LED in a TO-39 header maintained around a 41°C temperature, the same 

package with 8 dice exceeded 111°C (the IR camera maximum). 

In addition to output power concerns, there are technological roadblocks to understanding how to incorporate 

UV-C LEDs into mercury heritage applications such as water disinfection. The inherent benefits of UV-C LEDs, 

which are; mercury free, instant on/off, low voltage sources, create key drivers for market adoption. 

In addition, recent results show that a UV-C LED treatment device can effectively disinfect up-to 12 gpm/watt 

of water, compared to less than 1 gpm/watt for a conventional mercury lamp based system. On the cusp of 

such a paradigm shift, a comprehensive understanding of UV-C LEDs from both a technological and biological 

standpoint will be critical to implementing the technology effectively into disinfection systems. 

Keywords: UV Light-Emitting Diodes; Water Disinfection. 



12-Month UV Fouling Study on Unfiltered Source Water 

Chad Talbot 1 , Mark Heath 2 , Harold Wright 3 , and David Peters 1 

1. Portland Water Bureau, 1120 SW 5th Avenue, Room 600, Portland, OR 97204 

2. Carollo Engineers, 720 SW Washington St., Suite 550, Portland, OR 97205 

3. Carollo Engineers, 12592 West Explorer Drive, Suite 200, Boise, ID 83713 

The Portland Water Bureau (PWB) undertook a study in 2009-2010 to investigate fouling tendencies of its 

unfiltered source water with UV equipment. The 12-month study was conducted with three different UV 

reactors; two medium pressure reactors and one low-pressure high-output (LPHO) reactor. Results showed 

that the un-wiped medium-pressure lamp sleeves demonstrated significant amounts of fouling during the fall. 

During the remainder of the year the un-wiped medium-pressure lamp sleeves showed little or no fouling. The 

un-wiped LPHO sleeves demonstrated no significant fouling during any month of the year. PWB was able to 

use the results of this study to aid in the pre-selection process of UV equipment for full-scale design. 

Keywords: Design; Disinfection; Fouling; Pilot; Study; Ultraviolet; UV. 


Photochemical Fate of Oil Dispersants Used in the Gulf Oil Spill Clean-Up 

Austa M. Parker, Caitlin M. Glover, Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz, and Karl G. Linden 

Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, 

University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309 

Following the explosion of the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Rig in the Gulf of Mexico, the company utilized the 

dispersants COREXIT 9500A and 9527A to separate the oil into smaller particles to both minimize the surface 

oil from reaching land and make the oil droplets smaller to enhance biodegradability. Concern surrounding the 

toxicity of these dispersant chemicals has arisen because they were used in quantities never before applied 

and the fate of the dispersants in the deepwater environment and surface was not well known. One decay 

pathway of the dispersants is the sunlight mediated photochemical degradation of the compounds found in 

COREXIT. The photochemistry of this contaminant mixture is not well studied. 

Analytical Detection: Following the United States Environmental Protection Agencies’ release of limited 

information about the constituents of COREXIT (www.epa.gov/bpspill/dispersants.html), pure chemical 

standards were ordered to develop analytical methods for the compounds. To accurately follow the decay of 

the chemicals found in COREXIT, gas and liquid chromatography methods in combination with mass 

spectrometry are being utilized. These methods are being used to study the fate of COREXIT dispersants in 

synthetic ocean waters and laboratory grade water. The project started in Fall 2010 and is funded by the 

National Science foundation under the RAPID Grant program. Photochemical fate studies are currently 

underway at the time of this abstract submission. The experiments being performed are described below. 



Direct Photolysis: Individual constituents of COREXIT are being exposed to ultraviolet light and their fate 

followed in laboratory grade water, synthetic ocean water, and natural samples collected off the coast of Grand 

Isle, Louisana, which include water from both oil impacted and clean beaches. The synthetic ocean water 

results will be compared to the natural samples. The dispersant mixture, COREXIT, is dosed into all four water 

types and the degradation via direct photolysis is being followed. 

Photo-Initiated Oxidation: Oxidation via indirect photolysis of the water quality constituents will be investigated 

by first testing the susceptibility of the constituents of COREXIT to oxidative damage and transformation using 

hydrogen peroxide as a radical initiator under UV light. Transformation products will be investigated using 

mass spectrometry methods and clean-water standards to assess the oxidative fate of these contaminants. 

The oxidation reaction rates will be evaluated and used for modeling purposes. 

Photochemical Dispersant Modeling: Both direct photolysis and photo-initiated oxidation data will be utilized in 

a model that incorporates the radical reaction rates from photolysis and oxidation reactions to predict the fate 

of the components of COREXIT. These data will track the decay of the chemicals and their decay products, 

which will be useful for examining the ultimate toxicity of these dispersants. 

We expect to have the photolysis studies and oxidation studies done by Spring of 2011 and the project 

completed end of Summer 2011. 

Keywords: Photochemistry; Dispersants; Surfactants; Photolysis; Indirect Photolysis; Oxidation; Toxicity. 


Algae Control Methods Compared: The Importance of Successful Algae 

Control for Facilities with UV Disinfection 

David Drobiak 1 , Brent R. Gill 2 , Shawna Gill, D.C. 2 , and Joseph Nestico 3 

1. Jewett City WPCF, 52 Wedgewood Dr.,Jewett City, CT, USA 06351 

2. GillTrading.com, Inc., 6107 SW Murray Blvd., 321, Beaverton, OR, USA 97008 

3. Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, 79 Elm Street, Hartford, CT, USA 06106 

In Connecticut, with the changeover to UV from Chlorination for disinfection at some of the State’s WPCFs 

(Water Pollution Control Facilities), it has been observed that an increase in attached algal growth along with a 

proliferation of a dense population of “tiny” snails (Pouch Snails) is occurring in the UV chamber(s). The end 

result appears to cause an “artificial” increase in Suspended Solids in the final effluent, and at some facilities 

there is the need for filtration of the plant water in order to be able to recycle it back into the facility without 

maintenance problems. Many of the facilities with these snail problems had followed the CT DEP’s 

recommendation to implement a brush device to control algae growth in the secondary clarifiers. A pilot to 

find a method to successfully manage algae and the resulting snail populations using spray control was later 

conducted at the Jewett City WPCF. The results of the pilot and other local facilities also using spray algae 

control will be reviewed. 

Keywords: Algae; UV, UV Disinfection; Snails; UV Chamber. 



Adopting and Adapting to Advanced Treatment Technologies 

Jane Bonsteel, Andrew Farr, and Jeff Hennings 

Regional Municipality of Peel, 920 East Avenue, Mississauga, ON L5E 1W6 

The Regional Municipality of Peel owns two surface water treatment plants which treat water from Lake 

Ontario. Until 2006, both plants utilized conventional treatment technology; one plant was rated at 560 ML/d 

and the other was rated at 347 ML/d for a combined capacity of 907 ML/d. Today, the two plants have a 

combined treatment capacity of 1060 ML/d with another 640 ML/d under construction. While conventional 

treatment trains are still in service, additional treatment technologies include ozone followed by biological 

filtration, UV disinfection, UV/H 2O 2 advanced oxidation and membrane filtration. How did this change happen 

in such a short period of time? How were the decisions made to adopt these advanced treatment technologies? 

How did the plants incorporate the new technologies? 

The Region of Peel’s Water and Wastewater Servicing Master Plan (as amended in 2002) established the 

need for expansion of the treatment capacities of the surface water treatment plants. The Region of Peel was 

experiencing growth and an agreement to provide water to a neighbouring municipality was reached. Also at 

this time, the Ontario government was introducing new legislated treatment requirements and water quality 

standards following the tragedy in Walkerton. The Region proactively developed its own set of water quality 

objectives that surpass the regulations. These objectives provide specific targets for some parameters, but 

also include the desire for flexibility in treating ’emerging’ chemical and biological contaminants. 

To initiate the expansion of capacity of a water treatment facility in Ontario, a “Class Environmental 

Assessment (EA)” is required. This process ensures that all alternatives are examined to determine technical, 

social, natural and financial implications. It also requires two public consultations, firstly on the alternatives 

being considered, and secondly on the preferred alternative. The preferred alternative includes a high level 

description of the proposed treatment processes. Two Class EAs were completed, one in 2003 and one in 

2007; the treatment trains developed included advanced technologies to meet the Region’s water quality 

objectives now and into the foreseeable future. 

The implementation of the advanced treatment technologies has precipitated a period of rapid change in water 

treatment operations in Peel Region. With more than 40 years of conventional treatment experience at the 

water plants and a large body of research history available, operations had been fairly predictable and routine. 

During the last three years, however, staff have been on a steep learning curve. Both the owners and operators 

of the WTPs have been challenged in learning to operate and to optimize the advanced treatment processes, 

with little experience here or elsewhere to fall back on. 

This paper will discuss the decisions made in the development of the advanced treatment trains and some of 

the challenges in learning to operate these new processes. 

Keywords: Ozonation; Bromate; Taste and Odour; Operations. 


Session 11 – Ozone Research and Design S11-1 

Study of Ozone Application to Degradation of Paraquat Dissolved in Water 

Patricia Reynoso Quispe 1 , Roberto J. Carvalho 1 , and Wilfredo I. Urruchi 2 

1. Department of Materials Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, 

Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225 Gávea, RJ, 22451-900, Brazil 

2. Taubaté University, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil 

The continuous use of pesticides generates many side effects, as toxicity, environmental persistence and 

pollution of water resources. The contamination of waterways is produced directly by the application of 

pesticides in water, in containers or equipment for washing and discharging of residues and waste. The 

herbicide Paraquat is largely used around the world and undergoes various forms of contamination mentioned 

above. Therefore, there is a need to develop new processes and technologies to treat aqueous effluents to 

ensure efficient removal of toxic substances. In this regard, ozone is an oxidizing agent capable of degrading 

organic and inorganic compounds. The objective of this paper was the study of Paraquat degradation by 

ozone application into the water. The parameters analyzed were pH, oxygen flow and stirrer rotational speed. 

It was shown a degradation of 51% of Paraquat, and was possible to determine the kinetic degradation 

constant of 15.9 M -1 s -1 . 

Keywords: Ozone; Paraquat; Kinetics; Degradation. 


Decomposition Kinetics of Ozone Dissolved in Different Aqueous Solutions 

A. Pérez 1 , T. Poznyak 1 , and I. Chairez 2 

1. Superior School of Chemical Engineering, National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico (ESIQIE-IPN,), 

Edif. 7, UPALM, Z.C. 07738, Mexico D.F., Mexico 

2. Professional Interdisciplinary Unit of Biotechnology, 

National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico (UPIBI-IPN), 

Av. Acueducto s/n, Barrio La Laguna, Col. Ticomán, Z.C. 07340, Mexico, D.F. 

The physiological solution has been widely studied by their therapeutically effect, using it as bactericidal agent. 

Some researchershave established, the optimal conditions which these solution must be ozonated to obtain a 

therapeutically effect. However, is important to know the proper concentration of dissolved ozone in the 

solutions, besides of its decomposition kinetics. This parameter and the ozone residence time will be 

determined and compared in injectable water andphysiological solution of NaCl at 0.9% at same operational 

conditions. Finally, some microbiological proofs will be making on E.coli and P. auroginosa to observe and 

compare their bactericidal effect. 

Keywords: Ozone; Decomposition Kinetics; Physiological Solution; Bactericidal Effect. 



Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis 

Optimizes Pipeline Flash Reactor Design 

Celia Mazzei and Mike Spillner 

Mazzei Injector Company, LLC, Bakersfield, California, USA 

This study examines the use of single-phase and multi-phase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations 

to optimize the design of Pipeline Flash Reactors (patented technology) by analyzing mixing uniformity 

immediately following the nozzle discharge region. A Pipeline Flash Reactor (PFR) utilizes multiple sets of 

Mazzei MTM Nozzles orthogonal to the mainline flow to blend a sidestream into a wastewater or potable 

water mainline under constant or varying flow conditions with negligible mainline pressure loss. 

This CFD parametric study discusses three design configurations with varying flow rates and obtains results in 

agreement with university pilot tests, which also corroborate full scale installations. Optimized PFR design 

subsequently reduces footprint and can eliminate the need for additional mixing devices downstream. 

Our findings indicate that nozzle configuration has a consistent and predicable correlation to performance; 

however, variation in flow rates and gas volume cause different ranges of performance variability within each 

configuration study, so it is important to design each PFR based on all available information. 

Keywords: Computational Fluid Dynamics; Pipeline Flash Reactor; Transfer Efficiency; Mixing; Coefficient of 

Variation; Sidestream Injection; Mazzei Injectors; MTM Mazzei Nozzles. 



Ozone Sidestream Injection: Solving Start-Up Problems 

Using Underwater Video and Engineering Creativity 

Alan Domonoske and Gardner Olson 

1. Carollo Engineers, 1265 East Fort Union Blvd., Suite 200, Midvale, UT 84047 

2. Metropolitan Water District of Salt Lake & Sandy, 3430 E. Danish Road, Sandy, UT 84093 

The new 70 MGD Point of the Mountain Water Treatment Plant (POMWTP) was commissioned for the 

Metropolitan Water District of Salt Lake & Sandy (MWDSLS) in August 2007. The POMWTP is a conventional 

water treatment plant with enhanced processes of intermediate ozone and post-filtration UV disinfection. 

During the initial ozone system testing, ozone and oxygen gas inexplicably migrated back into upstream 

channel not designed for ozone service. This presentation will highlight the underwater diver investigations and 

engineering creativity that were used to successfully identify the cause and remedy of this phenomenon. 

The POMWTP intermediate ozone contactor was designed to take advantage of sidestream injection and 

provided the following benefits: 

• An efficient, symmetric layout with a common ozone dissolution pipe underneath the two contactor trains 

eliminated flow split concerns and provided increased pressure in the dissolution pipe to achieve high 

ozone transfer efficiency. 

• The sidestream injection configuration allowed for a more efficient and less expensive horizontally baffled 

disinfection contactor. 

• High-maintenance diffusers were eliminated, and isolation gates were located outside of the contactor 

where they were more accessible. 

• The configuration included a convenient ozone system bypass which simplified startup of this brand new 

plant. The conventional plant was commissioned independent of ozone, postponing the more complicated 

ozone process until reliable plant flow could be established. 

The mixed phase ozonated sidestream is injected to the main dissolution pipe prior to entering the 

contactors. The configuration was designed so that the dissolution pipe slope, process flow velocity, and 

injection nozzle orientation carried any undissolved gas towards the contactor inlet. However, during initial 

system testing with oxygen gas, it was observed that at low process flows and/or high gas flows, free gas 

migrated twenty-five feet upstream despite these elements. This free gas discharged into a channel that was 

not designed for ozone service. 

Neither the design engineer, owner, ozone manufacturer, construction management team, nor contractor could 

initially explain the observed phenomenon. Several theories and potential solutions were identified, but the 

lack of a plausible explanation made it difficult to move forward with confidence. The contactor arranged for 

a SCUBA diver to enter the 78-inch mixing pipe during normal operations and video the sidestream injection 

nozzle operations under a variety of conditions, document the air phenomenon, and test the preferred solution. 

We will present the unique contactor design, discuss the unexplained air phenomenon, and present the 

successful solution. The highlight of this presentation will be a rare, underwater video of an operating, 

full-scale sidestream injection system discharging mixed phase flow through diffusers in a 60-inch pipe 

flowing at 0.5 fps and 1.5 fps. 

Keywords: Ozone; Sidestream; Injection; Startup; Construction; Diver Investigation; Ozone Contactor; Trouble 

Shooting; Diffuser. 



Development and Use of an Ozonation Process Simulator 

at the F.J. Horgan Water Treatment Plant 

Gord Mitchell 1 , Liza Ballantyne 1 , Alex Vukosavljevic 1 and Kerwin L. Rakness 2 

1. F.J. Horgan Water Treatment Plant, 201 Copperfield Road, Toronto, ON M1E 5G7 

2. Process Applications, Inc., 2627 Redwing Rd., Suite 340, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526 

The F.J. Horgan Water Treatment Plant (WTP) is one of four water treatment facilities in the City of Toronto and 

is currently undergoing a 230 ML/d capacity expansion to increase its overall capacity to 800 ML/d. A major 

component of the expansion will be the conversion to ozone for primary disinfection and taste and odour 

control for the entire 800 ML/d process stream. Construction is currently on-going and the commissioning is 

anticipated to begin in the fall of 2011. 

The primary control strategy for ozone to be implemented as part of the expansion will be the innovative 

“Hybrid Constant Concentration” method. As part of the development of this ozone process control strategy, 

Process Applications Inc. (PAI) developed an “ozone simulator” to model the future ozonation process at F.J. 

Horgan. The ozone simulator has been effectively utilized for process design, system demonstration, SCADA 

programming validation, staff training and system optimization for both disinfection and taste and odour 

control purposes. 

Keywords: F.J. Horgan; Hybrid Constant Concentration; Disinfection; Ozone Decay; Ozone Half Life; GOX. 


Ozone Retrofit Considerations at the Oakville Water Purification Plant 

Elia Edwards 1 , and Bill Mundy 2 

1. Associated Engineering, Suite 800 – 304 The East Mall, Toronto, ON, Canada, M9B 6E2 

2. Regional Municipality of Halton, 1151 Bronte Road, Oakville, ON, Canada, L6M 3L1 

In 2002, the Regional Municipality of Halton (Region) identified a need to upgrade the Oakville Water 

Purification Plant (WPP) with the intent of producing a higher-quality drinking water that would satisfy the 

existing requirements mandated by the Province of Ontario’s new Drinking Water Systems Regulation (DWSR) 

while considering the impact of anticipated near-future treatment requirements such as those arising within the 

more stringent United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) framework. A retrofit and staged 

design approach was employed to provide Operations greater than 70% production capacity at all times 

through the construction period. Construction was started in 2004 and completed in 2008. The Oakville WPP 

is now a pseudo-conventional treatment plant with high-rate ballasted flocculation sedimentation using the 

ACTIFLO ® process, intermediate ozone using a side-stream injection system for both primary disinfection and 

taste & odour (T&O) control, dual-media filtration for particulate removal, and chlorination for zebra mussel 

control, secondary disinfection and as a backup primary disinfection strategy. The Oakville WPP treats Lake 

Ontario surface water and is rated for a treatment capacity of 120 megalitres per day (ML/d) or 32 million 

gallons per day (mgd). The construction assignment was completed at CAD$35M. 



With respect to the ozone retrofit design and construction considerations, a number of lessons have 

been learned: 

• Side stream injection system pump and VFD design considerations for optimum process/operational 

flexibility as well as power/LOX cost savings; 

• Ozone system design requirements for cold water climates (

Session 12 – UV Treatment Research S12-2 

Biodosimetry of a Full-Scale Wastewater UV Disinfection System Using 

Multiple Surrogate Microorganisms 

Bruno Ferran, and Wei Yang 

Ozonia North America, 600 Willow Tree Road, Leonia, NJ 07605 

With the objective to anticipate on the possible implementation of an RED bias for wastewater UV disinfection 

Ozonia North America (ONA) undertook a bioassay validation study of a low-pressure very high-output 

(LPVHO) ultraviolet (UV) reactor using T1 phage as surrogate microorganism. This bioassay is an addition to 

MS-2 phage bioassay work conducted in 2006 with the same LPVHO UV reactor. 

Validation of the LPVHO UV reactor with T1 phage was designed to conform mainly the 2003 UV Disinfection 

Guidelines for Drinking Water and Water Reuse (1) , hereafter referred to as the UV Disinfection Guidelines. The 

analysis of the combined MS-2 and T1 phage bioassay data was conducted in accordance with the principles 

set forward in the US EPA UVDGM (2) . 

Curves of Validated RED versus flow rate and lamp effective output (EO) were obtained for wastewater effluents 

at 55% and 65% UVT. These curves can be applied towards disinfection of common wastewater indicator 

pathogens with UV sensitivities comprised between 4.9 and 19.7 mJ/cm 2 /logI. 

Keywords: Wastewater; Bioassay; Surrogate Microorganism; UV Sensitivity; Validated RED. 


When Dose is Not Dose. The Case of UV Disinfection of Adenovirus 

Karl G. Linden 1 , Karl Scheible 2 , Phyllis Posy 3 , Gwy-Am Shin 4 , 

Jeanette Thurston 5 , and Anne Eischeid 6 

1. Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, 

University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA 

2. HDR-HydroQual 

3. Atlantium Technologies 

4. University of Washington 

5. USDA AFRI 

6. Duke University 

Adenovirus, found in wastewater and both surface and ground water is a double-stranded DNA virus that 

infects humans. Research has been shown it to be more resistant to UV disinfection from conventional low 

pressure (LP) UV 254 nm light than other viruses and this has driven drinking water regulations. In fact, 

Adenovirus’ resistance to UV is the sole basis for high dose requirements for viruses in the EPA Long Term 2 

Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. Because there are no stable surrogates for such high doses, in 2006, 

UV was not considered an economical or verifiable treatment for viruses in the US EPA Groundwater Rule. 

Has the research that has focused on monochromatic UV (Low Pressure) missed the mark, and pushed public 

policy in the wrong direction? This and other questions will be addressed while reporting on a multi-year 



research effort that is underway to understand why adenovirus appears so UV resistant and how to properly 

measure UV efficacy as a treatment for adenovirus. This includes our studies on the effectiveness of 

polychromatic UV sources for inactivation of adenoviruses as assayed in cell culture, utilization of molecular 

biology techniques for examination of nucleic acid damage and viral protein damage via Low Pressure and 

Medium Pressure UV light exposure, validating 4-log virus inactivation in a flow-through UV reactor using 

adenovirus directly, and current results from animal infectivity assays to examine UV disinfection effectiveness 

toward adenoviruses outside of the traditional cell culture infectivity assay paradigm. Attendees will better 

understand the facts behind the policy that is making UV a controversial alternative for some and the solution 

of choice for others who don’t want to use chemical disinfection. 

Keywords: Virus; Regulations; Ultraviolet Light, Medium Pressure; Pathogens. 


Ultraviolet Lamp Efficiencies: 

Modern Derivation of the Keitz Formula and Other Efficiency Issues 

Qing Sheng Ke 1 and James R. Bolton 2 

1. Present address: 600-4808 Ross Street, Stantec Consulting, Red Deer, AB, Canada T4N 1X5 

2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 

University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2W2 

The accurate measurement of the total UV output from a low pressure (LP) or low pressure high output (LPHO) 

UV lamp is very important in assessing the energy costs of UV systems. This is a challenging task resulting, 

since significant errors can arise from UV detector calibration, reflection of UV from surrounding walls, ambient 

temperature variations, and the ballast performance (Sasges and Robinson, 2005; Severin and Roessler, 

1998). In order to measure the LP or LPHO UV output accurately, the so-called Keitz formula (Keitz, 1971) 

has been employed, which is now the basis for a recommended UV Lamp Efficiency Protocol adopted by the 

International Ultraviolet Association (Lawal et al., 2008). The Keitz formula is 

where PK is the Keitz-calculated total UV power emitted in all directions, E is the irradiance measured by a 

calibrated radiometer and detector at a distance D m from the center of the lamp, L is the arc length (m) and 

is the half-angle subtended by the lamp end at the detector position. 

In this paper, the Keitz formula has been re-derived in terms of modern optical terminology, which gives a 

better insight into its origin and applications. 

In recent years some UV companies have reporting ‘direct line’ efficiencies. These are efficiencies that 

assume that the UV lamp is a ‘point source’. The significant errors that are involved in this assumption will be 

discussed in the paper, and comparisons will be made between efficiencies calculated using the Keitz formula 

and the ’direct line’ efficiencies. 

Keywords: UV Lamp Efficiencies; Keitz Equation. 

L 

� � atan ( 

2D ) 



What is the Impact of UV Absorbing Particles on the 

Inactivation of Indigenous Bacteria? 

R.E. Cantwell 1 and R. Hofmann 2 

1. CH2M HILL Canada Ltd. 

2. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto 

Previous research has shown that wastewater disinfection using ultraviolet (UV) light can be impaired by 

attenuation of the UV light as it passes through particles to reach embedded and protected microorganisms. 

This presentation consolidates and interprets results from two previous studies that explored whether a similar 

phenomenon might occur when treating drinking waters. In the first study (Cantwell and Hofmann, 2008), the 

UV absorption (λ = 254 nm) of particles present in 10 untreated surface waters was measured. The method 

involved vacuum filtration of a sample through a glass-fiber filter (1.2 μm nominal pore-size). The absorption of 

the filter and particles was then measured by spectrophotometry. This technique is commonly used for marine 

ecology studies to determine the solids absorbance of visual light in aquatic samples. The measured UV 

absorption of the surface water particles was similar to the absorption of wastewater particles. As such, it 

provides evidence that UV disinfection of surface waters during drinking water treatment may conceivably be 

impaired by the same mechanism if particles are present. 

In the second study (Cantwell and Hofmann, 2011), the UV inactivation kinetics of indigenous coliform 

bacteria in four of the surface waters were also monitored. Coliform bacteria were considered a surrogate for 

common pathogens (e.g. Cryptosporidium) when assessing the vulnerability of UV system performance to 

particulate matter. Tailing in the UV dose-response curve of indigenous coliform bacteria was observed in 3 of 

the 4 water samples after 1.3- to 2.6-log of log-linear inactivation, even after the impact of scattered UV light 

(using a integrating sphere spectrophotometer) was taken into account in the UV dose calculation. The impact 

of particles was assessed by comparing coliform UV inactivation data with parallel filtered (11 μm pore-size 

nylon filters) and unfiltered surface water. In samples from the Grand River (UVT: 65% cm -1 ; 5.4 NTU) and the 

Rideau Canal (UVT: 60% cm -1 ; 0.84 NTU), a limit of ~2.5 log inactivation was achieved in the unfiltered 

samples for a UV dose of 20 mJ/cm 2 while both the filtered samples exhibited > 3.4-log inactivation of 

indigenous coliform bacteria. The findings of this research suggest that particles, as small as 11 �m, naturally 

found in surface water with low turbidity (< 6 NTU) are able to harbour indigenous coliform bacteria and offer 

protection from low-pressure UV light. 

Keywords: Ultraviolet Light; Disinfection; Surface Water; Particle-Related Protection; UV Absorbance; 

Coliform Bacteria. 



UV-LEDs for Water Disinfection – Are We Close? 

Colleen Bowker 1 , Scott Alpert, PhD, PE 1 , and Joel Ducoste, Ph.D. 2 

1. Hazen and Sawyer, PC, 4944 Parkway Plaza Blvd, Ste. 375, Charlotte, NC 28217 

2. North Carolina State University, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, 

North Carolina State University, 208 Mann Hall, Box 7908, Raleigh, NC 27695 

One of the main criticisms of current UV disinfection systems is the mercury content of UV-C lamps used by 

all major manufacturers of UV water disinfection reactors. Thus, alternative sources of UV-C radiation continue 

to be investigated. One such promising technology is UV light emitting diodes (UV-LEDs), which are beginning 

to penetrate the electronics marketplace. UV-LEDs do not contain mercury, can offer design flexibility due to 

their small size, and have the potential for a longer operational life than mercury lamps. But how relevant are 

UV-LEDs to water disinfection currently and what are their potential market uses? This paper will present the 

current availability of UV-LEDs, including UV-C emission technique and control, UV-LED costs, power output 

and efficiency, and limitations to their wide spread use. 

In addition to a “state-of-the-industry” review of UV-LEDs, the results of several studies that investigated using 

UV-LEDs for water disinfection applications will be discussed. Chatterley and Linden (2010) compared the 

inactivation of E. coli due to irradiation from UV-LEDs emitting at 265 nm and low-pressure mercury lamps. 

Bowker et al. (2010) also compared microbial response to UV-LEDs (emitting at 255 nm and 275 nm) against 

low-pressure mercury lamps, but the analysis was completed on E. coli, MS-2, and T7. Other research 

studying the inactivation of E. coli due to UV-LED irradiation includes Mori et al. (2007), Vilhunen et al. (2009), 

and Crawford et al. (2005). In general, these research studies have shown UV-LEDs to produce effective 

microbial inactivation only after long exposure times. The necessity of long exposure times is caused by low 

UV-LED power output due to the inefficiency of the new technology. This paper will review how the technology 

and power output have changed over the past few years and the improvements that are projected in the 

foreseeable future. 

As UV technology becomes more and more relevant to the water, wastewater, and water reuse industries, the 

development of safer and more efficient UV light sources is critical. Attendees of this presentation will learn the 

current state of technology for UV-LEDs, their advantages and disadvantages, and the current and potential 

future uses for UV-LEDs in water disinfection. 

Keywords: Light Emitting Diodes; Ultraviolet Disinfection. 



Degradation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by 

222 nm and 254 nm UV light 

Hiroshi Sakai 1 , Tatsuro Takamatsu 1 , Koji Kosaka 2 , Naoyuki Kamiko 3 , and Satoshi Takizawa 1 

1. Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, JAPAN 

2. Department of Water Supply Engineering, National Institute of Public Health 

3. Department of Environment Systems Engineering, Ritsumeikan University 

This study demonstrated degradation of NDMA by 222 nm and 254 nm UV light. NDMA was degraded at the 

rate of 2.6 cm 2 /J (254 nm), and 10.8 cm 2 /J (222 nm). Four times higher degradation rate was achieved by the 

use of 222 nm UV light. Addition of hydrogen peroxide did not enhance degradation rate. 222 nm UV lamp 

was found to be very effective to degrade NDMA. 

Keywords: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA); 222 nm KrCl Excimer Lamp; 254 nm Low Pressure Mercury 

Lamp; Hydrogen Peroxide. 

Session 13 – Ozone Operation S13-1 

Sustainability and Ozonation: Making the Case for Generator Upgrades 

Julie Herzner, P.E. 1 , Anni Luck, P.E. 1 , Ian Crossley, C.Eng. 1 , and Gerard Moerschell 2 

1. Hazen and Sawyer, P.C., 498 Seventh Ave., New York, NY 10019 

2. Town of New Castle, NY 

The primary goal of most water utilities is to provide potable water that meets all regulatory requirements for 

the protection of public health and is aesthetically pleasing. Unfortunately, many water treatment facilities are 

not designed or operated with a goal of minimizing energy use. However, with energy costs on the rise and a 

movement toward sustainable operation; improving energy efficiency at water treatment facilities is critical. The 

purpose of this paper is to show how replacing ageing, high energy demanding equipment can save money 

and increase sustainability. 

The Millwood Water Treatment Plant (WTP) located in the Town of New Castle, NY has been in operation since 

1992 and was one of the first ozonation plants in New York State. The plant has been well maintained and 

operated and very little has needed to be repaired or replaced. However, although the ozonation system has 

worked well, there are signs that it is reaching the end of its useful life. The three existing 110 lb/d air-fed 

ozone generators are corroding along the welds in the cooling water jacket, particularly at the vessel invert and 

it was decided to replace the existing generators with new, state-of-the-art units. 

Ozone generators have undergone significant technological improvements in the years since the treatment plant 

was designed; in particular, there has been a substantial increase in electrical efficiency for a given amount of 

ozone generated. In addition to increased electrical efficiency, modern, more efficient generators operate at 

higher ozone-in-air concentrations, which affects the compressor and dessicant dryer used in air-fed systems. 

Less airflow is required to produce the same ozone output, which means the compressors use less electricity. 

Examples will be presented which demonstrate how replacing existing ozone generators with more efficient 

equipment can defray the costs of the plant upgrade for many utilities. A present worth analysis will be presented 

based on firm costs as the new generators have been designed, bid and are currently under construction. 

Keywords: Ozone Systems; Energy Efficiency; Sustainability. 



Ozone Cost Implications from Oxygen Supply – 

Advantages of VSA Technology 

David Schneider 1 and Soeren Schmitz 

1. PCI Gases, 12201 Magnolia Ave., Riverside, CA, 92503, (951) 567-3177 

Many ozone systems have chosen to supply their oxygen either by liquid oxygen (LOx) or by onsite oxygen 

from a Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) system. Ozone production costs are heavily dependent on the supply 

method chosen for oxygen which can be as high as 60 to 70% of the cost per pound of ozone delivered. An 

analysis of an ozone project in North Dakota shows the effect on ozone costs based on the choice of oxygen 

supply. Therefore, it is critically important that all available modes of oxygen supply be thoroughly investigated. 

Within the oxygen requirements of 280 lbs/day to 40 tons/day, the traditional form of onsite oxygen generation 

has been the PSA system. PSA system require a complicated set of valves and require twice as much power as 

Vacuum Swing Adsorption (VSA) systems therefore their total cost of ownership is typically equivalent or higher 

than liquid oxygen (LOx) deliveries. Hence, many customers who are presented an option between PSA 

systems and LOx supply will choose the latter for reliability purposes. VSA’s are designed with a much simpler 

approach to not only conserve ½ of the power of PSA systems but also significantly reduce maintenance costs. 

Based on the analysis of this paper, LOx customers may be able to achieve a significant savings vs. their 

current LOx supply by considering an onsite VSA solution. Further, customers with variable consumption 

patterns still may be able to achieve a reasonable payback with significant savings due to the unique turn 

down capabilities offered by the VSAs. 

Keywords: Ozone Systems; Vacuum Swing Adsorption (VSA). 


The Ozonation Option for Private Onsite Wastewater Treatment – 

The WATERCLEAN Solution 

Thomas W. Bain 

Great Lakes Clean Water - L.P., 11-1606 Sedlescomb Drive, Mississauga, Ontario, L4X 1M6 

The use of Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems (OWTS) is increasing in North America. Collectively the 

uncontrolled discharge from private OWTS will become the largest contributor of Compounds of Emerging 

Concern to the environment. The WATERCLEAN OWTS has been developed to address this situation by 

reducing pathogens, nutrients, and CECs. It is similar in operation to a washing machine with a fill cycle, a 

wash cycle, a discharge cycle, it uses ozone in place of soap, and it washes wastewater instead of clothes. 

This paper will provide an overview of the WATERCLEAN technology and the use of ozone injection 

techniques to achieve remarkable results in reducing wastewater. 

Keywords: Compounds of Emerging Concern; Uncontrolled Discharge; Wastewater Washing Machine; Ozonation. 



Ozone Residual Meter Calibration Approach and Status 

Kerwin L. Rakness and Glenn F. Hunter 

Process Applications, Inc., 2627 Redwing Rd., Suite 340, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526 

Many drinking water treatment plants with ozone achieve regulatory compliance for primary disinfection, which 

is determined by measurement of “Ct” value (ozone residual times contact time). Ozone residuals are typically 

collected at three or more locations within an ozone contactor. Most plants operate two or more ozone 

contactors, and use continuous on-line residual measurement for monitoring and control. Some, not all, 

regulatory agencies (e.g., States) permit on-line meter results for compliance reporting. When on-line 

measurement is disallowed, grab samples are collected every 4-hr. Non-acceptance of on-line meter readings 

might be due to regulatory agency staff inexperience with ozone and, until recently, lack of a “regulatory 

standard” calibration protocol. In April 2010, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 

published the LT2ESWTR Final Guidance Manual that describes an ozone residual meter calibration protocol. 

During the past several years, the authors of this paper have worked with several North American ozone 

facilities in developing their approach for on-line residual analyzer calibration. The methodology implemented 

generally follows recently published USEPA guidance. Specifically, meter readings are compared to grab-sample 

results from “Standard Method” Indigo Trisulfonate (ITS) ozone residual tests. A grab sample is collected along 

with the meter reading. From 3 to 5 grab-sample meter-reading comparative tests are completed at a sample 

collection frequency of 15- to 30-sec. Analyzers are installed without signal dampening to ensure that analyzer 

readings characterize grab-sample results. The grab-sample average is compared to the meter average. 

Calibration adjustment is indicated when the meter average is beyond acceptable limits of the grab-sample 

average results. 

This paper discusses the calibration protocol for ozone that is contained in recently published USEPA 

LT2ESWTR Guidance Manual and presents operating results from several utilities. USEPA guidance for on-line 

chlorine residual analyzers is described for comparative purposes. 

Keywords: Ozone Residual; Ozone; Ozone Disinfection; Residual Meter Calibration; Residual Measurement; 

Indigo Trisulfonate Method. 



Liquid Oxygen Specification for Ozone Generation 

Derek Miller 

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., 7201 Hamilton Boulevard, Allentown, PA 18195-1501 

Ozone is increasingly used in water treatment due to its unique ability to treat a wide range of water qualities. 

One of the largest operating expenses is liquid oxygen (LOX). In order to control costs, it is important that 

municipalities take advantage of the most economical LOX supply, but many municipalities are potentially 

limiting their choices by the way that they are specifying their LOX. Recently, AWWA revised B304-08 

“Standard for Liquid Oxygen for Ozone Generation for Water, Wastewater, and Reclaimed Water Systems,” 

which should help rectify this situation. In particular, the revision increases the acceptable level of Total 

Hydrocarbon (THC) from 25ppm to 40ppm. In many cases, however, this standard has yet to be adopted. 

This paper describes why THC level is important for ozone generation, what levels different municipalities are 

currently specifying, and why different air separation plants make LOX with different THC levels. It concludes 

by making recommendations for municipalities to ensure that they are getting LOX at the lowest cost that 

meets the quality required for reliable ozone generation. 

Keywords: Ozone; Liquid Oxygen; LOX; Hydrocarbons; Fouling; Nitric Acid. 


Converting a Large Water Treatment Plant to 

Enhanced Coagulation and Biological Filtration 

Mark Simon 1 , Michael Mikeska 1 , Peter Stencel 1 , Jennifer Cottingham 1 

Nick Burns 2 , Jeff Neemann, George Budd 2 , and Randy Romack 3 

1. Dallas Water Utilities, Dallas, Texas 

2. Black & Veatch, Kansas City, Missouri 

3. Black & Veatch, Dallas, Texas 

Dallas Water Utilities (DWU) is in the process of expanding its 1,670 MLD (440 mgd) East Side Water Treatment 

Plant (WTP) and converting it from lime softening to enhanced coagulation and biological filtration. Major 

project components include 1) flocculation and sedimentation basin improvements, 2) improvements to 

optimize biological filtration, 3) residuals handling improvements, and 4) providing a backup disinfection 

strategy for ozone. This presentation will provide a summary of the preliminary design phase and operations 

plan for the conversion to enhanced coagulation and biological filtration. This presentation will benefit other 

utilities considering enhanced coagulation or ozonation and utilities with ozonation that may be facing 

similar issues. 

Keywords: Ozonation; Biological Filtration; Enhanced Coagulation; Assimilable Organic Carbon. 



After the Dust Settles – 

Ozone System Operation and Optimization After Startup 

Glenn F. Hunter 

Process Applications, Inc., 2627 Redwing Rd., Suite 340, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526 

During construction of municipal water treatment ozone systems, the main focus of utility staff, engineers, 

and contractors is on construction and the complex task of keeping the plant operational during the various 

stages of construction. Near the end of construction, plant staff may receive equipment specific training from 

various equipment suppliers and process (treatment) oriented training to prepare plant staff for operation of 

the ozone system. 

During startup, plant staff begin ozone process operation with focus on maintaining reliable continuous 

ozone process operation. Within several months, optimized ozone process operation may be a primary goal. 

Experiences at several operating ozone water treatment facilities with optimizing ozone dose and ozone 

production are reviewed in this paper. 

Keywords: Ozone; Ozone Water Treatment Startup; Ozone Optimization; Ozone Process Training. 

Session 14 – General Session and Food Applications S14-1 

Source Area Treatment of a TCE Plume by Coated Microbubble Ozone and 

Sequential ERD at a Portland, Oregon, Facility 

Paul Ecker 1 , Paul McBeth 1 , and William B. Kerfoot 2 

1. PNG Environmental Inc., 6665 SW Hampton Street, Suite 101, Portland, OR 97223 

2. Kerfoot Technologies Inc., 766-B Falmouth Road, Mashpee, MA 02649 

The PECO site is a machine shop and die-casting facility which has operated since 1930. Trichloroethene (TCE) 

was used as a degreaser from 1950-1995, creating a groundwater plume of TCE ranging from 100,000 mg/L 

at its source to 1,000 mg/L at the property boundary. Some source removal was tried with a carbonate ISCO 

product, but it was not possible to distribute the compound through the saturated zone. After review of 

alternatives and pilot test, full-scale Perozone ® implementation began in October 2008. From November 2007 

(with pilot test) to December 2009 with 950 pounds of oxidant mass delivered, 93% of TCE mass was 

reduced. Advantages were the east of implementation, aggressive removal, gas-phase distribution and 

relatively safe operations. Limitations were found to be heterogeneities in lithology control of the distribution 

and rate/efficiency of reactions. There were some localized losses to carbonate scavenging from an early 

treatment. Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination (ERD) was performed on a pilot scale at the tail end of the 

plume in the relatively low concentration dissolved plume region. The combination of Perozone ® oxidation 

and enhanced biodegradation (BISCO) appears to be very capable of achieving full closure. 

Keywords: TCE; Source Area; Groundwater Plume Treatment; Perozone ® ; Sequential ISCO/ ERD 



Photodecomposition Efficacy Validation of a Medium Pressure (MP) UV 

Reactor for removal of Residual Free Chlorine and Monochloramine in Water 

Ismail Gobulukoglu 

Aquafine Corporation, Valencia, CA, USA 

In beverage and pharmaceutical manufacturing plants, water treatment trains for purified water include reverse 

osmosis (RO) units containing chlorine sensitive membranes. The addition of free chlorine or monochloramine 

to city water may control bacteria levels, however they have undesirable effects on the degradation of RO 

membranes and therefore, they need to be removed from the water stream feeding the RO membranes. In 

conventional water systems, residual free chlorine or monochloramine is typically removed by either activated 

carbon beds or by the addition of chemicals such as sodium metabisulfite. However, both these methods have 

severe, inherent drawbacks. The powerful energy of UV light can be successfully harnessed to photodecompose 

trace amounts of residual free chlorine or monochloramine present in the feed water. This non-chemical, novel, 

innovative and environmentally friendly method offers significant inherent advantages and benefits compared 

to conventional dechlorination technologies utilized thus far by the industry. Recent advancements in UV 

technology have rendered this application practical and economically feasible. 

In the present study, we report in-house experimental chlorine destruction test data obtained during the 

validation of a medium pressure (MP) UV reactor. Source waters as received from DI tanks and tap water were 

chlorinated to maintain free chlorine residuals up to 3 ppm and 7 ppm, respectively. UV doses when applied at 

sufficient levels resulted in less than 0.02 ppm of free chlorine residuals downstream of the MP UV reactor at 

various water quality conditions and operational parameters. It is also observed that for the similar percent 

photodecomposition, monochloramine residuals required much higher UV doses than that of free chlorines 

under similar water quality conditions and operational parameters. The experimental results were fitted to an 

empirical chemical reaction rate model, and were used for determining photodecomposition efficacy of the MP 

UV reactor at various chlorine concentrations and flow rates. 

Keywords: UV Dechlorination; Photodecompsition; Free Chlorine; Monochloramine; Medium Pressure; UV 

Lamp; Polychloramatic; Validation; DI Tanks, Tap Water; Reverse Osmosis; Carbon Bed; Sodium Metabisulfite. 



UV Laser Based Longitudinal Illuminated Diffuser (LID) Beam Shaping System 

Todd Lizotte 

Lizotte Tactical Development, LLC, 21 Post Road. Hooksett, NH 03106 

A novel laser beam shaping system was designed to demonstrate the potential of using high power UV laser 

and solid state UV diode sources for large scale disinfection of liquids used in the production of food products, 

such as juices, beer, milk and other beverage types. The design incorporates a patented assembly of optical 

components including a diffractive beam splitting/shaping element and a faceted pyramidal or conically 

shaped Lambertian diffuser made from compression molded PTFE compounds. The compact tubular 

structure termed Longitudinal Illuminated Diffuser (LID) provides a unique UV disinfection source that can be 

placed within a centrifugal reactor or a pipe based reactor chamber. This paper will review the overall design 

principle, key component design parameters, preliminary analytic and bench operational testing results. 

Keywords: UV Laser; DPSS; Lambertian Reflectance; Disinfection; UV Reactor; Computer Generated 

Hologram; CGH; Diffractive Optical Element; Diffuser; Longitudinal Illuminated Radial Diffuser. 


Pulsed Light Inactivation of Foodborne Pathogens: 

Fundamentals, Applications and Potential for the Future 

Carmen I. Moraru 

Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca NY 14853 

Pulsed Light technology uses very short, high power pulses of broad spectrum light emitted by Xenon lamps 

to kill pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in foods, including bacteria, yeasts, molds, and viruses. This 

presentation will offer an overview of the fundamental and practical aspects of Pulsed Light treatment, as well 

as original research data regarding the mechanisms of action, microbial inactivation kinetics, and factors that 

affect the effectiveness of the treatment. The main limitation of Pulsed Light treatment is its limited penetration 

depth. Yet, a good understanding of light distribution and microbial inactivation by Pulsed Light can facilitate 

the development of highly effective treatments. The presentation will illustrate how a numerical approach can 

be used to identify process non-uniformities and accurately predict inactivation in liquid substrates of known 

optical properties and geometry. Such an approach could be instrumental in developing highly effective Pulsed 

Light based treatments ranging from water disinfection to the manufacture of safe, non-heat treated fruit 

juices, surface treatment of foods and food contact materials, or the terminal antimicrobial treatment of foods 

packaged in UV transparent materials. Overall, it can be concluded that Pulsed Light treatment brings exciting 

new opportunities to the Food Industry, which might be able to use this treatment to increase the safety and 

shelf life of foods, with no detrimental effects on their overall quality and sensory properties. 

Keywords: Pulsed Light; Weibull Kinetics; Microbial Inactivation; Food; Packaging; Surface Decontamination; 

Food Safety; Shelf Life. 



Ultraviolet Light for Safety of Fluid Foods and Beverages 

Tatiana Koutchma, PhD, Marta Orlowska, PhD, and Cheryl Defelice, PE. 

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON, N1G 5C9 

Ultraviolet (UV) light has broad antimicrobial action providing effective inactivation of viruses, vegetative 

bacteria, spores, yeasts, moulds, conidia and parasites. The application of UV light can also improve 

toxicological safety and decrease allergenicity of foods. Challenges of application of UV-light for safety of 

fluid foods, drinks and ingredients are due to their broad range of optical and physical properties, diverse 

chemical compositions that influence UV transmittance (UVT), momentum transfer and consequently 

microbial inactivation. 

This paper is aimed to review some outcomes of the research program conducted in AAFC on applications 

of UV light for foods. It will discuss critical properties of low UVT fluids foods along with the performance of 

available and novel UV processing systems including continuous and pulsed UV sources for various 

categories of foods. 

The definitions and classification of three categories of fluid foods based on preservation requirements that 

can be treated using UV light will be presented. The paper will also examine approaches to measure optical 

parameters of low UVT fluids using integrated sphere. The examples of applications of the computational fluid 

dynamics (CFD) to compare microbial inactivation performance of traditional annular laminar and turbulent UV 

systems with novel static and dynamic mixers such as Dean and Taylor-Coutte (T-C) reactors will be presented. 

T-C reactor design demonstrated superior microbial inactivation efficiency due to formed rotating vortices that 

deliver all parts of the treated fluid to UV source. In terms of effects of UV light on nutritional, quality and 

sensorial properties of fluid foods the emission spectrums and effects of continuous mercury UV lamps and 

high intensity pulsed sources will be compared. 

Keywords: Ultraviolet Light; Non-Thermal Food Processing; Fluid Foods; Low UV Transmittance; UV Dose 

Delivery; UV Sources. 



Ozone for Fresh Produce Transit 

David J. Cope 

Purfresh, 47211 Bayside Parkway, Fremont, CA 94538 

Today the fastest-growing segment of the food industry is exports. Growing populations and regionalized food 

production has resulted in longer times to market and increased multi-party handling. Unfortunately, these 

conditions can lead to increased risk of losses and compromised food safety, especially with the increasing 

occurrence of food-borne illnesses attributed to fresh produce, which cost the U.S. about $39 billion annually. 

As much as 30 percent of all shipments are in some way adversely affected by microbial contamination before 

reaching the consumer. This statistic does not account for potential loss from over-ripening, as well as the fact 

that organic food is even more at risk because of the absence of traditional chemicals such as fungicides. 

Mr. Cope will discuss how the use of ozone technology, coupled with load protection monitoring, can reduce 

the risk of losses, enhance food safety, and ensure higher-quality arrivals by maintaining post-harvest 

freshness throughout long distance voyages. Real-world examples and data will be presented. 

Keywords: Ozone; Food Safety; Transport; Shipping; Supply Chain; Fresh Produce; Decay; Ethylene; 

Pathogens; Marine Containers. 


Plague Elimination and Ozone Effects on Types Stored Corn 

Jose G. LLanes O 1 , and Miguel Angulo 2 

1. Water Research Laboratory, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, 

Sinaloa Autonomous University (México) 

2. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. Unidad Culiacán. 

Sinaloa, México C.P. 80129 

Here its introduced a study about the impact of ozone on some types of stored corn (physical conditions), its 

analyzed the effects that different contact times had with the elimination of plague, fungi, total aflatoxins, oily 

free acids, index of peroxides and acidity, proximal quality and mineral of the grain. The research was done 

under a completely experimental randomized design. The work was done in laboratory and pilot level 

submitting corn to 4 treatments, one works as a witness and the rest of them received a fixed concentration 

of ozone for 2, 4 and 8 hours. The ozonation was carried out in PVC columns simulating industrial silos. It’s 

demonstrated that the level of mortality of the plague depends on the contact time and concentration; 

nevertheless the characteristics of the grain have a special importance. The nutritional properties of the grain 

did not suffer any significant changes and the total aflatoxins were reduced under the action of ozone. 

Keywords: Ozone; Stored; Elimination; Pest; Grain; Corn; Consume. 


Exhibitors 

2B Technologies, Inc. Booth #117 

www.twobtech.com 

Airsep Corporation Booth #119 

www.airsep.com 

Analytical Technology, Inc. Booth #127 

www.analyticaltechnology.com 

Aquionics Incorporated Booth #114 

www.aquionics.com 

Astro Pak Corporation Booth #121 

www.astropak.com 

Atlantium Technologies, Ltd. Booth #108 

www.atlantium.com 

BMT Messtechnik GmbH Booth #101 & 102 

www.bmt-berlin.de 

Calgon Carbon Corporation Booth #105 

www.calgoncarbon-us.com 

Chart SeQual Technologies, Inc Booth #135 

www.chart-ind.com 

City of Toronto Booth#106 

www.toronto.ca 

Clearwater Tech Booth #136 

www.cwtozone.com 

Engineered Treatment Systems Booth #104 

www.ets-uv.com 

Fuji Electric Corp of America Booth #107 

www.fujielectric.com 

Great Lakes Cleanwater, LLP Booth #125 

www.windsor.ijc.org 

In USA Inc. Booth #115 

International Joint 

Commission of 

the Great Lakes 

www.inusacorp.com 

Booth #118 

www.windsor.ijc.org 

ITT Corp (WEDECO) Booth #122 

www.itt.com 


Mazzei Injector Company Booth #124 

Mitsubushi Electric Power 

Products, Inc. 

www.mazzei.net 

www.meppi.com 

Nedap Light Controls Booth #116 

OSTI, Inc. 

Oxygen Generating 

Systems International 

Booths 

#129 & 130 

www.nedap.com 

Booths 

#101 & 102 

www.osti-inc.com 

Booth #126 

www.ogsi.com 

Ozone Water Systems Booth #133 

www.ozonewatersystems.com 

Ozonia North America Booth #132 

www.ozonia.com 

Pacific Ozone Technologies Booth #120 

www.pacificozone.com 

PCI Booth #128 

www.pci-intl.com 

Plasma Technics Inc Booth #123 

www.plasmatechnics.com 

Real Tech Inc. Booth #112 

www.realtech.ca 

Severn Trent Services Booth #113 

Teledyne Adv. Pollution 

Instrumentation, Inc. 

www.severntrentservices.com 

Booth #131 

www.teledyne.com 

Tessenderlo Kerley, Inc. Booth #103 

www.tkinet.com 

Trojan Technologies, Inc. Booth #134 

www.trojanuv.com 


Exhibit Floor Plan – Canadian Room 

EXIT EXIT 


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through successful project delivery and value added service offerings. 

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FY 2010 we worked together with clients to identify approximately 

$3 billion in cost savings, cost avoidances and performance 

improvements. Identifying savings for our clients and controlling 

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ingenuity, and a commitment to preserving natural resources. Let us 

help you take a closer look at tomorrow’s possibilities. 

Regulatory Compliance 

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Plant Start Up/ 

Operator Training 

ISBN: 978-0-9818837-5-5

2nd North American Conference - International Ozone Association

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