2nd North American Conference - International Ozone Association
2nd North American Conference - International Ozone Association
2nd North American Conference - International Ozone Association
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<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong><br />
on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced<br />
Oxidation Technologies<br />
C O N F E R E N C E P R O G R A M<br />
<strong>International</strong><br />
<strong>Ozone</strong> <strong>Association</strong><br />
Co-organized by IOA and IUVA<br />
September 18 - 21, 2011<br />
Fairmont Royal York<br />
Toronto, Ontario, Canada<br />
<strong>International</strong><br />
Ultraviolet <strong>Association</strong>
Thank you to the following sponsors for their support of the<br />
2011 <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> Joint Regional <strong>Conference</strong>
� I�am�pleased�to �extend�my�warmest�greetings�to�everyone�attending�the�<br />
second�annual�<strong>North</strong>�<strong>American</strong>�<strong>Conference</strong>�on�<strong>Ozone</strong>,�Ultraviolet�and� Advanced�<br />
Oxidation�Technologies,� hosted�by�the�<strong>International</strong>�<strong>Ozone</strong>�<strong>Association</strong>�and�the�<br />
<strong>International</strong>�Ultraviolet�<strong>Association</strong>.�<br />
�<br />
� � The �Government�of�Canada�works�with�the�provinces �and�territories �to�<br />
protect�the�long�term�security�of�Canada�s�renewable�water� resources,�and�continues�to�<br />
play�a�leading�role�in�scientific�research,�monitoring, �and�the�development �of�water�<br />
quality�guidelines. �<br />
�<br />
� � This �meeting�gives�water�quality�professionals�a�forum�in�which�to�<br />
discuss�current�issues�of�interest�and�to�exchange�information�about�the�newest�and�<br />
most�promising�advances�in �oxidation�techniques�for�the�protection �of�human�health�<br />
and�the�environment. �I�am�certain�that�attendees �will�benefit�from�the� educational�and�<br />
networking�opportunities�available�at�this�conference,�and�will�leave �ready�to�put�what�<br />
they�have�learned�into�practice.�<br />
�<br />
� � �behalf�of�the�Government<br />
On<br />
�of�Canada,�I �offer�you�my�best�wishes�for�a�<br />
most�enjoyable�and�productive �conference. �<br />
�<br />
�<br />
�<br />
� �<br />
� � � � � �<br />
The�Rt.�Hon. �Stephen�Harper,�P.C.,�M.P.�<br />
�<br />
OTTAWA�<br />
�2011�<br />
�
September 18 – 21, 2011<br />
Premier of Ontario - Premier ministre de l’Ontario<br />
A PERSONAL MESSAGE FROM THE PREMIER<br />
On behalf of the Government of Ontario, I am delighted to extend<br />
warm greetings to everyone attending the 2 nd <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong><br />
<strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet and Advanced Oxidation<br />
Technologies, co-hosted by the <strong>International</strong> <strong>Ozone</strong> <strong>Association</strong> and<br />
the <strong>International</strong> Ultraviolet <strong>Association</strong>.<br />
Countries around the globe are seeking innovative ways of addressing<br />
environmental challenges. Those who develop responsible and<br />
sustainable approaches to meeting these challenges will play a vital<br />
role in shaping a greener, healthier economy. I am confident that this<br />
conference, which brings together scientists, engineers, manufacturers<br />
and other experts from around the world, will provide an ideal forum<br />
to share the latest ideas and technologies in municipal and industrial<br />
water and wastewater processes.<br />
I commend organizers, sponsors and everyone who has worked hard<br />
to ensure the success of this event. And to everyone in attendance:<br />
welcome to Toronto — the provincial capital! I hope you find time<br />
to take in some of the sites and attractions the city has to offer.<br />
Please accept my sincere best wishes for an informative and<br />
productive conference.<br />
Dalton McGuinty<br />
Premier
Dear Colleagues and Friends<br />
On behalf of the <strong>International</strong> <strong>Ozone</strong> <strong>Association</strong> – Pan <strong>American</strong> Group, it is my pleasure to<br />
welcome you to the <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation<br />
Technologies in the vibrant city of Toronto. We are proud to present this year’s joint conference with<br />
a focus on both <strong>Ozone</strong> and Ultraviolet Technology and to continue to highlight the many benefits<br />
when used alone and cohesively.<br />
We are excited to share with you the comprehensive sessions presented by leaders in the field.<br />
I am sure their presentations will inspire new thoughts and discussions about the uses of <strong>Ozone</strong><br />
and Ultraviolet technologies, as well as encourage you to continue to learn. In addition, great<br />
networking opportunities abound during the receptions, the exhibits and the closing banquet!<br />
We thank our <strong>Conference</strong> Technical Program Committee Co-Chairs Dr. Pamela Chelme-Ayala,<br />
Prof. Ron Hoffman and Prof. Daniel Smith for putting together a strong technical program.<br />
While in Toronto we hope you are able to find time to enjoy some of the many activities the city has<br />
to offer. From a walk around the outside edge of the CN Tower, a visit to the Art Gallery of Ontario,<br />
shopping at Eaton Centre, a baseball game, or even the Bata Shoe Museum, there is definitely<br />
something for everyone.<br />
Finally, the conference would not be possible without the support of our sponsors. Our appreciation<br />
goes out to our generous sponsors and exhibitors, and all those who have made this event possible.<br />
Dr. Saad Y. Jasim, P.Eng.<br />
President<br />
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Ozone</strong> <strong>Association</strong>-Pan <strong>American</strong> Group
Dear IUVA Members<br />
As the IUVA President and on behalf of our Board of Directors, it is my great pleasure to welcome<br />
you to Toronto and to our conference. Thanks to your participation, the <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong><br />
<strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong> and Ultraviolet Technologies is going to be a success. My hope is that this<br />
<strong>Conference</strong> will be a rewarding and useful experience for you as we share and learn about new ideas<br />
and technologies in our industry. I hope that you’ll also take the opportunity to explore the beautiful<br />
city of Toronto, in between the many <strong>Conference</strong> events.<br />
This is our forum to showcase leading innovative research and technologies for municipal water and<br />
wastewater, industrial process applications, and other UV applications. The conference sessions<br />
include talks with special attention to ozone and UV synergy, and the benefits of ozone and UV as<br />
green technologies. The broad group of high-quality presentations will also give you the opportunity<br />
to learn about the latest scientific achievements from experts in the field. This is your opportunity to<br />
deepen knowledge areas and interact with IUVA’s many leaders in their respective fields.<br />
We’d like to acknowledge the many exhibitors, who contribute so much to make our events a<br />
success. In addition, we’d like to thank our many sponsors. I also want to extend my thanks for the<br />
local support we have received from Absolute <strong>Conference</strong>s & Events, who planned the event for us.<br />
I hope that your experience this week will confirm that this IUVA/IOA <strong>Conference</strong> is a leading event in<br />
our industry. Our planning committee has worked diligently to meet the needs of our membership<br />
and the ozone and UV communities, with the objectives of: building relationships, encouraging<br />
future research and highlighting the significant scientific achievements in our ever-evolving industry.<br />
Thank you and I look forward to speaking with you at the <strong>Conference</strong>.<br />
Sincerely,<br />
Paul Swaim<br />
President, IUVA
Program<br />
Saturday, September 17, 2011<br />
10:00 – 12:00 Boardroom PAG – <strong>Ozone</strong> Safety Group<br />
14:00 – 18:00 Boardroom IOA <strong>International</strong> Meetings<br />
15:00 – 17:00 Jasper Room Municipal Task Force<br />
14:00 – 17:00 Mezzanine Balcony <strong>North</strong> Registration<br />
Sunday, September 18, 2011<br />
07:00 – 21:00 Canadian Room Foyer Registration<br />
08:00 – 13:00 Library Room IOA – PAG Board Meeting<br />
08:00 – 16:30 Manitoba Room <strong>Ozone</strong> Disinfection for Water and Wastewater Treatment<br />
Systems: Depth and Breadth Workshop<br />
Quebec Room UV Disinfection for Water and Wastewater<br />
Treatment Systems: Depth and Breadth Workshop<br />
11:00 – 12:00 Boardroom IUVA Manufactures Council Meeting<br />
14:00 – 17:00 Boardroom IUVA Board Meeting<br />
14:00 – 17:00 Library Room IOA <strong>International</strong> Board Meeting<br />
19:00 – 21:00 Canadian Room Opening Reception<br />
Monday, September 19, 2011<br />
07:00 – 17:00 Canadian Room Foyer Registration<br />
08:15 – 09:30 Concert Hall General Opening Session<br />
Welcome by:<br />
Dr. Saad Jasim<br />
President, <strong>International</strong> <strong>Ozone</strong> <strong>Association</strong> –<br />
Pan <strong>American</strong> Group<br />
Paul Swaim<br />
President, <strong>International</strong> Ultraviolet <strong>Association</strong><br />
Awards Ceremony<br />
Keynote Addresses by:<br />
Pierre Trepanier<br />
Commissioner, <strong>International</strong> Joint Commission<br />
Lee Anne Jones<br />
President, Ontario Water Works <strong>Association</strong> –<br />
Section of AWWA<br />
Manager, Capital Programming and Facility Asset<br />
Planning, City of Toronto<br />
09:30 – 10:15 Canadian Room Refreshment Break on the exhibit floor<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 5
10:15 – 11:55 Ballroom Session 1 – Disinfection and Disinfection Byproducts<br />
Moderator: Daniel W. Smith<br />
• 10:15 – 10:40 Advantages of Combined Oxidants in Water Treatment<br />
Douglas Rittmann, Ph.D, P.E.<br />
• 10:40 – 11:05 Multiple Benefits of Intermediate <strong>Ozone</strong> at Four Surface<br />
Water Treatment Plants in Southern California<br />
Michael A. Oneby, Richard Lin, and James H. Borchardt<br />
• 11:05 – 11:30 Disinfection Byproducts in Wastewater Effluent and<br />
Technology Approaches to Meet Developing Regulations<br />
Christopher S. Carr, Larry Schimmoller, Mike Witwer,<br />
and Jenny Reina<br />
• 11:30 – 11:55 Comparison Between Conventional Treatments and<br />
Advanced Oxidation Processes Used in Disinfection of<br />
Treated Wastewater<br />
Rodriguez-Chueca J., Sarasa J., López A., Miguel N.,<br />
Mosteo R., and Ormad M.P.<br />
10:15 – 11:55 Ontario Room Session 2 – UV Validation and Monitoring I<br />
Moderator: Linda Gowman<br />
• 10:15 – 10:40 Use of a High-Resistance Challenge Organism for<br />
Validation of Low Pressure, High Output UV Reactors for<br />
Virus Inactivation<br />
Brian Petri, Stewart Hayes, Adam Festger, P. Chan,<br />
O. Karl Schieble, C. Shen, P. Patil, C. Odegaard,<br />
and I. Gobulukoglu<br />
• 10:40 – 11:05 How Low Can You Go: Impact of UV Turndown<br />
Capabilities on Operating Efficiency<br />
Bryan Townsend, Donnie Ginn, Andrew Schipper,<br />
Adam Westermann, and Xi Zhao<br />
• 11:05 – 11:30 Wastewater UV Disinfection Systems – Lessons Learned<br />
during Performance Testing<br />
Cody L. Charnas, Katherine Y. Bell, Ph.D., PE, BCEE,<br />
Dale Adams, PE, Jed Chambers, Dean Cohrs,<br />
Dan Hammer, and Pat Schmidt<br />
• 11:30 – 11:55 Operation, Maintenance, and Reporting Activities for<br />
Municipal Drinking Water UV Disinfection Facilities<br />
Todd Elliott, Alex Chen, David Euler, Andrew Niblock,<br />
Eric Kiefer, Enoch Nicholson, and Paul Swaim<br />
10:15 – 11:55 Salon A Session 3 – AOP Methods<br />
Moderator: Fernando Rosario-Ortiz<br />
• 10:15 – 10:40 Catalytic Ozonation of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in<br />
Water using Ni/SiO 2<br />
J.L. Rodríguez S, T. Poznyak, H. Tiznado,<br />
M.A. Valenzuela, and D. Magallanes<br />
• 10:40 – 11:05 Composite Titania Photocatalytist Coating for<br />
Vacuum UV Photoreactor<br />
C. Duca, G. Imoberdorf, and M. Mohseni<br />
6 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
10:15 – 11:55 Salon A Session 3 – AOP Methods (continued)<br />
• 11:05 – 11:30 Advanced Oxidation of Drinking Water Using Ultraviolet<br />
Light and Alternative Solid Forms of Hydrogen Peroxide<br />
Zachary Monge, MS, EIT, and Erik Rosenfeldt, PE, Ph.D.<br />
• 11:30 – 11:55 Development of an Integrated UV/Self-Generated <strong>Ozone</strong><br />
Advanced Oxidation Reactor for Water Treatment<br />
Jingyun Fang, Hai Liao, Chii Shang, Minzhen Zeng,<br />
Zhi Chen, Menglin Ni, and Wei Liu<br />
12:00 – 13:05 Concert Hall Lunch<br />
13:10 – 16:50 Ballroom Session 4 – <strong>Ozone</strong> in Drinking Water Treatment<br />
Moderator: Kerwin L. Rakness<br />
• 13:10 – 13:35 Seven Years of Using <strong>Ozone</strong> as a Cost Effective<br />
Treatment Strategy<br />
Gord Devine, and Bill Mundy<br />
• 13:25 – 14:00 Designing <strong>Ozone</strong> Systems for the Great Lakes Water –<br />
State of the Art and Lessons Learned from 10 Years<br />
of Experience<br />
Helen Jin, Quirien Muylwyk, and Ed Minchew<br />
• 14:00 – 14:25 Upgrading the Largest WTP Plant in the Czech Republic –<br />
Experiences Gained in Design, Start up and Operation of a<br />
State of the Art Ozonation System<br />
Radka Hušková, Jiri Benes, Philip Page, Florian Axt,<br />
and Michael Ziegler<br />
• 15:10 – 15:35 Implementing <strong>Ozone</strong> at the Frank J. Horgan Water<br />
Treatment Plant<br />
Liza Ballantyne, P.Eng., Alex Vukosavljevic,<br />
and Gordon Mitchell, P.Eng.<br />
• 15:35 – 16:00 Implementing <strong>Ozone</strong> Training and Maintenance<br />
Integration at the Frank J. Horgan Water Treatment Plant<br />
Alex Vukosavljevic, Liza Ballantyne and Gord Mitchell<br />
• 16:00 – 16:25 Mitigation of Anoxic Hypolimnetic Water in a Drinking<br />
Water Reservoir by Bottom Water Withdrawal and<br />
Treatment – Bench-Scale <strong>Ozone</strong> Test and<br />
Full-Scale Water<br />
Keisuke Ikehata, Andrew T. Komor, and<br />
Philip F. Bogdanoff<br />
• 16:25 – 16:50 Assessing Raw Water Ozonation for Taste and Odor<br />
Removal, Manganese Oxidation, and DAF Preconditioning<br />
Joseph Huang, P.E., Robert Biehler, P.E.,<br />
Dean Gregory, Ph.D., and Alan G. LeBlanc, P.E.<br />
13:10 – 16:50 Ontario Room Session 5 – UV Validation and Monitoring II<br />
Moderator: Tom Hargy / Karl Linden<br />
• 13:10 – 13:35 Yikes! What the UVDGM Does Not Address on<br />
UV Disinfection<br />
Harold Wright, Mark Heath, and Jeff Bandy<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 7
13:10 – 16:50 Ontario Room Session 5 – UV Validation and Monitoring II (continued)<br />
• 13:25 – 14:00 Evaluating Piping Layout Impacts on UV Does Delivery<br />
Christopher Schulz, P.E.; Mike Hyland, P.E.;<br />
Mark Allen, P.E., David Werth Ph.D., P.E., and<br />
Inder Singh, M.A.Sc. P.Eng.<br />
• 14:00 – 14:25 UV System Checkpoint Bioassays: Challenges from the<br />
Field, Comparison Methodology, and Proof of Scale-Up<br />
B. Petri, J. An, Y. Lawryshyn, and V. Moreland<br />
• 15:10 – 15:35 Impact of Low Wavelength UV Light on UV Dose<br />
Monitoring and Validation<br />
H. Wright, J. Bandy, M. Heath, C. Bokermann,<br />
and R. Bemus<br />
• 15:35 – 16:00 Practical UV Light Source Diagnostic Tools for Measuring<br />
Uniformity, Intensity and Fluence<br />
Todd E. Lizotte<br />
• 16:00 – 16:25 Understanding Evaluation, Testing and Certification of<br />
UV Systems for Drinking Water and Recreational<br />
Water Treatment<br />
Richard Martin<br />
• 16:25 – 16:50 Using Microbial Surrogates for the Wrong Reasons:<br />
The Risk in T1 as UV Challenge Microbe for Waste Water<br />
Brian Petri, Wayne Lem, and Mike Shortt<br />
13:10 – 16:50 Salon A Session 6 – AOPs Applications<br />
Moderator: Susan Andrews / Yuri Lawryshyn<br />
• 13:10 – 13:35 Degradation of Carbamazepine during UV/H 2O 2<br />
Treatment of Wastewater<br />
Olya Keen, Seungyun Baik, Karl Linden, Diana Aga<br />
and Nancy G. Love<br />
• 13:25 – 14:00 Removal of Cylindrospermopsin from Water by<br />
Photochemical Oxidation<br />
Xuexiang He, Armah A. de la Cruz and<br />
Dionysios D. Dionysiou<br />
• 14:00 – 14:25 Fate and Residual Toxicity of Pharmaceuticals in<br />
Oxidation Processes<br />
Viviane Yargeau, Deniz Nasuhoglou, Simone Larcher,<br />
and Angela Rodayan<br />
• 15:10 – 15:35 Methylene Blue Bleaching by a Solar Driven Advanced<br />
Oxidation Process<br />
Po Yee Chan, James R. Bolton and<br />
Mohamed Gamal El-Din<br />
• 15:35 – 16:00 Micropollutant Degradation in Tap Water by UV, <strong>Ozone</strong><br />
and UV/<strong>Ozone</strong> Processes<br />
Jingyun Fang, Zhi Chen, Minzhen Zeng, Chii Shang,<br />
and Wei Liu<br />
8 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
13:10 – 16:50 Salon A Session 6 – AOPs Applications (continued)<br />
• 16:00 – 16:25 Pesticides Removal by Advanced Oxidation Processes in<br />
the Water Reclamation Process<br />
Natividad Miguel, Judith Sarasa,<br />
Jorge Rodríguez-Chueca, Isabel García-Suescun,<br />
and María P. Ormad<br />
• 16:25 – 16:50 Cresols Oxidation with Fenton’s Reagent, <strong>Ozone</strong> and<br />
Combination <strong>Ozone</strong>-Fenton’s Reagent<br />
Clementina Rita Ramírez-Cortina,<br />
Ma. Ángela Sánchez-Aguilar and<br />
María Soledad Alonso-Gutiérrez<br />
14:25 – 15:10 Canadian Room Refreshment Break on the exhibit floor<br />
17:00 – 18:30 Canadian Room Exhibitor Reception<br />
Tuesday, September 20, 2011<br />
07:00 – 13:00 Canadian Room Foyer Registration<br />
08:15 – 11:55 Ballroom Session 7 – <strong>Ozone</strong> in Wastewater Treatment<br />
Moderator: Saad Jasim<br />
• 08:15 – 08:40 Treatment of Irrigation Return-Flow Water Containing<br />
Pesticides Using <strong>Ozone</strong><br />
Pamela Chelme-Ayala, Daniel W. Smith, and<br />
Mohamed Gamal El-Din<br />
• 08:40 – 09:05 Study of Anaerobic Effluent Disinfected with <strong>Ozone</strong><br />
G.H. Ribeiro da Silva, L.A.Daniel, H. Bruning, and<br />
W.H. Rulkens<br />
• 09:05 – 09:30 Examining the Role of Effluent Organic Matter<br />
Components on the Decomposition of <strong>Ozone</strong> and<br />
Formation of Hydroxyl Radical in Wastewater<br />
Sarah Gonzales, Andria Peña , and<br />
Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz<br />
• 10:15 – 10:40 Enhanced Coagulation Pre-treatment to Improve <strong>Ozone</strong><br />
Efficiency in Wastewater<br />
Eric C Wert, Sarah Gonzales, Jeff Neemann, and<br />
Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz<br />
• 10:40 – 11:05 Degradation of the Lignin Derivatives in Pulp and Paper<br />
Mill Effluent with Conventional Ozonation<br />
J. Amacosta, and T. Poznyak<br />
• 11:05 – 11:30 <strong>Ozone</strong>-Enhanced Biological Treatment of<br />
Landfill Leachates<br />
Claudio Di Iaconi , Antonio Lopez, and Achim Ried<br />
• 11:30 – 11:55 The BISCO Concept: Biological-Compatible In-Situ<br />
Chemical Oxidation with Coated Microbubble <strong>Ozone</strong><br />
(Gas Exchange) Sparging<br />
William B. Kerfoot<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 9
08:15 – 11:55 Salon A Session 8 – UV Design<br />
Moderator: Jim Bolton<br />
• 08:15 – 08:40 Design, Commissioning, and Operation of Cedar Rapids<br />
UV Disinfection Facilities<br />
Todd Elliott, Bruce Jacobs, and Tony Myers<br />
• 08:40 – 09:05 Sensor-Based Control – The Way for Safe, Energy-Efficient<br />
UV System Operation<br />
Mike Newberry, and Paul Ropic<br />
• 09:05 – 09:30 The Role of UV Disinfection in Meeting U.S. Regulatory<br />
Requirements at an Existing <strong>Ozone</strong> Facility<br />
Paul D. Swaim, P.E., Joseph Zalla, P.E.,<br />
Brad Johnson, P.E., Joe Pomroy, P.E., Harvey Johnson,<br />
and Wayne Pearson, P.E.<br />
• 10:15 – 10:40 New Design Lamp Drivers for Low Pressure Lamps<br />
Tonnie Telgenhof Oude Koehorst, and<br />
Gerhard van Eerden<br />
• 10:40 – 11:05 Scale-Up of UV AOP Reactors from Bench Tests<br />
Using CFD Modeling<br />
Keith Bircher, Mai Vuong, Brad Crawford, Mark Heath,<br />
and Jeff Bandy<br />
• 11:05 – 11:30 Assessing the UV Dose Delivered from Two UV Reactors<br />
in Series: Can you Always Assume Doubling the UV Dose<br />
from Individual Reactor Validations?<br />
Joel J. Ducoste, and Scott Alpert<br />
• 11:30 – 11:55 Point-of-Use Ultraviolet Disinfection: Shedding Light on<br />
Appropriate Technologies for Developing Communities<br />
Christina K. Barstow, Aaron D. Dotson, and<br />
Karl G. Linden<br />
08:15 – 11:55 Ontario Room Session 9 – AOPs in Drinking Water Treatment<br />
Moderators: Madjid Mohseni / Ron Hofmann<br />
• 08:15 – 08:40 Removal of Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products and<br />
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds and Reduction of<br />
Disinfection By-products Using <strong>Ozone</strong>/H 2O 2 and<br />
UV/H 2O 2 Processes<br />
Devendra Borikar, Saad Jasim, Madjid Mohseni,<br />
Leslie Bragg, Mark Servos, Souleymane Ndiongue,<br />
and Larry Moore<br />
• 08:40 – 09:05 Advanced Oxidation Treatment of Drinking Water: Part I.<br />
Occurrence and Removal of Pharmaceuticals and<br />
Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds from Lake Huron Water<br />
Mohammad Feisal Rahman, Earnest K. Yanful,<br />
Saad Y. Jasim, Leslie M. Bragg, Mark R. Servos,<br />
Souleymane Ndiongue, and Devendra Borikar<br />
• 09:05 – 09:30 Combination of O 3/H 2O 2 and UV for Multiple Barrier<br />
Micropollutant Treatment – An Economic Attractive Option<br />
Jens Scheideler, Karin Lekkerkerker-Teunissen,<br />
Ton Knol, Achim Ried, Jasper Verberk, and<br />
Hans van Dijk<br />
10 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
08:15 – 11:55 Ontario Room Session 9 – AOPs in Drinking Water Treatment<br />
(continued)<br />
• 10:15 – 10:40 Advanced Oxidation for Surface Water Treatment in<br />
Cornwall – A New Lighthouse Project in Europe<br />
Chris Rockey, Andreas Kolch, Alan Royce, Colin Tinkler,<br />
and Tim Ball<br />
• 10:40 – 11:05 UV Advanced Oxidation for Taste and Odor Control:<br />
Understanding Life-Cycle Cost and Sustainability<br />
Paul D. Swaim, P.E., Matt Ridens, Adam Festger,<br />
and Alan Royce, P.Eng.<br />
• 11:05 – 11:30 Inactivation of Adenovirus Using Low-Dose<br />
Ultraviolet/H 2O 2 Advanced Oxidation<br />
Sarah Bounty, Luke Martin, and Karl Linden<br />
• 11:30 – 11:55 The Effectiveness of UV + Chlorine Treatment of<br />
Trichloroethylene in Drinking Water<br />
Ding Wang, Tim Walton, Leigh McDermott,<br />
Susan Andrews, and Ron Hofmann<br />
08:15 – 11:55 Salon B Session 10 – UV Case Studies and Research<br />
Moderators: Jane Bonsteel / Ghassan Ghali<br />
• 08:15 – 08:40 Energy Efficient UV Upgrade at the Arrowhead Ranch<br />
Water Reclamation Facility<br />
Gary L. Hunter, P.E., Andrew J. Mally, P.E.,<br />
Dan Buhrmaster, P.E., Larry Broutman, and<br />
Arif Rahman<br />
• 08:40 – 09:05 Integrating Ozonation and UV Disinfection for an Unfiltered<br />
System to Comply with LT2ESWTR<br />
Jeff Neemann, Bryan Townsend, Mario Francucci,<br />
Kathy Moriarty, Rick Pershken, Kevin Pottle, and<br />
Dina Page<br />
• 09:05 – 09:30 Hurdles and Progress in UV-C LED Technology for<br />
Water Disinfection<br />
Jennifer G. Pagan, Oliver Lawal, and Paolo Batoni<br />
• 10:15 – 10:40 12-Month UV Fouling Study on Unfiltered Source Water<br />
Chad Talbot, Mark Heath, Harold Wright, and<br />
David Peters<br />
• 10:40 – 11:05 Photochemical Fate of Oil Dispersants Used in the Gulf Oil<br />
Spill Clean-Up<br />
Austa M. Parker, Caitlin M. Glover,<br />
Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz, and Karl G. Linden<br />
• 11:05 – 11:30 Algae Control Methods Compared: The Importance of<br />
Successful Algae Control for Facilities with UV Disinfection<br />
David Drobiak, Brent R. Gill, Shawna Gill, D.C., and<br />
Joseph Nestico<br />
• 11:30 – 11:55 Adopting and Adapting to Advanced Treatment<br />
Technologies<br />
Jane Bonsteel, Andrew Farr, and Jeff Hennings<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 11
09:30 – 10:15 Canadian Room Refreshment Break on the exhibit floor<br />
12:00 – 13:05 Concert Hall Lunch<br />
13:10 – 16:50 Ballroom Session 11 – <strong>Ozone</strong> Research and Design<br />
Moderators: Pamela Chelme-Ayala /<br />
Souleymane Ndiongue<br />
• 13:10 – 13:35 Study of <strong>Ozone</strong> Application for the Degradation of<br />
Paraquat Dissolved in Water<br />
Patricia Reynoso Quispe, Roberto J. Carvalho, and<br />
Wilfredo I. Urruchi<br />
• 13:35 – 14:00 Decomposition Kinetics of <strong>Ozone</strong> Dissolved in Different<br />
Aqueous Solutions<br />
A.Pérez, T. Poznyak, and I.Chairez<br />
• 14:00 – 14:25 Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis Optimizes<br />
Pipeline Flash Reactor Design<br />
Celia Mazzei and Mike Spillner<br />
• 15:10 – 15:35 <strong>Ozone</strong> Sidestream Injection: Solving Start-Up Problems<br />
Using Underwater Video and Engineering Creativity<br />
Alan Domonoske and Gardner Olson<br />
• 15:35 – 16:00 Development and Use of an Ozonation Process Simulator<br />
at the Frank J. Horgan Water Treatment Plant<br />
Gord Mitchell, Liza Ballantyne, Alex Vukosavljevic and<br />
Kerwin L. Rakness<br />
• 16:00 – 16:25 <strong>Ozone</strong> Retrofit Considerations at the Oakville Water<br />
Purification Plant<br />
Elia Edwards, and Bill Mundy<br />
• 16:25 – 16:50 Mastering Ozonolysis: Production From Laboratory to Ton<br />
Scale in Continuous Flow<br />
Markus Nobis and Dominique M. Roberge<br />
13:10 – 16:50 Ontario Room Session 12 – UV Treatment Research<br />
Moderators: Bertrand Dussert / Ron Hofmann<br />
• 13:10 – 13:35 IUVA Uniform Protocol for Wastewater UV Validation<br />
Applications<br />
G. Elliott Whitby, Ph.D. on behalf of the<br />
IUVA Manufacturers Council<br />
• 13:35 – 14:00 Biodosimetry of a Full-Scale Wastewater UV Disinfection<br />
System Using Multiple Surrogate Microorganisms<br />
Bruno Ferran, and Wei Yang<br />
• 14:00 – 14:25 When Dose is Not Dose. The Case of UV Disinfection<br />
of Adenovirus<br />
Karl G. Linden, Karl Scheible, Phyllis Posy,<br />
Gwy-Am Shin, Jeanette Thurston, and Anne Eischeid<br />
• 15:10 – 15:35 Ultraviolet Lamp Efficiencies: Modern Derivation of the<br />
Keitz Formula and Other Efficiency Issues<br />
Qing Sheng Ke and James R. Bolton<br />
12 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
13:10 – 16:50 Ontario Room Session 12 – UV Treatment Research (continued)<br />
• 15:35 – 16:00 What is the Impact of UV Absorbing Particles on the<br />
Inactivation of Indigenous Bacteria?<br />
R.E. Cantwell and R. Hofmann<br />
• 16:00 – 16:25 UV-LEDs for Water Disinfection – Are We Close?<br />
Colleen Bowker, Scott Alpert, PhD, PE, and<br />
Joel Ducoste, Ph.D.<br />
• 16:25 – 16:50 Degradation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by<br />
222 nm and 254 nm UV Light<br />
Hiroshi Sakai, Tatsuro Takamatsu, Koji Kosaka,<br />
Naoyuki Kamiko, and Satoshi Takizawa<br />
13:10 – 16:50 Salon B Session 13 – <strong>Ozone</strong> Operation<br />
Moderators: Liza Ballantyne / Bill Mundy<br />
• 13:10 – 13:35 Sustainability and Ozonation: Making the Case for<br />
Generator Upgrades<br />
Julie Herzner, P.E., Anni Luck, P.E., Ian Crossley,<br />
C.Eng., and Gerard Moerschell<br />
• 13:35 – 14:00 <strong>Ozone</strong> Cost Implications from Oxygen Supply –<br />
Advantages of VSA Technology<br />
David Schneider and Soeren Schmitz<br />
• 14:00 – 14:25 The Ozonation Option for Private Onsite Wastewater<br />
Treatment – The WATERCLEAN Solution<br />
Thomas W. Bain<br />
• 15:10 – 15:35 <strong>Ozone</strong> Residual Meter Calibration Approach and Status<br />
Kerwin L. Rakness and Glenn F. Hunter<br />
• 15:35 – 16:00 Liquid Oxygen Specification for <strong>Ozone</strong> Generation<br />
Derek Miller<br />
• 16:00 – 16:25 Converting a Large Water Treatment Plant to Enhanced<br />
Coagulation and Biological Filtration<br />
Mark Simon, Michael Mikeska, Peter Stencel,<br />
Jennifer Cottingham, Nick Burns, Jeff Neemann,<br />
George Budd, and Randy Romack<br />
• 16:25 – 16:50 After the Dust Settles – <strong>Ozone</strong> System Operation and<br />
Optimization After Start-Up<br />
Glenn F. Hunter<br />
13:10 – 16:50 Salon A Session 14 – General Session and Food Applications<br />
Moderator: Ghassan Ghali / Jacque-Ann Grant<br />
• 13:10 – 13:35 Source Area Treatment of a TCE Plume by Coated<br />
Microbubble <strong>Ozone</strong> and Sequential ERD at a Portland,<br />
Oregon, Facility<br />
Paul Ecker, Paul McBeth, and William B. Kerfoot<br />
• 13:35 – 14:00 Photodecomposition Efficacy Validation of a Medium<br />
Pressure (MP) UV Reactor for removal of Residual Free<br />
Chlorine and Monochloramine in Water<br />
Ismail Gobulukoglu<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 13
13:10 – 16:50 Salon A Session 14 – General Session and Food Applications<br />
(continued)<br />
• 14:00 – 14:25 UV Laser Based Longitudinal Illuminated Diffuser (LID)<br />
Beam Shaping System<br />
Todd Lizotte<br />
• 15:10 – 15:35 Pulsed Light Inactivation of Foodborne Pathogens:<br />
Fundamentals, Applications and Potential for the Future<br />
Carmen I. Moraru<br />
• 15:35 – 16:00 Ultraviolet Light for Safety of Fluid Foods and Beverages<br />
Tatiana Koutchma, PhD, Marta Orlowska, PhD, and<br />
Cheryl Defelice, PE.<br />
• 16:00 – 16:25 <strong>Ozone</strong> for Fresh Produce Transit<br />
David J. Cope<br />
• 16:25 – 16:50 Plague Elimination and <strong>Ozone</strong> Effects on Types Stored Corn<br />
Jose G. LLanes O, and Miguel Angulo<br />
14:25 – 15:10 Canadian Room Refreshment Break on the exhibit floor<br />
18:30 – 19:00 Ballroom Foyer Reception (cash bar)<br />
19:00 – 22:30 Ballroom Room Closing Banquet<br />
Joe Sealy has enjoyed a highly successful career as a<br />
musician, composer, recording artist and radio<br />
broadcaster. Tonight you will enjoy the melodic sounds of<br />
this entertaining group.<br />
Wednesday, September 21, 2011<br />
Visit us at the Registration Desk & ask about possible remaining availability!<br />
Wednesday tours are NOT included in the full conference registration, and are separate events intended for<br />
those interested in seeing UV and <strong>Ozone</strong> applications firsthand. Each tour/workshop registration includes<br />
transportation and a box lunch.<br />
*Arrival times back to the hotel and airport are approximate.<br />
<strong>Ozone</strong> Technical Tour<br />
Horgan Water Treatment Plant &<br />
Oakville Water Purification Plant<br />
Sponsored by:<br />
Associated Engineers & Mitsubishi Electric<br />
Deadline for registration is September 14, 2011<br />
• Depart at 08:00, Return to<br />
Royal York by 16:00<br />
• Optional Drop off at Toronto Pearson Airport<br />
by 15:00<br />
14 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
UV Technical Tour<br />
Lorne Park Water Treatment Plant & Oakville Southeast Wastewater Treatment Plant<br />
Sponsored by: Trojan<br />
Deadline for registration is September 14, 2011<br />
• Depart at 08:00, Return to Royal York by 16:00<br />
• Optional Drop off at Toronto Pearson Airport by 15:00<br />
<strong>Ozone</strong> Social Tour<br />
Niagara-on-the-Lake – Peller Estates <strong>Ozone</strong> Tour<br />
• Depart at 08:30, Return to Royal York by 16:00<br />
• Optional drop off at Toronto Pearson Airport by 15:00<br />
Experience the charm of Canada’s quaint village of Niagara-on-the-Lake with a tour to Peller Estates Winery.<br />
The Niagara Region is one of the world’s great wonders and is not to be missed during a visit to Ontario.<br />
Your morning begins on board a comfortable sightseeing coach as it takes you away to the scenic and<br />
breath-taking town of Niagara-on-the-Lake. As you travel done the peaceful side roads, you will see some<br />
of Canada’s top wineries and picturesque vineyards that supply delicious wines all year round.<br />
When you visit the Peller Estates Winery, you will experience the Peller family’s commitment to excellence in<br />
winemaking that spans three generations and over 45 years. You will discover how the Peller family’s dream<br />
of producing world-class premium wines is being carried out each day at the winery. You will enjoy a tasting of<br />
3 Peller Estates VQA wines and time to browse their selection of current and back vintage wines in the Winery<br />
Boutique with a $5 rebate towards a purchase of wine.<br />
A beautiful lunch will be served on site in the Peller Wine Garden.<br />
After you have experienced the true warmth of the Niagara-on-the-Lake Winery Region, it’s time to depart for<br />
Toronto, as you reflect on this special day of scenic beauty and Canadian charm.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 15
Hotel Floor Plan<br />
MAIN MEZZANINE FLOOR<br />
PRINCE<br />
EDWARD<br />
ISLAND<br />
vvvvv<br />
vvvvv<br />
NEW<br />
BRUNSWICK<br />
NFLD.<br />
NOVA<br />
SCOTIA<br />
LADIES<br />
CONFEDERATION CONFEDERATION CONFEDERATION TUDOR TUDOR<br />
3 5 6 7 8<br />
SASKATCHEWAN<br />
MENS<br />
TO GARAGE<br />
vvvvvvv<br />
vvvvvvv<br />
MANITOBA<br />
ALBERTA<br />
AUDIO<br />
VISUAL<br />
ROOM<br />
MEDICAL<br />
CENTRE<br />
CHECK<br />
ROOM<br />
KITCHEN<br />
QUEBEC<br />
BOARDROOM<br />
TERRITORIES<br />
MENS<br />
BRITISH<br />
COLUMBIA<br />
ALGONQUIN<br />
LADIES<br />
YORK<br />
STATION<br />
BAR<br />
SALES/CATERING OFFICE<br />
LIBRARY YORK EXECUTIVE OFFICE RESERVATION<br />
OFFICE<br />
ESCALATORS<br />
16 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies<br />
CONVENTION FLOOR<br />
KITCHEN<br />
STAGE<br />
MENS<br />
LADIES<br />
ONTARIO<br />
CANADIAN<br />
FOYER FOYER<br />
CONCERT HALL<br />
CHECK<br />
ROOM<br />
SALON B SALON A TORONTO<br />
ESCALATORS<br />
BALLROOM
General Information<br />
Registration Desk<br />
<strong>Conference</strong> Registration desk will be open during the following times at the locations indicated below:<br />
Saturday, September 17 14:00 – 17:00 – Mezzanine Balcony, <strong>North</strong><br />
Sunday, September 18 07:00 – 21:00 – Canadian Room Foyer, Convention Floor<br />
Monday, September 19 07:00 – 17:00 – Canadian Room Foyer, Convention Floor<br />
Tuesday, September 20 07:00 - 13:00 – Canadian Room Foyer, Convention Floor<br />
If you require information or assistance at any time during the <strong>Conference</strong>, staff at the Registration Desk will be<br />
pleased to assist you.<br />
Badges<br />
Delegates, speakers, exhibitors and guests must wear their identification badges at all times to gain<br />
admission to the conference sessions and tradeshow. In the event that your badge is lost or misplaced, a<br />
replacement may be obtained at the Registration desk during published hours at a cost of $15.<br />
Cell phones<br />
Please mute or turn off cell phones, pagers etc. during conference presentations.<br />
Continuing Education Units & Professional Development Hours<br />
Continuing Education Units (CEU’s) and Professional Development Hours (PDH’s) will be provided for this<br />
meeting. If you are interested in obtaining this please visit the registration area for more information.<br />
<strong>Conference</strong> Proceedings<br />
Copies of all papers received by the deadline will found on the DVD in each delegate bag. Additional copies are<br />
available at $75US for members and $100US for non-members from IOA (www.io3a.org) or IUVA (www.iuva.org)<br />
Smoking<br />
The <strong>Conference</strong> has been designated a non-smoking area.<br />
Emergency Procedures<br />
Details are included on the following page.<br />
Dress<br />
The dress for the <strong>Conference</strong> is business casual.<br />
Insurance<br />
The Organizing Committee, the <strong>International</strong> <strong>Ozone</strong> <strong>Association</strong> (IOA), <strong>International</strong> Ultraviolet <strong>Association</strong><br />
(IUVA) and Absolute <strong>Conference</strong>s & Events Inc. (Absolute) will accept no liability for personal injuries sustained<br />
by or for loss or damage to property belonging to <strong>Conference</strong> participants, either during or as a result of the<br />
<strong>Conference</strong> or during the tours.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 17
The Fairmont Royal York<br />
Emergency Procedures<br />
Security Services:<br />
• the hotel has 24 hr. 7 days a week security<br />
• Security can be reached through the hotel operator by dialing “0”<br />
• all security officers are trained in First Aid & CPR<br />
• Security will handle any Lost & Found items that you may have<br />
Medical:<br />
• if any guest requires to go to the hospital the hotel will send them by taxi<br />
• if an emergency an ambulance will be called<br />
• there are two hospitals with in 5 minutes driving distance<br />
• response time for an ambulance is 5 -10 minutes<br />
Fire:<br />
• the hotel has a two stage alarm system<br />
• all alarms go directly to an outside monitoring company who will call the fire department<br />
• the hotel operator also calls the fire department<br />
• the intermittent tones means there is an alarm in the hotel and guests should stand by and<br />
prepare to leave<br />
• continuous tones means to evacuate the immediate area<br />
• public announcements will be made giving information and instructions<br />
• the off site assembly area is the main level to the right in Union Station directly across from the hotel<br />
• response time is 3 – 5 minutes<br />
Emergency Response Team:<br />
• the hotel has a team that is informed by pagers and a 2-way radio system<br />
• the hotel has an internal call system similar to the public 911 system. Dial 7- 4333 from any phone.<br />
The call goes direct to the Switchboard Supervisor.<br />
• DO NOT dial 911 from a cell phone. There are too many entrances to the hotel to effectively direct<br />
emergency crews to the correct location<br />
• Any 911 calls from hotel phones automatically transfer to the switchboard supervisor<br />
• any emergency will have six or more staff responding at any given time to your emergency<br />
The hotel trains all new staff on emergency procedures and departmental training is done twice a year.<br />
An annual full evacuation is done with staff involvement.<br />
18 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Upcoming Events<br />
October 20, 2011<br />
Drinking Water Disinfection with Ultraviolet Irradiation Workshop<br />
Tracy, CA<br />
www.iuva.org<br />
December 7, 2011<br />
UV for Water Treatment: Recent Implementation and Trends<br />
Congress Centre, Great Russell Street,<br />
London<br />
www.iuva.org<br />
September 23 – 26, 2012<br />
IOA – PAG Regional <strong>Conference</strong><br />
Hyatt Regency Milwaukee<br />
Milwaukee, WI<br />
www.io3a.org<br />
September 24 – 27, 2013<br />
21st <strong>Ozone</strong> and 7th Ultraviolet World Congress<br />
Mirage Resort<br />
Las Vegas, NV<br />
www.iuva.org, www.io3a.org<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 19
Oral Presentations<br />
Session 1 – Disinfection and Disinfection Byproducts S1-1<br />
Advantages of Combined Oxidants in Water Treatment<br />
Douglas Rittmann, Ph.D, P.E.<br />
Water/Wastewater Consultant, 1008 Sun Ridge Drive, El Paso, Texas 79912<br />
Combined oxidants use in water treatment has been increasing because of more stringent drinking water<br />
regulations. First of all, this paper will present a literature review of other studies concerning the advantages of<br />
combined disinfectants. This paper will also report on three laboratory and plant studies performed at two<br />
water plants in El Paso, Texas and a water plant in Aurora Colorado. All of these studies showed synergistic<br />
benefits of combined oxidants in reducing THMs and chlorite levels while increasing disinfection capability in<br />
the same disinfection zone and reducing bromate formation at the ozone water plant. The combined oxidants<br />
evaluated were chlorine dioxide and chlorine at the Canal Plant in El Paso; chlorine dioxide and chloramines<br />
treatment at Aurora Colorado Water Plant in reducing chlorite and THMs levels while increasing disinfection<br />
credit; and chlorine dioxide as a pre-oxidant to ozonation to reduce bromates in water with excessive bromide<br />
levels. Linear regression equations were developed from lab and plant studies to predict THMs formation and<br />
bromate formation. Combined chlorine dioxide and chlorine disinfection in the same zone showed the<br />
advantages of more chlorite reduction while increasing disinfection credit and providing a double barrier safety<br />
margin in the disinfection capability of the plant.<br />
Keywords: Oxidants; Combined Oxidants; Chlorine Dioxide; Chlorine, <strong>Ozone</strong>; Chloramines; TTHMs;<br />
Bromates; Disinfection.<br />
20 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 1 – Disinfection and Disinfection Byproducts S1-2<br />
Multiple Benefits of Intermediate <strong>Ozone</strong> at<br />
Four Surface Water Treatment Plants in Southern California<br />
Michael A. Oneby 1 , Richard Lin 2 , and James H. Borchardt 2<br />
1. MWH Americas, 789 N. Water St, Suite 430, Milwaukee, WI 53202-3558, USA<br />
2. MWH Americas, 618 Michillinda Ave., Suite 200, Arcadia, CA 91007, USA<br />
Four conventional surface water treatment plants owned and operated by a California water agency (Agency)<br />
integrated an ozone disinfection process into existing conventional treatment trains that produce potable water<br />
for several communities. The Agency is a wholesaler that purchases water from the State Water Project (SWP),<br />
treats and delivers water to several communities in the Antelope Valley. <strong>Ozone</strong> replaced chlorine gas enabling<br />
the agency to meet regulated disinfection byproduct (DBP) limits for regulated trihalomethane (THM) and<br />
haloacetic acid (HAA) compounds at all sample locations in the respective distribution systems as required by<br />
the Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 2 DBP). The projects began operation in<br />
2009. Quarterly distribution system sampling since startup of the ozone facilities indicates a drop in DBP<br />
formation. Additionally, each of the plants experienced a reduction of filter effluent turbidity and longer filter<br />
run time, benefits not factored into the original selection process. The applied ozone dose is limited by bromate<br />
formation, and the operators utilize bromate control strategies to achieve disinfection and operational goals<br />
while staying within the bromate limit of 10 µg/L. Due to improvement in downstream processes, particularly<br />
filtration, the ozone process has become an integral process in maintaining high finished water quality under a<br />
wide range of operating conditions.<br />
Keywords: <strong>Ozone</strong>; Ozonation; Disinfection, Disinfection Byproducts; Bromate.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 21
Session 1 – Disinfection and Disinfection Byproducts S1-3<br />
Disinfection Byproducts in Wastewater Effluent and<br />
Technology Approaches to Meet Developing Regulations<br />
Christopher S. Carr 1 , Larry Schimmoller 2 , Mike Witwer 3 , and Jenny Reina 4<br />
1. CH2M HILL, Altanta, GA<br />
2. CH2M HILL, Denver, CO<br />
3. CH2M HILL, Gainesville, FL<br />
4. CH2M HILL, Oakland, CA<br />
As total water management continues to be key for sustainable infrastructure, new regulations affecting<br />
wastewater effluent and reuse water are directing water utilities to consider alternative disinfection treatment<br />
technologies. Whether the application is surface water discharge, ground water injection, indirect potable<br />
reuse, or irrigation, regulators across the country are monitoring and/or permitting disinfection by-product<br />
levels. While other technologies can provide an effective solution to DBPs, there are options to consider with<br />
regards to chlorine use. The ways in which existing chlorination systems can potentially be modified to manage<br />
DBPs includes; Optimizing Chlorine Contact Time and Dose, Control Chlorination pH, Utilize Ammonia for<br />
Chloramination, and Sequential Chlorination.<br />
If through evaluation it is determined that the use of chlorine as a disinfectant cannot meet the DBP<br />
requirements, several alternate disinfectants or disinfection combinations can be implemented; Ultraviolet<br />
Disinfection, Ozonation, <strong>Ozone</strong> with UV, Chlorine Dioxide, Peracetic Acid, and Ferrate.<br />
Keywords: Ultraviolet; <strong>Ozone</strong>; Chlorine; Chloramination; Disinfection; DBPs; THMs.<br />
Session 1 – Disinfection and Disinfection Byproducts S1-4<br />
Comparison Between Conventional Treatments and Advanced Oxidation<br />
Processes Used in Disinfection of Treated Wastewater<br />
Rodriguez-Chueca J., Sarasa J., López A., Miguel N., Mosteo R., and Ormad M.P.<br />
Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technologies, University of Zaragoza<br />
12, Pedro Cerbuna Street , 50009, Zaragoza, Spain<br />
This paper shows the inactivation results obtained on Escherichia coli present in treated urban wastewater<br />
using a conventional treatment like chlorination, and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) such as ozonation,<br />
UV light, H 2O 2/sunlight radiation and Fenton process. All of the studied treatments are able to remove<br />
Escherichia coli in greater o lesser level. The total inactivation (6.5-7.5 log) is reached by mean of chlorination.<br />
AOPs achieve significant levels of inactivation using ozonation (3.40 log) and UV light (3.80 log), and closer to<br />
5 log using Fenton reaction. The aim of this research work is to study the application of different disinfection<br />
treatments such as chlorine, O 3, UV, H 2O 2/ sunlight radiation and Fenton technology in the inactivation of<br />
Escherichia coli present in treated wastewater, and show the advantages and disadvantages of each treatment.<br />
Keywords: Wastewater; Chlorination; AOPs; Ozonation; UV Radiation; Fenton; Disinfection; Escherichia coli.<br />
22 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 2 – UV Validation and Monitoring I S2-1<br />
Use of a High-Resistance Challenge Organism for Validation of Low<br />
Pressure, High Output UV Reactors for Virus Inactivation<br />
Brian Petri 1 , Stewart Hayes 1 , Adam Festger 1 , P. Chan, O. Karl Schieble 2 ,<br />
C. Shen 2 , P. Patil 2 , C. Odegaard 3 , and I. Gobulukoglu 4<br />
1. Trojan Technologies, London, ON, Canada<br />
2. HydroQual Inc., Mahwah, NJ, USA<br />
3. GAP EnviroMicrobial, London, ON, Canada<br />
4. Aquafine Corporation, Valencia, CA, USA<br />
The United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment<br />
Rule (LT2) defined UV dose requirements for inactivation of viruses based on the relatively resistant adenovirus<br />
(USEPA, 2006). Further, LT2 requires virus treatment for unfiltered public water systems and systems that<br />
utilize uncovered finished water storage reservoirs. Subsequently, EPA’s Groundwater Rule (GWR, 2006)<br />
requires that groundwater systems provide 4-log inactivation of viruses or demonstrate through monitoring that<br />
source waters are free from fecal indicators. According to the GWR, 4-log virus treatment can be accomplished<br />
with a variety of technologies including chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone and membranes. However, in the<br />
absence of existing validations demonstrating UV’s ability to deliver a dose of 186 mJ/cm 2 , the GWR did not<br />
explicitly allow for UV to meet virus treatment requirements. Instead, discretion was left to the states. For<br />
utilities and bottling companies wishing to utilize UV for virus inactivation, the lack of existing validation and<br />
regulatory clarity has led to challenges in implementing UV.<br />
Water bottlers, bulk haulers, and retail water providers may also be impacted by LT2 and GWR regulations<br />
regarding virus treatment. The potential exists for state agencies to interpret the GWR to require 4-log<br />
inactivation of viruses for such systems. As the addition of chlorine or other chemical disinfectants is<br />
undesirable and, in fact may jeopardize “spring water” status, bottlers are understandably reticent to utilize<br />
chemical disinfectants to achieve virus treatment. UV presents an attractive non-chemical option.<br />
With respect to the UV dose required for inactivation of adenovirus, recent data demonstrates that in a given<br />
water, a medium pressure lamp generating polychromatic UV light is able to inactivate adenovirus at doses<br />
lower than 186 mJ/cm2 (Linden et al., 2005, Linden et al., 2009). A virus inactivation benefit associated with<br />
medium pressure lamps, from the perspective of state regulatory agencies, may not be sufficient to meet federal<br />
regulatory requirements. Further, the effectiveness of medium pressure polychromatic light for inactivation of<br />
adenovirus is reported to be partly the result of low wavelength absorbance (i.e.
Session S2-1 continued<br />
Validation of a family of low pressure high output lamp-equipped UV reactors for beverage and drinking water<br />
disinfection applications was performed at the UV Validation Center in Johnstown, NY by HydroQual Inc.<br />
A. niger was cultured at sufficient volumes and concentrations to complete the full scale challenge. Results of<br />
the full scale UV validation testing demonstrated that A. niger is an effective surrogate for adenovirus. Its<br />
resistance to UV was greater than adenovirus, and measured REDs were as high as 400 mJ/cm 2 . This<br />
validation allows utilities and bottlers to install UV to meet federally-prescribed virus treatment requirements,<br />
up to and including 4-log inactivation at a required dose of 186 mJ/cm 2 .<br />
Keywords: UV Disinfection; Adenovirus; Aspergillus niger; Surrogate; Validation; Low Pressure High Output;<br />
Groundwater.<br />
Session 2 – UV Validation and Monitoring I S2-2<br />
How Low Can You Go:<br />
Impact of UV Turndown Capabilities on Operating Efficiency<br />
Bryan Townsend 1 , Donnie Ginn 2 , Andrew Schipper 3 , Adam Westermann 4 , and Xi Zhao 5<br />
1. Black & Veatch, 8520 Cliff Cameron Drive, Suite 210, Charlotte, NC 28269<br />
2. Black & Veatch, 5750 Castle Creek Parkway <strong>North</strong>, Suite 245, Indianapolis, IN 46250<br />
3. Fort Wayne City Utilities, One Main Street, Room 480, Fort Wayne, IN 46802<br />
4. Black & Veatch, 4555 Lake Forest Drive, Suite 310, Cincinnati, OH 45242<br />
5. Black & Veatch, 8400 Ward Parkway, Kansas City, MO 64114<br />
In order to comply with the Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, the Fort Wayne City<br />
Utilities is constructing a UV disinfection facility at the Three Rivers Filtration Plant (TRFP) for inactivation of<br />
Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Due to the wide range of flows and UVTs that the TRFP is expected to encounter,<br />
the evaluation of proposed UV system designs needed to address the validated limits, dose-monitoring strategy,<br />
turndown capabilities and the UV system operating efficiency specific to each UV reactor. While the primary<br />
focus of a UV system design is to create a UV facility that provides the necessary level of disinfection to protect<br />
public health, the importance of selecting the proper equipment that can efficiently dose-pace and avoid overdosing<br />
throughout the entire flow and UVT range should not be overlooked.<br />
Keywords: Disinfection; Efficiency, Energy, Validation; Ultraviolet; UV.<br />
24 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 2 – UV Validation and Monitoring I S2-3<br />
Wastewater UV Disinfection Systems –<br />
Lessons Learned During Performance Testing<br />
Cody L. Charnas 1 , Katherine Y. Bell 2 , Ph.D., PE, BCEE<br />
Dale Adams 3 , PE, Jed Chambers 3 , Dean Cohrs 3 , Dan Hammer 3 , and Pat Schmidt 3<br />
1. CDM, 555 17th Street, Suite 1100, Denver, CO 80202<br />
2. CDM, 210 25th Avenue <strong>North</strong>, Suite 1102, Nashville, TN 37203<br />
3. Colorado Springs Utilities, 1521 S. Hancock Expy, Colorado Springs, CO 80903<br />
As many new ultraviolet (UV) systems are being designed and constructed for disinfection of secondary<br />
wastewater effluent, it is important to confirm both the design and the system’s ability to meet the discharge<br />
permit requirements through performance testing. Performance testing is recommended for all wastewater UV<br />
disinfection system projects and should include evaluation of the UV system under “worst-case” conditions.<br />
Additionally, it is important to confirm the actual headloss through the reactors and verify the power<br />
consumption to confirm that the system can meet the required design specifications. This case study presents<br />
the test protocols and the results of the testing.<br />
Keywords: Ultraviolet Disinfection; UV; Wastewater Disinfection; Total Suspended Solids; Performance Testing.<br />
Session 2 – UV Validation and Monitoring I S2-4<br />
Operation, Maintenance, and Reporting Activities for<br />
Municipal Drinking Water UV Disinfection Facilities<br />
Todd Elliott 1 , Alex Chen 2 , David Euler 3 , Andrew Niblock 4 ,<br />
Eric Kiefer 5 , Enoch Nicholson 6 , and Paul Swaim 7<br />
1. CH2M HILL, Mendota Heights, MN, USA<br />
2. Seattle Public Utilities, Seattle, WA, USA<br />
3. City of <strong>North</strong> Bay, <strong>North</strong> Bay, ON, CAN<br />
4. City of St. Johns, St. Johns, NL, CAN<br />
5. <strong>North</strong> Shore Water Commission, Glendale, WI, USA<br />
6. CH2M HILL, Seattle, WA, USA<br />
7. CH2M HILL, Denver, CO, USA<br />
Over the last 10 years, the implementation of UV disinfection in the municipal drinking water industry has<br />
grown rapidly with most installations focused on Cryptosporidium inactivation in response to the USEPA’s<br />
Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR). Despite the widespread use of UV<br />
disinfection, operation and maintenance requirements are an area of interest for those contemplating the<br />
implementation of UV disinfection, and practical information can be difficult to locate. The reporting<br />
requirements to regulators may not be well understood, or even overlooked, until the UV system has been<br />
commissioned. Although the EPA’s UV Disinfection Guidance Manual (UVDGM) provides excellent guidance in<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 25
Session S2-4 continued<br />
general, it allows for state, provincial, or other site specific requirements to over-ride UVDGM requirements,<br />
and in some cases, detailed conversations with regulators are needed to identify their specific preferences.<br />
This presentation will summarize general operation and maintenance requirements for municipal drinking<br />
water UV disinfection installations based on utility experiences. Site specific information from operating UV<br />
facilities including Seattle Public Utilities Cedar Water Treatment Facility, in operation for over 6 years, and<br />
Ketchikan Public Utilities UV Disinfection Facility, in operation for 1 year, will be included. State or provincial<br />
requirements that deviate from the UVDGM will be identified as applicable. For example, the Cedar facility<br />
must operate at a MS2 Reduction Equivalent Dose of 40 mJ/cm 2 or greater at all times and the Ketchikan UV<br />
facility must base the UV dose on the minimum S/So. Types of routine operations and maintenance activities<br />
that will be discussed include monitoring and recording frequency of required operational parameters, lamp<br />
and sleeve replacement frequency, intensity sensors and UVT analyzers calibration requirements, sleeve<br />
cleaning, and lamp intensity checks. Costs associated with replacing spare parts and energy consumption will<br />
also be provided. Types of regulatory reporting requirements that will be discussed include monthly reporting<br />
requirements, daily operating logs, calibration logs, and off-specification worksheets. Specialty topics like<br />
mitigating the consequences of lamp breaks or addressing off-specification water with operational controls will<br />
be included as well.<br />
This presentation will benefit water utility managers, plant operators, and regulators by providing real-world<br />
examples of operation, maintenance, and reporting requirements for UV disinfection facilities. This information<br />
will prepare water utilities for what to discuss with regulators and what to expect once their UV facility is<br />
brought online.<br />
Keywords: Drinking Water Treatment; UV Disinfection; UV Design Guidance Manual; Long-Term 2 Enhanced<br />
Surface Water Treatment Rule; Operation and Maintenance.<br />
26 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 3 – AOP Methods S3-1<br />
Catalytic Ozonation of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in<br />
Water Using Ni/SiO 2<br />
J.L. Rodríguez S 1,2 , T. Poznyak 1 , H. Tiznado 3 , M.A. Valenzuela 2 , and D. Magallanes 1<br />
1. Lab. Ing. Química Ambiental. ESIQIE – Instituto Politécnico Nacional.<br />
Zacatenco, 07738 México, D.F. México.<br />
2. Lab. Catálisis y Materiales. ESIQIE – Instituto Politécnico Nacional.<br />
Zacatenco, 07738 México, D.F. México.<br />
3. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Km. 107<br />
Carretera Tijuana a Ensenada, C. P. 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México<br />
Catalytic ozonation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) in aqueous solution has been carried out in a<br />
semi-continuous laboratory reactor where SiO 2 and Ni/SiO 2 have been used as the catalysts. The presence of<br />
the two catalyst significantly improve the degradation of 2,4-D and the generation of intermediate species<br />
compared to the results from non-catalytic ozonation. Adsorption of 2,4-D on the two catalytic surfaces have<br />
no remarkable influence on the degradation.<br />
The preparation method is a fundamental step in the heterogeneous catalysts so that, the catalysts were<br />
synthetized by wet impregnation and liquid phase photo-deposition methods. The results show that only 30%<br />
of the 2,4-D was removed in the conventional ozonation during 1 h. The catalytic ozonation with Ni/SiO 2<br />
increases the herbicide decomposition for two catalysts: impregnation and photo-deposition. However, the best<br />
activity and stability are observed for the catalysts prepared by the impregnation method, this due to the strong<br />
interaction of nickel with SiO 2. Glycolic, fumaric, maleic and oxalic acids were some intermediates formed in<br />
the catalytic ozonation.<br />
Keywords: <strong>Ozone</strong>; Ni/SiO 2; Impregnation and Phodeposition Methods; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid<br />
Decomposition.<br />
Session 3 – AOP Methods S3-2<br />
Composite Titania Photocatalytic Coating for Vacuum UV Photoreactor<br />
C. Duca, G. Imoberdorf, and M. Mohseni<br />
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia,<br />
2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada<br />
The main objective of this research was to compare Vacuum UV (VUV) process and photocatalysis. Different<br />
sol-gel techniques were used to prepare TiO 2 coatings, which were evaluated using a small photocatalytic<br />
reactor irradiated with 254 nm radiation (UV). The catalyst that presented the highest photocatalytic activity<br />
and the highest attrition resistance was used to compare photocatalysis with VUV in an annular flow-through<br />
reactor. The degradation of 2,4-D in Millipore water was tested using immobilized TiO 2/UV, slurry Degussa<br />
P25/UV, and VUV, under the same operating conditions. The conversions obtained were 2.5%, 38%, and<br />
100%, respectively, showing that the efficacy of photocatalysis is significantly lower than that of VUV.<br />
Keywords: Vacuum UV; Photocatalysis; Photoreactor; 2,4-D; Micropollutants.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 27
Session 3 – AOP Methods S3-3<br />
Advanced Oxidation of Drinking Water Using Ultraviolet Light and<br />
Alternative Solid Forms of Hydrogen Peroxide<br />
Zachary Monge 1 , MS, EIT, and Erik Rosenfeldt 2 , PE, Ph.D.<br />
1. CH2M HILL, 430 East Genesee Street, Syracuse, NY<br />
2. Hazen and Saywer<br />
With the increasing focus on removing emerging, unregulated drinking water contaminants, the use of<br />
advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) has become more prevalent. A commonly used AOP is the ultraviolet<br />
light/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H 2O 2) AOP. This process utilizes the formation of hydroxyl radicals to oxidize<br />
contaminants to less harmful forms. In this analysis, two alternative solid forms of H 2O 2, sodium perborate (SPB)<br />
and sodium percarbonate (SPC) were used as sources of H 2O 2 in the UV/H 2O 2 AOP. The potential advantage<br />
of SPB and SPC is that they are solids in nature, and as a result, the shipping costs and shipping energy<br />
requirements can be reduced significantly compared to that of liquid H 2O 2.<br />
The yields of active H 2O 2 via SPB and SPC were investigated in deionized (DI) water and three natural water<br />
sources from the <strong>North</strong>ampton, MA Water Filtration Plant. In DI water, the active yields of H 2O 2 via SPB and<br />
SPC were much higher than in the natural water sources. The findings of this analysis indicate that both SPB<br />
and SPC are viable sources of H 2O 2, especially in waters that are treated to reduce the background carbonate<br />
concentration.<br />
In highly finished waters similar to DI water, it is expected that the use of SPB and SPC will result in reduced<br />
oxidation rates of drinking water contaminants. Therefore, the use of SPB and SPC as H 2O 2 sources in the<br />
UV/H 2O 2 AOP in highly finished waters is not encouraged. In natural water sources, SPB and SPC appear to be<br />
viable alternatives to liquid H 2O 2 for use in the UV/H 2O 2 AOP up to active H 2O 2 concentrations of 5mg/L.<br />
Using SPB and SPC has the potential for significant cost savings depending on the source of the water used<br />
in the drinking water treatment process. For facilities with surface waters as the source water, significant cost<br />
savings are possible. However water reclamation and reuse facilities have high purity source waters and SPB<br />
and SPC as sources of H 2O 2 are more costly alternatives. The reduction in treatment facilities carbon<br />
footprints’ associated with shipping H 2O 2 is largely dependent on the location of the chemical production<br />
facilities of each reagent.<br />
Keywords: UV Advanced Oxidation; Hydrogen Peroxide.<br />
28 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 3 – AOP Methods S3-4<br />
Development of an Integrated UV/Self-Generated <strong>Ozone</strong><br />
Advanced Oxidation Reactor for Water Treatment<br />
Jingyun Fang 1 , Hai Liao 1 , Chii Shang 1 , Minzhen Zeng 1 , Zhi Chen 1 , Menglin Ni 1 , and Wei Liu 2<br />
1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and<br />
Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong<br />
2. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China<br />
UV irradiation or ozone alone has been widely used for water disinfection and/or oxidative destruction of<br />
pollutant for decades. The combination of UV and ozone has been proved to have a synergistic effect on<br />
micro-pollutant destruction and pathogen disinfection. However, the cost is prohibitive for sustaining the two<br />
energy-intensive processes. Using conventional low-pressure Hg Lamp, which emits two principal wavelengths:<br />
254 nm and 185 nm, to generate ozone and achieve UV/ozone coexposure has been considered in earlier<br />
work. However, the development is rather limited, likely due to the low ozone generation rate. Recent<br />
advancement in UV lamp tube design and manufacturing, nevertheless, enables the possibility to realize the<br />
concept by increasing the output intensity and the penetration of light at 185 nm. We therefore revisit the<br />
concept of using the 185 nm UV light to produce ozone from air circulated between the UV lamp and the<br />
quartz sleeve. The produced ozone can then be pumped into the UV system in the water phase to create a<br />
scenario of the UV/ozone process to enhance micro-pollutant oxidation and/or disinfection by ozone and/or<br />
hydroxyl radical attack. This study focused on the development of a flow-through, integrated UV/self-generated<br />
ozone advanced oxidation reactor using low-pressure, high-intensity Hg lamp made with synthetic quartz. The<br />
development and evaluation of the reactor consists of the following three aspects: 1) how to enhance ozone<br />
production in the gas phase by changing the gas flow rate, pressure and reactor configurations; 2) how to<br />
enhance the mass transfer of the produced ozone into the water phase by using different diffusers; and 3) how<br />
to better design the reactor to maximize pollutant destruction and pathogen disinfection in the water phase by<br />
changing the combining sequences and the reactor configurations. The combination of UV and the low levels<br />
of ozone give a higher rate and efficiency in destruction of micropollutants (i.e., nitrobenzene and Nnitrosodimethylamine)<br />
and disinfection of E. coli and coliphage MS-2. This integrated reactor is energy- and<br />
space-saving, compared to the combining use of a conventional UV irradiator and an external ozone generator.<br />
It is a promising process to be used in households, swimming pools, and drinking water treatment plants. More<br />
details will be available in the presentation.<br />
Keywords: UV; <strong>Ozone</strong> Advanced Oxidation.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 29
Session 4 – <strong>Ozone</strong> in Drinking Water Treatment S4-1<br />
Seven Years of Using <strong>Ozone</strong> as a Cost Effective Treatment Strategy<br />
Gord Devine, and Bill Mundy<br />
Regional Municipality of Halton, 1151 Bronte Road, Oakville, ON, Canada, L6M 3L1<br />
The Regional Municipality of Halton (Halton Region) is located south west of Toronto, Ontario, Canada and is<br />
located on Lake Ontario. Lake Ontario is the source water for all three of Halton Region’s surface Water<br />
Treatment Plants which serves an approximate population of 400,000 people for the City of Burlington, the<br />
Town of Oakville and Town of Milton.<br />
Lake Ontario is influenced by significant urbanization with approximately 5.6 million people living in the greater<br />
Toronto area which makes the source water potentially contaminated by Cryptosporidium. Through<br />
surveillance sampling that Halton Region had conducted, Cryptosporidium has been detected. As a result of<br />
this potential risk, Halton Region chose to adopt an internal cryptosporidium inactivation goal which is beyond<br />
the current regulations established by the regulatory authority. Additionally, Lake Ontario does have seasonal<br />
taste and odour events that can be quite significant, making the case for selection of ozonation as a primary<br />
disinfectant, and taste and odour removal.<br />
With seven years of operating with ozone on Lake Ontario water, ozone has been successfully integrated as a<br />
must-have operational tool. This paper will discuss the process design, operational issues, taste and odour<br />
removal, bromate control, and an operating cost comparison between diffuser and sidestream installations.<br />
Keywords: <strong>Ozone</strong>; Taste; Odour; Cryptosporidium; Diffuser; Sidestream; Bromate; Costs; Capital; Retrofit.<br />
Session 4 – <strong>Ozone</strong> in Drinking Water Treatment S4-2<br />
Designing <strong>Ozone</strong> Systems for Great Lakes Water –<br />
State of the Art and Lessons Learned from 10 Years of Experience<br />
Helen Jin 1 , Quirien Muylwyk 2 , and Ed Minchew 3<br />
1. CH2M HILL Canada, 255 Consumers Road, Toronto, ON, M2J 5B6, Canada<br />
2. CH2M HILL Canada<br />
3. CH2M HILL<br />
In the past ten years, CH2M HILL has designed ozone systems for four agencies (Windsor Utilities Commission,<br />
Region of Halton, Peel Region, and Toronto Water), providing an installed capacity of over 6,000 kg/d ozone<br />
production to treat more than 2,000 ML/d water. This represents over a decade of experience and lessons<br />
learned when ozone is used as an integral role to protect public health. Why – and how – ozone is used on the<br />
Great Lakes will be summarized, with specific design details described based on these installations.<br />
Keywords: <strong>Ozone</strong>; Design.<br />
30 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 4 – <strong>Ozone</strong> in Drinking Water Treatment S4-3<br />
Upgrading the Largest WTP in the Czech Republic – Experiences Gained in<br />
Design, Start Up and Operation of a State of the Art Ozonation System<br />
Radka Hušková 1 , Jiri Benes 2 , Philip Page 3 , Florian Axt 4 , and Michael Ziegler 4<br />
1. Pražské vodovody a kanalizace, a.s., Praha, Czech Republic<br />
2. DISA, v.o.s, Brno, Czech Republic<br />
3. Statiflo <strong>International</strong> Ltd, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom<br />
4. ITT Water & Wastewater Herford GmbH, Germany<br />
Since 1991 the City of Prague relies on ozone for sanitation and disinfection of its drinking water within WTP<br />
Želivka. With a maximum flowrate of 7 m 3 /s it is the largest DWTP in the Czech Republic. Before 2009, 36 kg/h<br />
of ozone was generated from dry air, then introduced to the water through porous diffusers. Because of its low<br />
efficiency and increasing demand for maintenance, this system needed replacing.<br />
In the autumn of 2009 this old ozonation system was replaced with a new ITT Wedeco system, consisting of<br />
2 x PDO 1000, each with a 16kg/h capacity. The new ozonation system which was commissioned in the spring<br />
of 2010 generates ozone from oxygen at a concentration of 12 wt% and above and uses a custom engineered<br />
STATIFLO Gas Dispersion System (GDS).<br />
The content of this presentation is focused on comparison of the old and the new ozonization technology and<br />
describes the first experiences gained from the operation of the new installation. The good results of the ozone<br />
transfer efficiency are illustrated from continuous measurement.<br />
Current analyses of the new technology have shown a significant improvement on the drinking water quality,<br />
the ease of operation and the process economy.<br />
Keywords: Water Treatment Plant; <strong>Ozone</strong>; Ozonization; Mixing; Dissolving; Gas Dispersion System.<br />
Session 4 – <strong>Ozone</strong> in Drinking Water Treatment S4-4<br />
Implementing <strong>Ozone</strong> at the F.J. Horgan Water Treatment Plant<br />
Liza Ballantyne, P.Eng., Alex Vukosavljevic, and Gordon Mitchell, P.Eng.<br />
City of Toronto, F.J. Horgan WTP, 201 Copperfield Road, Toronto, ON M1E 5G7, Canada<br />
The F.J. Horgan Water Treatment Plant is one of four water treatment facilities in the City of Toronto. It is<br />
currently undergoing a 230 ML/d capacity expansion to increase its overall capacity to 800 ML/d. A major<br />
component of the expansion will be the conversion to ozone for primary disinfection and taste and odour<br />
control for the entire 800 ML/d process stream. Construction is currently on-going and the commissioning is<br />
anticipated to begin in the first quarter of 2012.<br />
The paper will focus on the steps that were undertaken to implement ozone at this facility including factors that<br />
lead to the selection of ozone, technical consideration during the design phase, contractual considerations that<br />
lead to the pre-purchasing of the ozone equipment and the importance of leveraging the experiences and<br />
lessons learned from other municipalities.<br />
Keywords: Lessons Learned; Value Engineering; Peer Review; Pre-Purchase; Sampling System; Liquid Oxygen;<br />
Dissolution System; Residual Quenching.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 31
Session 4 – <strong>Ozone</strong> in Drinking Water Treatment S4-5<br />
Implementing <strong>Ozone</strong> Training and Maintenance Integration at<br />
the Frank J. Horgan Water Treatment Plant<br />
Alex Vukosavljevic, Liza Ballantyne and Gord Mitchell<br />
City of Toronto, F.J. Horgan WTP, 201 Copperfield Road, Toronto, ON, Canada<br />
Toronto Water has embarked on an aggressive capital work program which includes the expansion and<br />
major process upgrades to the F.J. Horgan Water Treatment Plant, one of four municipal treatment facilities.<br />
A key aspect of the 230 ML/day capacity expansion is the incorporation of an ozone treatment system for<br />
primary disinfection and taste & odour control. <strong>Ozone</strong> treatment for potable water is a totally new process for<br />
Toronto Water.<br />
This paper will describe Toronto Water’s research, contractual requirements and implementation plan for<br />
replacing chlorine with ozone for primary disinfection from the perspective of operations and maintenance<br />
staff preparation, health & safety knowledge and comprehensive training. In addition, the processes involved<br />
in incorporating a host of new ozone related equipment into the facility Computerized Maintenance<br />
Management System (CMMS) will be detailed. The paper will summarize the steps being taken to make the<br />
transition to a fundamentally new treatment process a smooth and painless one with broad based buy-in and<br />
acceptance by critical staff.<br />
Keywords: Training, <strong>Ozone</strong>; Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS); Continuing Education<br />
Units (CEU); Expansion; Upgrade; Modernization.<br />
32 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 4 – <strong>Ozone</strong> in Drinking Water Treatment S4-6<br />
Mitigation of Anoxic Hypolimnetic Water in a Drinking Water Reservoir by<br />
Bottom Water Withdrawal and Treatment –<br />
Bench-Scale <strong>Ozone</strong> Test and Full-Scale Water Treatment<br />
Keisuke Ikehata 1 , Andrew T. Komor 1 , and Philip F. Bogdanoff 2<br />
1. Pacific Advanced Civil Engineering,<br />
17520 Newhope Street, Suite 200, Fountain Valley, California 92708<br />
2. Public Utilities Department, City of Anaheim,<br />
201 S. Anaheim Boulevard, Suite 601, Anaheim, California 92805<br />
Due to thermal stratification followed by the development of anoxic hypolimnion, accumulation of reduced<br />
constituents, including sulfide, manganese, ammonia, as well as phosphate, was noticed in the Walnut<br />
Canyon Reservoir (WCR), a drinking water reservoir in the city of Anaheim, in the summer of 2010. In order<br />
to minimize the risks associated with these constituents, withdrawal of the anoxic water and its treatment using<br />
an existing ozonation facility in the Lenain water treatment plant (LWTP) was considered as an effective<br />
mitigation option. First, a bench-scale ozone test was conducted to determine the ozone demand and the<br />
mass ratio between ozone and sulfide to achieve treatment targets based on the odor threshold of sulfide<br />
(0.05 mg/L) and the secondary maximum contaminant level for manganese (0.05 mg/L). An ozone to sulfide<br />
mass ratio of 2:1 was found to be sufficient to reduce the sulfide concentrations to below 0.05 mg/L, which is<br />
lower than published values (3:1 to 4:1). In order to remove manganese, more ozone was required<br />
(ozone:sulfide ≈ 2.6:1), although over-oxidation of manganese occurred when a higher ozone-to-sulfide mass<br />
ratio, such as 3:1, was used. Based on these results, the anoxic bottom water was withdrawn from the lowest<br />
intake (30 m below the water level) in the WCR, blended with bypass water (5% bottom + 95% bypass) and<br />
treated by a treatment train consisting of pre-chlorination, coagulation, flocculation, clarification, intermediate<br />
ozonation, filtration, and post-chlorination in the LWTP. Majority of sulfide was removed or volatilized during<br />
coagulation, flocculation, and clarification. Sulfide was not detected (
Session 4 – <strong>Ozone</strong> in Drinking Water Treatment S4-7<br />
Assessing Raw Water Ozonation for Taste and Odor Removal,<br />
Manganese Oxidation, and DAF Preconditioning<br />
Joseph Huang 1 , P.E., Robert Biehler 2 , P.E., Dean Gregory 3 , Ph.D., and Alan G. LeBlanc 4 , P.E.<br />
1. Camp Dresser and McKee Inc., 2295 Gateway Oaks, Suite 240, Sacramento, CA 95833<br />
2. New Jersey <strong>American</strong> Water, 120 Raider Boulevard, Hillsborough, NJ 08844<br />
3. 3235 Field Street, Wheat Ridge, CO 80033<br />
4. Camp Dresser and McKee Inc., Jefferson Mill,<br />
670 N. Commercial Street, Suite 201, Manchester, NH 03101<br />
New Jersey <strong>American</strong> Water Company (NJAW) owns and operates the Canoe Brook Water Treatment Plant<br />
in Short Hills, New Jersey. The plant experiences algal blooms in the raw water reservoir that result in taste<br />
and odor issues with the treated water. To control these taste and odor elements (such as geosmin and<br />
2-methylisoborneol) ozonation will be installed as part of water treatment plant improvements currently<br />
under construction.<br />
To determine the ozone design dosages, the project team relied on historical ozone usage at a nearby<br />
treatment plant treating similar water. To confirm these dosages for the Canoe Brook plant, the project team<br />
undertook a battery of laboratory tests to determine such factors as ozone demand and geosmin and<br />
2-methylisoborneol (MIB) removal at various ozone doses, as well the effectiveness of manganese oxidation.<br />
Other factors to be examined were the effect of pH adjustment and PEROXONE.<br />
The laboratory testing revealed the ozone demand to be greater than anticipated, and the ozone design<br />
dosage had to be increased, and indicated that pH adjustment ahead of ozone addition would be beneficial.<br />
<strong>Ozone</strong> also showed to be effective in removal of geosmin and MIB, while PEROXONE did not have an effect<br />
on the treatment.<br />
The laboratory testing proved very beneficial because it allowed the design team to confidently size the ozone<br />
components for the anticipated water quality conditions at the Canoe Brook Water Treatment Plant, and to<br />
include pH adjustment as part of the design.<br />
Keywords: Taste; Odor; Geosmin; MIB; Canoe Brook; Drinking Water; Raw Water.<br />
34 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 5 – UV Validation and Monitoring II S5-1<br />
Yikes! What the UVDGM Does Not Address on UV Disinfection<br />
Harold Wright 1 , Mark Heath 2 , and Jeff Bandy 1<br />
1. Carollo Engineers, Boise, ID, USA<br />
2. Carollo Engineers, Portland, OR, USA<br />
The USEPA UV Disinfection Guidance Manual (UVDGM) provides guidance for the design, validation and<br />
operation of UV systems in the United States for disinfection under the Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water<br />
Treatment Rule. The UVDGM was prepared over the course of six years with drafts released in 2001 and 2003<br />
and a final version released in 2006. The preparation of the UVDGM was challenged by the limited experience<br />
in the US with full-scale UV system implementation and validation. During the drafting of the UVDGM and over<br />
the course of a decade of full-scale experience, our understanding of UV disinfection has significantly<br />
progressed. This paper describes nine issues that impact UV dose delivery and monitoring by installed systems<br />
but that are not fully addressed by the UVDGM. Solutions to each issue are proposed.<br />
Keywords: UV; Disinfection; UV Dose Delivery.<br />
Session 5 – UV Validation and Monitoring II S5-2<br />
Evaluating Piping Layout Impacts on UV Dose Delivery<br />
Christopher Schulz, P.E. 1 ; Mike Hyland, P.E. 2 ; Mark Allen, P.E. 1 ,<br />
David Werth Ph.D., P.E. 3 , and Inder Singh, M.A.Sc. P.Eng. 4<br />
1. CDM Denver, Colorado<br />
2. CDM Seattle, Washington<br />
3. Clemson Engineering Hydraulics, Inc., Anderson, South Carolina<br />
4. Metro Vancouver, Burnaby, British Columbia<br />
The Ultraviolet Disinfection Guidance Manual (UVDGM) provides technical information and guidance on design<br />
and operation of UV systems for receiving disinfection credit under the Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water<br />
Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR). An important topic in the UVDGM relates to inlet and outlet piping configurations<br />
installed in the full-scale UV facility and how they relate to the piping configuration used during validation testing<br />
and associated impacts on UV dose delivery. Several design approaches are cited in the UVDGM to ensure that<br />
“the inlet and outlet piping to the UV reactor in the UV facility results in a UV dose delivery that is equal to or<br />
greater than the UV dose delivered when the reactor was validated.” The purpose of this paper is to present an<br />
alternative method for meeting the UVDGM dose delivery objective, while allowing for flexibility in the design of<br />
UV piping systems to meet project-specific design constraints. The proposed method involves use of physical or<br />
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to evaluate and optimize inlet hydraulics to the UV reactor until<br />
acceptable velocity profiles are achieved, and then verification of actual performance by taking measurements<br />
of inlet velocity profiles during validation and start-up of the full-scale UV facility. Conservative “acceptance”<br />
criteria for comparing these results are proposed to ensure improved UV dose delivery at full-scale. This method<br />
was applied to the design of a new UV disinfection facility for the Coquitlam Water Treatment Facility – an<br />
unfiltered gravity-fed water system owned and operated by Metro Vancouver in British Columbia, Canada.<br />
Keywords: UV Disinfection; Hydraulics; Velocity Profiles; UVDGM; UV Dose Distribution; Physical Modeling.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 35
Session 5 – UV Validation and Monitoring II S5-3<br />
UV System Checkpoint Bioassays: Challenges from the Field,<br />
Comparison Methodology, and Proof of Scale-Up<br />
B. Petri 1 , J. An 1 , Y. Lawryshyn 2 , and V. Moreland 3<br />
1. Trojan Technologies Inc., 3020 Gore Rd., London, Canada, N5V 4T7<br />
2. University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Canada, M5S 3E5<br />
3. Moreland Consulting LLC, Honolulu, USA<br />
The NWRI/AwwaRF “Ultraviolet Disinfection Guidelines for Drinking Water and Water Reuse” (the Guidelines)<br />
require that UV systems be sized based on bioassays. Although not expressed in the Guidelines, the California<br />
Department of Public Heath has adopted the practice of requiring a Checkpoint Bioassay for installed systems<br />
producing recycled water. A Checkpoint Bioassay is a term for a small bioassay (typically 8 tests) of a full scale<br />
system where the intent is to measure disinfection performance and verify that the system is operating properly.<br />
Verification comes by comparing measured performance to expected performance based on the original product<br />
bioassay validation. Various approaches for comparing and judging installed systems have been employed.<br />
Bioassay validations of UV reactors are typically executed with high accuracy, using a test centre that has been<br />
setup to do biological validations with all of the required considerations (e.g. wide ranges of flow capacity and<br />
water quality, good control of variables, accurate measurement of variables, proper mixing of injected<br />
constituents, proper placement of sample ports to collect representative samples). For closed-vessel reactors,<br />
UV reactor performance cannot be scaled to different sized reactors, because the flow and UV light fields will<br />
differ between them. The performance of tested units must be added in series or in parallel to achieve the<br />
design for systems requiring higher doses or higher total flows, respectively. Open-channel UV reactors are a<br />
special case of reactors that can be scaled due to modularity, given certain constraints. Thus, Checkpoint<br />
Bioassays serve to answer two questions: does performance scale-up for modular UV systems; are there any<br />
site-specific issues that change the performance of the UV system.<br />
We have completed Checkpoint Bioassays on 7 sites in California and 2 in Hawaii, and have verified the<br />
scaling of modular UV reactors in all cases. In some cases, site-specific issues were identified that were the<br />
cause of lowered performance, including civil works that were out of tolerance and constrained hydraulics.<br />
When corrected, UV system performance increased to expected levels. In almost all cases, the sites were<br />
difficult to test accurately because they were not designed, built or instrumented with the intention of testing.<br />
Challenges included unsteady flows, interrupting operations to produce maximum and minimum flows, large<br />
reservoirs as part of the tested system that increased residence volumes to unmanageable levels, lack of<br />
suitable sampling sites due to mixing, contamination, and access issues, lack of accurate flow instrumentation<br />
or flow instrumentation not monitoring the UV system itself. Taken together, it is diffult to assign a high level of<br />
accuracy to Checkpoint Bioassay data, and although useful for verification we have encountered situations<br />
where that data was assumed to be of high quality and system de-ratings were proposed.<br />
In terms of comparing Checkpoint Bioassay data to product validation data, and judging the performance for a<br />
site, we have encountered a number of approaches. Criteria such as 7 of 8 tests must have performance<br />
greater than expected (expected performance is the perforamnce predicted from the product validation data at<br />
the Checkpoint Bioassay test conditions) violate the concept that the expectations are based on a regression<br />
that describes the “average” trend in a dataset. Ratios of measured to expected performance have been<br />
calculated and de-ratings applied based only on the tests that had ratio values less than 1, not weighting in the<br />
performance from tests that exceeded expected levels. Most importantly, the Checkpoint Bioassay results have<br />
been used without any consideration of accuracy. The paper will discuss approaches that consider confidence<br />
bands both for Checkpoint Bioassay data and product validation data, and comparison methods that are<br />
mathematically and statistically justifiable.<br />
36 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session S5-3 continued<br />
Checkpoint Bioassays have been useful for identifying a number of issues that can lead to lowered<br />
performance for installed UV systems. However, they are difficult to execute properly and have inherently low<br />
accuracy. For modular UV reactors that have undergone a number of these commissioning tests, we can<br />
confidently say that their scale-up has been verified and that Checkpoints Bioassays are no longer required to<br />
prove the same point. The second question that Checkpoint Bioassays address is whether any site-specific<br />
factors can impact performance. We have now identified main causes which are out-of-tolerance civil works<br />
and constrained hydraulics. These causes can be identified without Checkpoint Bioassays. Civil works can be<br />
evaluated through standard measurement of dimensions, and remedies can be made through epoxying (to<br />
decrease dimensions) or grinding (to increase dimensions). Ultimately, adhering to stated tolerances during<br />
construction can avoid the need for any remedies. Hydraulics can be designed to produce regular velocity<br />
fields for the UV reactor, and these velocity fields can be measured through velocity profiling (a technique<br />
actually described in the Guidelines for commissioning tests). Thus, Checkpoint Bioassays are useful as a onetime<br />
check of a new UV reactor product to verify scale-up, but are not required for every installation. Sitespecific<br />
issues can be identified with more practical techniques. The use of Checkpoint Bioassay data to<br />
de-rate UV systems without considering the accuracy of the measurements, can lead to unneccesary and<br />
costly capacity reductions or power increases.<br />
Keywords: UV Disinfection; NWRI/AwwaRF Guidelines; Checkpoint Bioassays; Field Experiences; Scale-Up.<br />
Session 5 – UV Validation and Monitoring II S5-4<br />
Impact of Low Wavelength UV Light on UV Dose Monitoring and Validation<br />
H. Wright 1 , J. Bandy 1 , M. Heath 1 , C. Bokermann 2 , and R. Bemus 2<br />
1. Carollo Engineers, 12592 West Explorer Drive, Suite 200, Boise, ID 83713<br />
2. ITT-WEDECO, 14125 South Bridge Circle, Charlotte, NC 28273<br />
The USEPA UV Disinfection Guidance Manual states that UV dose monitoring by polychromatic UV systems<br />
should account for bias affects caused by 1) differences in the spectral response or action spectra of the test<br />
microbes used during validation and the target pathogen, 2) spectral changes in UV lamp output due to lamp<br />
and quartz sleeve aging and fouling, and 3) differences in the spectral UV absorbance of the water used<br />
during validation and the water treated at the water treatment plant.<br />
The 2006 UVDGM states that the relative impact of the action spectra can be assessed by calculating the<br />
germicidal output of polychromatic UV lamps using:<br />
where P G is the germicidal output of the lamps, P(λ) is the UV output of the lamp as a function of wavelength,<br />
λ, and G(λ) is the action spectra of the microbe. The UVDGM states that the ratio of the germicidal output of<br />
the UV lamps calculated using the action spectra of MS2 to that calculated using the action spectra of<br />
Cryptosporidium is 1.04. While the 2006 UVDGM does not provide details on the action spectra and lamp<br />
output used to determine this ratio that data is provided in 2003 draft UVDGM (EPA 815-D-03-007). The ratio<br />
was determined using the MS2 action spectra from 225 to 320 nm as shown in Figure F.9 of the 2003 draft<br />
UVDGM and a medium pressure lamp output data given in Figure F.12 of the 2003 UVDGM. That lamp had<br />
negligible UV output below 230 nm. In contrast, medium pressure UV lamps currently used by UV vendors<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 37
Session S5-4 continued<br />
have notable UV output at wavelengths down to and below 200 nm. This UV output creates a significant<br />
polychromatic bias that impacts UV dose delivery and monitoring.<br />
First, the action spectra of MS2 is much greater than that of Cryptosporidium at wavelengths below 240 nm.<br />
Depending on the reference, the ratio is a factor of 8 to 12 at 215 nm, and is likely greater at lower wavelengths.<br />
Hence, if the lamp has significant UV output below 240 nm, validation using MS2 can overestimate UV dose<br />
delivery to Cryptosporidium by as much as a factor of 2.<br />
Second, many UV sensors used with medium pressure UV systems have a low wavelength cutoff around 230<br />
to 240 nm, and hence do not measure germicidal UV light below these wavelengths. If these wavelengths<br />
have a significant contribution to UV dose delivery, the UV sensor will not indicate if that contribution is<br />
occurring at the water treatment plant. This can occur with lamp aging or sleeve fouling where lower<br />
wavelength UV light below 240 nm is reduced more than higher wavelength UV light or changes with the UVT<br />
spectra at lower UVT. Under these conditions, the RED estimated using the UV sensor could be much greater<br />
than the actual RED.<br />
The impact of low wavelength light on UV dose delivery and monitoring is also impacted by the quartz sleeves<br />
used by the lamps and the UVT spectra of the water used during validation. UV vendors use three types of<br />
quartz sleeves. Type 219 sleeves absorb most of the UV light below 240 nm. Synthetic quartz sleeves have a<br />
high UVT for wavelengths down to 200 nm, with a UVT of 90% at 200 nm. Type 214 sleeves transmit less,<br />
with a UVT of 55% at 200 nm. With UV systems sold in <strong>North</strong> America, there has been a trend by UV vendors<br />
towards using synthetic quartz sleeves. The UVT spectrum of the water used during validation can also have a<br />
relatively low UVT at wavelengths below 240 nm, depending on the spectra of the raw water and UV absorber.<br />
These issues also impact UV dose monitoring for adenovirus credit, since the action spectra of adenovirus<br />
below 240 nm is much greater than that of MS2 phage (e.g. a factor of 8 at 230 nm). Recent work has shown<br />
that benefits of low wavelength light with the inactivation of adenovirus are eliminated if the spectra UVT of the<br />
water below 240 nm drops.<br />
The solution to these issues is to validate medium pressure UV systems using Type 219 sleeves or apply a<br />
safety factor to UV dose monitoring. This paper provides a detailed discussion of these impacts supported by<br />
validation data.<br />
Keywords: UV Dose; Monitoring; Validation.<br />
38 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 5 – UV Validation and Monitoring II S5-5<br />
Practical UV Light Source Diagnostic Tools for<br />
Measuring Uniformity, Intensity and Fluence<br />
Todd E. Lizotte<br />
Lizotte Tactical Development, LLC, 21 Post Road, Hooksett, NH 03106<br />
Industry leaders within the UV disinfection marketplace and the customers, who purchase their systems,<br />
understand that the majority of costs to a water treatment facility is spent on system maintenance and is<br />
typically the largest single controllable expenditure in a production plant. Reducing costs in this economy is a<br />
driving factor, towards improving in-situ predictive and proactive, not reactive maintenance of UV based water<br />
treatment and industrial disinfection systems. With practical and cost effective diagnostic tools UV disinfection<br />
system developers can develop further proactive approaches to reduce system down time, safe guard<br />
operational performance and reduce premature or catastrophic failures during plant operations. A critical<br />
aspect of UV disinfection systems is that it is the last line of defense for making water and air safer to the<br />
general population. Analytical analysis (computational) provides quantifiable results on performance that are<br />
more precise than qualitative standards, but each have a role in determining overall performance of the system<br />
when taking into consideration issues or variables that tend to emerge within a dynamic and operational<br />
system. This paper highlights the need for alternate diagnostics to cover variables that cannot be factored into<br />
the analytical analysis. The paper will provide an overview of potential diagnostic tools which could be used<br />
during research, design and manufacture of UV reactors and by the end customer or field service engineers to<br />
diagnose problems or monitor key process performance indicators.<br />
Keywords: UV Lamp Diagnostics; UV Lamp Homogeneity; Intensity Uniformity; Profilometry; UV Disinfection<br />
Diagnostics; UV Delivery; UV Beam Shaping.<br />
Session 5 – UV Validation and Monitoring II S5-6<br />
Understanding Evaluation, Testing and Certification of UV Systems for<br />
Drinking Water and Recreational Water Treatment<br />
Richard Martin<br />
NSF <strong>International</strong><br />
NSF <strong>International</strong> (NSF) has several standards and programs involving the testing and certification of<br />
performance and health effects of water treatment and distribution products for many end uses such as<br />
residential drinking water treatment, industrial and waste water, ballast water treatment, public or municipal<br />
drinking water treatment as well as the pool, spa, and recreational water treatment. NSF/ANSI Standard 50:<br />
Equipment for Pool, Spa, Hot Tub and Other Recreational Water Facilities is the all encompassing product and<br />
system evaluation criteria for evaluation of products and materials used at recreational water facilities. This<br />
presentation will discuss harmonized testing and certification requirements, new developments and criteria<br />
that have been developed for the Recreational Water and Aquatics Markets, specifically evaluation, testing and<br />
certification of ultraviolet (UV) light systems.<br />
Keywords: Ultraviolet Disinfection; Cryptosporidium; MS2 Phage; Testing; Certification, Validation; Water<br />
Quality; RED-Reduction Equivalent Dose; LTSESWTR Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rules;<br />
USEPA UVDGM United States Environmental Protection Agency Ultra Violet Disinfection Guidance Manual.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 39
Session 5 – UV Validation and Monitoring II S5-7<br />
Using Microbial Surrogates for the Wrong Reasons:<br />
The Risk in T1 as UV Challenge Microbe for Waste Water<br />
Brian Petri, Wayne Lem, and Mike Shortt<br />
Trojan Technologies, London, ON, Canada<br />
Bioassay validation of UV disinfection reactors has become standard practice for municipal drinking water and<br />
waste water reuse applications. It is also now finding acceptance in municipal waste water applications,<br />
borrowing from the experience gained in the former applications. However, some of the translated experience<br />
is being mis-applied, namely the unqualified use of T1 bacteriophage as a validation challenge surrogate for<br />
waste water.<br />
The use of challenge surrogates such as T1 bacteriophage, MS2 bacteriophage, and QB bacteriophage, for<br />
validating UV reactor performance, has gained acceptance as an industry best practice. One of the reasons for<br />
this is that in municipal drinking water and waste water reuse applications, indigenous microbe populations are<br />
very low, and are thus not useful for validating UV reactor performance. Municipal waste water applications<br />
typically have highly populous indigenous microbe communities that could be used to directly validate UV<br />
reactor performance, but the between-site, between-day and within-day variability in the population levels and<br />
resistance kinetics limit their usefulness in these applications as well. Thus challenge surrogates are also the<br />
best choice for validating UV reactor performance in municipal waste water applications. However, the right<br />
choice of the specific surrogate is paramount to a system design that protects public health. Ideally, a<br />
microbial challenge surrogate should match the resistance of the target pathogen. This single statement is key<br />
to understanding why T1 can be an unsuitable choice for waste water, while it may be very suitable for<br />
municipal drinking water.<br />
It is intuitive that a surrogate with the same resistance as a target pathogen, is the ideal choice for validating<br />
performance of any disinfection system (UV or other technologies). If the surrogate has a lesser resistance than<br />
the target pathogen, demonstration of surrogate inactivation cannot guarantee similar levels of inactivation of<br />
more resistant microbes. Conversely, if the surrogate is more resistant than the target pathogen, demonstration<br />
of surrogate inactivation will guarantee at least the same level of inactivation of the target pathogen. A caveat is<br />
that resistant surrogate inactivation may not guarantee proportionately more inactivation of a less resistant<br />
pathogen, due to the real-life finite efficiency of all disinfection systems. The safest approach from a public<br />
health perspective, is to validate disinfection systems with challenge surrogates of equal or higher resistance<br />
than target pathogens. Additional tests with a low-resistance surrogate, can be used to demonstrate that the<br />
disinfection system has or does not have finite limitations for disinfecting any microbe to given limits (due to<br />
finite efficiency limitations). In particular, T1 bacteriophage is a common choice for validating UV reactors for<br />
drinking water, because it is similar in resistance (but still slightly more resistant) than the often-targeted<br />
pathogens Cryptosporidium and Giardia. In these cases, T1 is an excellent choice. Similar rationale has been<br />
applied to the choice of T1 as a waste water UV reactor surrogate, because it’s resistance is similar to the<br />
resistance of “free” coliforms. In this case, this is not a good choice for two main reasons: T1 is much less<br />
resistant than the coliforms of concern, those that are not “free” but rather particle-associated; and, coliforms<br />
themselves are pathogen indicators, and T1 is much less resistant than the true pathogens of concern in waste<br />
water, namely resistant viruses such as Polio, Hepatitis, and Rotavirus.<br />
In this paper we will present data to support this rationale. From a large database of UV dose-response curves<br />
for coliforms in various types of waste water treatment trains, we will show that resistant particle-associated<br />
coliforms are the rightful targets when considering typical inactivation goals. We will also show a sensitivity<br />
analysis based on measured variability in coliform levels and UV resistances in waste waters, and how they<br />
40 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session S5-7 continued<br />
translate into increased UV design dose requirements that make the use of T1 even less appropriate. We<br />
will also review whether MS2 is the most appropriate UV reactor validation surrogate. An example of sizing a<br />
UV disinfection project will be given, using both T1 and MS2, that will show the disinfection risk when T1<br />
is chosen.<br />
Keywords: UV Disinfection; Surrogate; Validation; T1, MS2; Disinfection Risk.<br />
Session 6 – AOP Applications S6-1<br />
Degradation of Carbamazepine during UV/H 2O 2 Treatment of Wastewater<br />
Olya Keen 1 , Seungyun Baik 2 , Karl Linden 1 , Diana Aga 2 and Nancy G. Love 3<br />
1. University of Colorado<br />
2. University of Buffalo<br />
3. University of Michigan<br />
Carbamazepine is an antiepileptic drug that has been detected in wastewater effluents and wastewater<br />
impacted streams in many parts of the world. It has been shown to persist in the wastewater treatment plants<br />
using traditional treatment methods and even advanced treatment methods such as membrane bioreactors<br />
(Clara et al. 2005). Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are one of the technologies used for addressing<br />
pharmaceutical contamination in drinking water and water reuse applications. Currently, AOP application for<br />
wastewater treatment is gaining interest, especially for treating recalcitrant compounds such as<br />
carbamazepine. This study investigated degradation of carbamazepine in wastewater during UV/H 2O 2<br />
advanced oxidation via direct photolysis and hydroxyl radical oxidation followed by biological treatment.<br />
Polychromatic medium pressure UV was used in the study. A combination of UV fluence and H 2O 2 dose<br />
(1800 mJ/cm 2 and 10 mg/L respectively) was used to achieve 1-log degradation of the carbamazepine spiked<br />
into wastewater. The compound was labeled with carbon-14. Treated water was then subjected to bench scale<br />
biodegradation with activated sludge culture in an aerated batch reactor connected to a carbon dioxide trap.<br />
Using liquid scintillation counter it was determined that no mineralization of carbamazepine occurred after<br />
AOP. However, subsequent biodegradation experiment showed a significant degree of mineralization in<br />
samples treated with AOP and no mineralization in untreated samples. This indicates that the products of<br />
carbamazepine produced during AOP are more biodegradable than the parent compound. The authors also<br />
observed that nitrate present in wastewater at the nitrifying treatments plants can be a significant source of<br />
hydroxyl radicals when medium pressure UV is used. In wastewater from a nitrifying plant (10 mg/L nitrate),<br />
80% degradation of the parent compound was observed at 2000 mJ/cm 2 with no H 2O 2 added. In clean water<br />
with no nitrate carbamazepine was only 3% degraded at the same UV fluence. The results of this study<br />
suggest that coupling AOP with biofiltration at wastewater treatment facilities is a promising technology for<br />
addressing pharmaceuticals in the effluent. Using nitrate present in the wastewater for hydroxyl radical<br />
generation can make the process economically appealing to wastewater treatment facilities.<br />
Keywords: Advanced Oxidation; Carbamazepine; Pharmaceuticals; Ultraviolet; Wastewater Treatment;<br />
Biodegradation; Activated Sludge.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 41
Session 6 – AOP Applications S6-2<br />
Removal of Cylindrospermopsin from Water by Photochemical Oxidation<br />
Xuexiang He 1 , Armah A. de la Cruz 2 and Dionysios D. Dionysiou 1<br />
1. Environmental Engineering and Science Program,<br />
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0012, USA<br />
2. Office of Research and Development,<br />
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA<br />
The cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms are a growing threat to human health and ecosystem viability. Among<br />
the cyanotoxins that are currently receiving great attention is the potent inhibitor of protein synthesis,<br />
cylindrospermopsin (CYN). In this study, we investigated the photochemical fate of CYN in water environments<br />
by UV 254 nm advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), namely UV/H 2O 2, UV/S 2O 8 2 - and/or UV/HSO5-. It was<br />
found that the degradation efficiency of CYN generally followed UV/S 2O 8 2 - > UV/HSO5- > UV/H 2O 2. UV/H 2O 2<br />
process was inhibited much more significantly in the presence of natural organic matter and alkalinity.<br />
Keywords: Cylindrospermopsin; Advanced Oxidation Process; AOPs; UV; Hydrogen Peroxide; Persulfate;<br />
Peroxymonosulfate.<br />
Session 6 – AOP Applications S6-3<br />
Fate and Residual Toxicity of Pharmaceuticals in Oxidation Processes<br />
Viviane Yargeau, Deniz Nasuhoglou, Simone Larcher, and Angela Rodayan<br />
Department of Chemical Engineering,<br />
McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2B2<br />
The risk associated with pharmaceuticals in the environment is a rising issue of global concern. Our research<br />
focuses not only on the removal of these compounds during biological and advanced oxidation treatment of<br />
municipal and industrial wastewaters but also on the identification of products as well as the residual toxicity of<br />
treated water. The fate of a variety of pharmaceuticals including sulfamethoxazole (SMX), levofloxacin (LEVO),<br />
17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2), clofibric acid (CA) and ibuprofen (IBP) have been studied during oxidation<br />
processes including: biodegradation, ozonation, sonolysis/ozonation as well as photolysis and photocatalysis.<br />
Although SMX was rapidly degraded in the presence of ozone, sulfanilamide was produced as an intermediate<br />
and products were shown to have an effect on mammalian culture cells (HepG2). Surprisingly, similar ozone<br />
doses were required in a secondary effluent to obtain the SMX removal observed in reverse osmosis water.<br />
Faster removal was obtained by photolysis than in presence of TiO 2. However, a more complex mixture of<br />
persistent products was obtained when using UV exposure alone. When a low dose of ozone (0.5 mg/L) was<br />
applied to SMX-containing water a significant increase in the biodegradability of the compound was obtained.<br />
LEVO and its antibacterial activity were completely removed when exposed to ozone but the maximum<br />
mineralization attained was less than 60%. Photocatalysis treatment of LEVO resulted in a residual COD that<br />
decreased monotonically with increasing irradiation time. As a last example, ozonation of EE2 led to the<br />
formation of products with an intact phenolic ring and resulted in a decreased testosterone production in<br />
cultured fetal rat testes. These results demonstrate the importance of an improved understanding of the fate of<br />
pharmaceuticals and provide insight on ways to control their transformation in order to convert these agents to<br />
non-toxic, biologically less active or more biodegradable species.<br />
Keywords: Pharmaceuticals; Ozonation; Photolysis; Photocatalysis; Transformation Products; Residual Toxicity.<br />
42 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 6 – AOP Applications S6-4<br />
Methylene Blue Bleaching by a Solar-Driven Advanced Oxidation Process<br />
Po Yee Chan, James R. Bolton and Mohamed Gamal El-Din<br />
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,<br />
University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2W2, Canada<br />
Organic dyes are one of the common contaminants in industrial wastewaters. Color removal is always one of<br />
the challenges during the treatment of dye wastewaters. Ultraviolet light (UV)-based Advanced Oxidation<br />
Processes (AOPs) have been developed for decolourization of dye wastewater; however, the application cost is<br />
usually high because it often involves the use of intensive energy for the UV system. Instead, this research<br />
investigated the possible application of a sunlight-driven AOP for the decolorization of dye wastewaters. This<br />
study takes advantage of the overlap between the absorption spectrum of the hypochlorite ion (OCl–) and the<br />
UV region of solar spectrum as the initiator of the UV/chlorine AOP. Methylene blue (MB) was selected as a<br />
model organic dye for the evaluation of the possibility of the photobleaching by this solar-driven AOP.<br />
This research demonstrated that photobleaching of MB occurs with the UV/chlorine AOP at 303 nm and pH<br />
10 in bench-scale experiments; the MB photobleaching reaction obeyed a pseudo first-order rate law. The<br />
bleaching rate constant for a specific concentration of MB was estimated when the UV was completely<br />
absorbed by an infinitely high concentration of OCl– at 303 nm. By concdutcing the theoretical calculations<br />
with the reference spectrum air mass 1.5 from Renewable Resource Data Center, this estimation indicated that<br />
less than 6 h of solar exposure would be required for 99 % color removal for the chosen MB mixture.<br />
Keywords: Methylene Blue; Bleaching; Solar; Chlorine; Advanced Oxidation Process.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 43
Session 6 – AOP Applications S6-5<br />
Micropollutant Degradation in Tap Water by<br />
UV, <strong>Ozone</strong> and UV/<strong>Ozone</strong> Processes<br />
Jingyun Fang 1 , Zhi Chen 1 , Minzhen Zeng 1 , Chii Shang 1 , and Wei Liu 2<br />
1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and<br />
Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong<br />
2. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China<br />
UV irradiation or ozone alone has been widely used for water disinfection and oxidative destruction of<br />
pollutants for decades (Legrini et al., 1993; von Gunten, 2003). Micropollutant degradation either by direct UV<br />
photolysis or ozone is selective (Meijers et al., 1995; Karimi et al., 1997; Schwarzenbach et al., 2003), while<br />
the combination of UV light with ozone (UV/ozone) can produce hydroxyl radicals, which are a non-selective<br />
oxidant with a high oxidation potential (Hoigné, 1998). However, less is known about their performance on<br />
micropollutant degradation in point-of-use device setups, where tap water can be further treated with UV<br />
and/or low levels of ozone.<br />
The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of direct UV (254 nm) photolysis, ozonation and UV<br />
and ozone (UV/ozone) coexposure processes in degrading micropollutants and disinfection byproducts (DBPs),<br />
which are the main non-biological, health-related contaminants in tap water. Nitrobenzene (NB) and Nnitrosodimethylamine<br />
(NDMA) were selected as the model compounds. The former has been detected in<br />
different water bodies and found highly toxic, and the latter is an emerging DBP found in chlor(am)inated<br />
water and wastewater (Latifoglu and Gurol 2003). Destruction of chlorine residuals and several common DBPs<br />
in tap water was also studied.<br />
Keywords: <strong>Ozone</strong>; UV Irradiation; Advanced Oxidation Process.<br />
44 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 6 – AOP Applications S6-6<br />
Pesticides Removal by Advanced Oxidation Processes in<br />
the Water Reclamation Process<br />
Natividad Miguel, Judith Sarasa, Jorge Rodríguez-Chueca,<br />
Isabel García-Suescun, and María P. Ormad<br />
Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technologies,<br />
University of Zaragoza. Pedro Cerbuna, 12. 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.<br />
Institute of Environmental Sciences of Aragon, Spain<br />
The main objective of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of several Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)<br />
in the degradation of the 9 pesticides detected in effluents of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) analysed<br />
for the purpose of improving the water quality to be reused.<br />
The AOPs applied are: ozonation treatments (O 3, O 3/H 2O 2, O 3/UV), UV treatments (UV, UV/H 2O 2), photo-fenton<br />
treatment (Fe/H 2O 2/UV) and photocatalytic treatments (TiO 2/UV, TiO 2/H 2O 2/UV). Studied pesticides are:<br />
chlorpyrifos, chlorfenvinfos, 3,4-dichloroaniline, dimethoate, isoproturon, metholachlor, simazine,<br />
terbuthylazine and terbutryn.<br />
Most effective treatments in order to degrade studied pesticides in effluents of WWTPs are UV treatments,<br />
mainly the treatment UV/H 2O 2, for which the average degradation of pesticides is almost complete. Good<br />
degradation percentages are achieved with O 3/H 2O 2/UV and TiO 2/H 2O 2/UV. However, by O 3 and O 3/H 2O 2 the<br />
degradation of pesticides in WWTPs effluents is very low.<br />
Keywords: Pesticides; Advanced Oxidation Processes; Water Reclamation.<br />
Session 6 – AOP Applications S6-7<br />
Cresols Oxidation with Fenton’s Reagent, <strong>Ozone</strong> and<br />
Combination <strong>Ozone</strong>-Fenton’s Reagent<br />
Clementina Rita Ramírez-Cortina 1 , Ma. Ángela Sánchez-Aguilar 2 and<br />
María Soledad Alonso-Gutiérrez 1<br />
1. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Azcapotzalco. División de CBI, Departamento de Energía,<br />
San Pablo 180, Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, Delegación Azcapotzalco, México D. F., C. P. 02200 México<br />
2. Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo.<br />
Research work’s objective: evaluation of oxidation effectiveness of ozone (O 3), Fenton’s reagent (H 2O 2 – Fe)<br />
and <strong>Ozone</strong>-Fenton’s reagent on cresols solutions. Experiments were carried out in glass reactor of 750 mL,<br />
equipped with porous glass diffuser of fine bubble, with pores of 100 µm, heating-cooling system, pH<br />
indicator, at environmental temperature (22-25°C). Cresols (o, m and p) concentrations were used at 250, 500<br />
and 1000 mg/L, with 4 h oxidation time. Cresols oxidation tests were sampled every 30 minutes and COD was<br />
analyzed. Reaction products were analyzed by chromatography. Results show the highest COD reduction<br />
achieved with <strong>Ozone</strong>-Fenton’s reagent, secondly the ozonation and finally Fenton’s reagent. Conclusion, at<br />
these experimental conditions, the <strong>Ozone</strong>-Fenton’s reagent can be used for cresols oxidation.<br />
Keywords: Cresols; Oxidation; <strong>Ozone</strong>; Fenton’s Reagent.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 45
Session 7 – <strong>Ozone</strong> in Wastewater Treatment S7-1<br />
Treatment of Irrigation Return-Flow Water Containing<br />
Pesticides Using <strong>Ozone</strong><br />
Pamela Chelme-Ayala, Daniel W. Smith, and Mohamed Gamal El-Din<br />
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility,<br />
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2W2<br />
The treatment of irrigation return-flow water containing two pesticides, bromoxynil and trifluralin, was<br />
investigated using ozone (O 3) and O 3 combined with hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) in batch reactors. The results<br />
indicated that these pesticides could not be completely degraded during ozonation, achieving degradation<br />
levels lower than 50%. An enhancement of the level of degradation was observed using O 3/H 2O 2 process.<br />
A biphasic behaviour of O 3 was also observed. Acute toxicity analysis performed using Microtox ® showed a<br />
decrease in the toxic effects of the samples on the luminescent bacteria during the first few minutes of<br />
treatment, followed by an increase of the toxic effects at the end of the reaction. The quantification of oxidation<br />
by-products generated during treatment was also addressed.<br />
Keywords: <strong>Ozone</strong>; Hydrogen Peroxide; Irrigation Return-Flow Water; Pesticides; By-product; Toxicity.<br />
Session 7 – <strong>Ozone</strong> in Wastewater Treatment S7-2<br />
Study of Anaerobic Effluent Disinfected with <strong>Ozone</strong><br />
G.H. Ribeiro da Silva 1 , L.A.Daniel 2 , H. Bruning 3 , and W.H. Rulkens 3<br />
1. Unesp – Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Engenharia Campus de Bauru,<br />
Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube,<br />
s/nº Vargem Limpa, CEP 17033-360, Bauru – SP, Brazil.<br />
2. Universidade de São Paulo (USP-EESC), Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento,<br />
Av. Trabalhador Sãocarlense, 400, CEP: 13566 -490, São Carlos, SP, Brazil<br />
3. Wageningen University and Research Centre, Sub-department of Environmental Technology,<br />
P.O. Box 8129 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands.<br />
This research was aimed at studying oxidation processes, to verify the effectiveness coliform inactivation and<br />
evaluate the formation of ozonation disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in anaerobic sanitary wastewater effluent<br />
treated with ozone applied at doses of 2.4 – 3.3 mg L -1 with contact time of 10 min and 6.8 – 9.0 mg L -1 with<br />
contact time of 20 min. The mean chemical oxygen demand (COD) reductions were 7.50 and 9.40% for mean<br />
ozone consumed of 1.18 and 4.74 mg L -1 , respectively. The Escherichia coli (E. coli) inactivation range was<br />
1.36 – 3.06 log10 and the total coliform inactivation range was 0.96 -3.51 log 10. The aldehydes formation<br />
investigated was very low.<br />
Keywords: <strong>Ozone</strong>; Byproducts; Sanitary Wastewater; Anaerobic Effluent; Disinfection.<br />
46 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 7 – <strong>Ozone</strong> in Wastewater Treatment S7-3<br />
Examining the Role of Effluent Organic Matter Components on the<br />
Decomposition of <strong>Ozone</strong> and Formation of Hydroxyl Radical in Wastewater<br />
Sarah Gonzales 1 , Andria Peña 2 , and Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz 1<br />
1. Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering,<br />
University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309<br />
2. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Mayaguez, PR 00681<br />
The impact of wastewater derived effluent organic matter (EfOM) on the long-term decomposition of ozone and<br />
formation of hydroxyl radicals (HO ● ) was evaluated for four wastewaters (sites A, B, C1 and C2). The reactivity<br />
of EfOM was assessed by fractionation into four apparent molecular weight (AMW) fractions (< 10 kDa, < 5 kDa,<br />
< 3 kDa, and < 1 kDa). The RCT, defined as the ratio of HO ● exposure to ozone exposure (∫HO ● dt / ∫O 3dt), was<br />
measured for all fractions and bulk waters (at times greater than 5 seconds), with an initial ozone dose equal<br />
to the total carbon concentration of EfOM (ozone:DOC ratio of 1). The RCT of all the samples and ozone first<br />
order decay rates of two of the waters increased significantly (95% confidence) from the bulk sample to the<br />
< 10 kDa fraction, and decreased with AMW. This indicates that the intrinsic capacity of different molecular<br />
weight fractions of the EfOM have different reactivity with ozone.<br />
Keywords: <strong>Ozone</strong>; AOP; Effluent Organic Matter; Hydroxyl Radical; RCT.<br />
Session 7 – <strong>Ozone</strong> in Wastewater Treatment S7-4<br />
Enhanced Coagulation Pretreatment to<br />
Improve <strong>Ozone</strong> Efficiency in Wastewater<br />
Eric C Wert 1 , Sarah Gonzales 2 , Jeff Neemann 3 , and Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz 2<br />
1. Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA), P.O. Box 99955, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9955, USA<br />
2. Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering,<br />
University of Colorado, Boulder, 428 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309<br />
3. Black & Veatch, Kansas City, MO, USA<br />
The application of ozone to wastewaters for the oxidation of organic contaminants is influenced by the<br />
concentration and reactivity of the organic matter present in solution, commonly referred to as effluent organic<br />
matter (EfOM). The presence of EfOM at high concentrations can result in greater ozone demand, faster ozone<br />
decay rates, and scavenging of hydroxyl radicals. As a result, greater concentrations of ozone may be needed<br />
to meet specific treatment objectives. Enhanced coagulation presents a pretreatment alternative to remove<br />
EfOM ahead of ozonation. This study evaluated the use of ferric chloride coagulation as a pretreatment strategy<br />
for the ozonation of three secondary treated wastewaters. The addition of ferric chloride dosages of 10, 20, and<br />
30 mg/L as Fe were demonstrated to remove anywhere between 10-46% of the total organic carbon (TOC)<br />
present in the wastewater. The TOC reduction also reduces the ozone dose requirements to achieve a similar<br />
O 3:TOC ratio. Results will be presented regarding the effect of enhanced coagulation pretreatment on ozone<br />
exposure, hydroxyl radical exposure, trace organic contaminants, bromate, and organic characterization.<br />
Keywords: <strong>Ozone</strong>; Wastewater; Effluent Organic Matter (EfOM); Enhanced Coagulation; Ferric Chloride;<br />
Pharmaceuticals.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 47
Session 7 – <strong>Ozone</strong> in Wastewater Treatment S7-5<br />
Degradation of the Lignin Derivatives in Pulp and Paper Mill<br />
Effluent with Conventional Ozonation<br />
J. Amacosta, and T. Poznyak<br />
Superior School of Chemical Engineering, National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico (ESIQIE-IPN,),<br />
Edif. 7, UPALM, Z.C. 07738, Mexico D.F., Mexico<br />
In the present work the degradation of lignin derivatives in pulp and paper mill effluent from the Kraft process<br />
by conventional ozonation was investigated. The purpose of this study was to degrade the toxic organic<br />
compounds in residual water. The treatment of this wastewater was carried out by ozone in different dilution<br />
(1 to 1, 1 to 10 and 1 to 20) during 60 minutes in a semi batch reactor to control of the degradation. The<br />
ozonated samples were analyzed by a Spectrophotometer UV-Vis with the absorbance in a wavelength of<br />
254nm and 465nm to study the behavior of the effect of the ozonation conditions on the decoloration<br />
dynamics and by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) degradation kinetics. As well as its show,<br />
the reduction of color and the diminution of the wavelengths 210 and 254nm is significant for the three<br />
dilution (11.66, 76.23, 89.39%).<br />
Keywords: <strong>Ozone</strong>; Lignin Derivatives; Non Biodegradable; Chlorinated Phenolic Compounds; Discoloration;<br />
Degradation.<br />
Session 7 – <strong>Ozone</strong> in Wastewater Treatment S7-6<br />
<strong>Ozone</strong>-Enhanced Biological Treatment of Landfill Leachates<br />
Claudio Di Iaconi 1 , Antonio Lopez 1 , and Achim Ried 2<br />
1. Water Research Institute, CNR, Bari, Italy<br />
2. ITT W&WW Herford, Germany<br />
Municipal landfill leachates, resulting from the percolation of water through solid waste, are considered one of<br />
the types of wastewater with the greatest environmental impact because of high content of organic matter,<br />
ammonia, salts and metals. The composition of landfill leachates, however, varies depending on the nature of<br />
deposited wastes, soil characteristics, rainfall patterns and largely landfill age (Chen, 1996; Kjeldsen et al., 2002).<br />
Usually, young landfill leachates are treated more easily as compared to the medium-old ones since the<br />
biodegradable organic matter decreases with landfill age as a result of the anaerobic decomposition that takes<br />
place in the site. Therefore, usually a combination of physical, chemical and biological methods is required for<br />
effective treatment of medium-old landfill leachates (Irene, 1996; Ehrig, 1989; Wiszniowski, 2006). In the<br />
present study, an innovative process based on ozone enhanced biological degradation, carried out in an<br />
aerobic granular biomass system (SBBGR – Sequencing Batch Biofilter Granular Reactor), is tested at labscale<br />
for treating a typical medium-age landfill leachate.<br />
Keywords: Landfill Leachates; Biological Degradation; Ozonation.<br />
48 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 7 – <strong>Ozone</strong> in Wastewater Treatment S7-7<br />
The BISCO Concept: Biological-Compatible In-Situ Chemical Oxidation with<br />
Coated Microbubble <strong>Ozone</strong> (Gas Exchange) Sparging<br />
William B. Kerfoot<br />
Kerfoot Technologies, Inc., 766-B Falmouth Road, Mashpee, MA 02649<br />
<strong>Ozone</strong> sparging can be optimized for cleanup of petroleum and solvent spills in aquifers by operating within<br />
the ideal optimal conditions for enhancing bacterial growth. The chemical oxidation should be targeted at<br />
certain contaminants with which it is highly reactive (targeting kinetics). The chemical agent must be<br />
transported efficiently to the target (adsorbed compounds) through the soil capillaries to establish good<br />
contact. The pH and Eh (ORP) must be maintained within a suitable range which does not break down the<br />
tissue (soil mineral matrix). Gaseous exchange (sparging) must be maintained to carry off waste gases (CO 2)<br />
which would accumulate to slow metabolic efficiency of the responding bacteria and products of chemical<br />
degradation. An efficient means of pulsing is performed to allow sufficient time for contact and later gas<br />
exchange consistent with the volume of saturated soil to be treated. Nutrients can be added to maintain and<br />
control growth of oxidative bacterial populations as a time-varying coating on the supplied gases.<br />
The presentation discusses the critical ranges of ORP and pH, gaseous exchange, and pulsing to optimize<br />
removal of target hydrocarbons. Examples include fuel oil and solvent spills. With this approach, MCLs are<br />
commonly achieved without hexavalent chromium concerns from mineral matrix attack. Rebound has been<br />
found to be a rare event since the procedure of operation adjusts delivered oxidant mass spatially and<br />
temporally to remaining contaminant mass and avoids buildup of CO 2 which can slow aerobic bacterial action.<br />
The BISCO concept has proved efficient at treating both source areas and large plume regions at reasonable<br />
costs per cubic yard. An historic cost curve is presented and the current breakthrough region achieving below<br />
$10/cubic yard. Two case studies will be profiled: 1) oxidative/reductive with Perozone ® for removal of DCE and<br />
use of dehalococcoides ethenogenes, and 2) oxidative/oxidative with Perozone ® for petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH)<br />
and BTEX removal and use of pseudomonas sp.<br />
Keywords: Petroleum Hydrocarbon Decomposition; Microbubble <strong>Ozone</strong> and Peroxide; <strong>Ozone</strong> and Total<br />
Oxygen Needs.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 49
Session 8 – UV Design S8-1<br />
Design, Commissioning, and Operation of<br />
Cedar Rapids UV Disinfection Facilities<br />
Todd Elliott 1 , Bruce Jacobs 2 , and Tony Myers 3<br />
1. CH2M HILL, Mendota Heights, MN, USA<br />
2. City of Cedar Rapids Water Department, Cedar Rapids, IA, USA<br />
3. CH2M HILL, Milwaukee, WI, USA<br />
The City of Cedar Rapids, Iowa recently commissioned two 40 million gallon per day (mgd) UV disinfection<br />
facilities designed to provide at least 0.5-log virus inactivation. These were one of the first UV facilities in the<br />
United States designed to provide virus inactivation to meet the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR). Due to<br />
the presence of high levels of ammonia in the source water, achieving adequate levels of virus inactivation was<br />
not feasible using free chlorine. Therefore, the City conducted both bench-scale and full-scale testing of<br />
various disinfection alternatives. Based on the test results, the City selected UV disinfection to provide partial<br />
virus inactivation coupled with chloramine contact time, low turbidity and lime softening virus credit. This<br />
approach gained regulator acceptance. In addition, provisions for a future UV advanced oxidation process<br />
(AOP) were provided to protect the City against future disinfection by-product regulations on compounds like<br />
Nnitrosodimethylamine (NDMA).<br />
In 2006, the Cedar Rapids Water Department began design of UV disinfection facilities and selection of the UV<br />
equipment. The April 2006 Interim Draft of the UVDGM was used for the basis of design for “pre-validated” UV<br />
reactors. The UV equipment was pre-purchased by the City utilizing an evaluated bid approach which included<br />
both economic and noneconomic criteria. Among the non-economic criteria considered was the UV system’s<br />
ability to deliver higher levels of virus inactivation during periods of lower flows in order to provide more<br />
operational flexibility. In addition, the ability of the UV reactors to be upgraded into a UV AOP system easily was<br />
strongly considered. Guaranteed costs for electrical consumption and replacement parts were also obtained.<br />
Construction of the two UV facilities began in 2007 and was completed in 2010. Each UV facility consisted of<br />
four, 30-inch diameter, 10 medium-pressure lamp UV reactors. The project had unique and challenging<br />
design aspects, such as integrating the UV building between a filter building and reservoir while maintaining<br />
plant operations. Also, coordinating fabrication, delivery, storage, installation, and performance testing of the<br />
UV reactors was critical.<br />
Issues addressed during commissioning included optimization of the flow distribution between UV trains to<br />
reduce energy consumption, integration into the plant control system, updating the biodosimeter to match<br />
Final UVDGM calculations, minimizing loss of chloramines residual through UV disinfection, and modifying the<br />
minor/major alarm set points. Training was provided for all plant operators to gain understanding of routine<br />
maintenance, emergency operations, regulatory requirements, and lamp break procedures.<br />
As a result of this project, the City was able to meet drinking water regulations before the State regulatory<br />
deadline of July 1, 2010. The UV system provides the disinfection needed now, but is also designed for easy<br />
expansion for much higher UV doses and the addition of hydrogen peroxide to control micro-constituents<br />
(pharmaceuticals, endocrine disrupters, etc.) in the future. Operating costs and maintenance requirements<br />
have so far met the City’s expectations.<br />
This presentation will summarize the key aspects of the project encountered during design, commissioning,<br />
and operation of the City of Cedar Rapids UV facilities. It will provide useful, real-world insights for water utility<br />
managers, regulators, design engineers, and operators who are considering UV disinfection or are in the<br />
process of implementing UV disinfection to meet current or future treatment objectives.<br />
Keywords: Drinking Water Treatment; UV Disinfection; UV Design Guidance Manual; Cedar Rapids Iowa;<br />
Virus Inactivation.<br />
50 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 8 – UV Design S8-2<br />
Sensor-Based Control –<br />
The Way for Safe, Energy-Efficient UV System Operation<br />
Mike Newberry, and Paul Ropic<br />
ITT Water & Wastewater U.S.A. / WEDECO Products, 14125 South Bridge Circle, Charlotte, NC 28273<br />
Ultraviolet disinfection systems for wastewater have been widely implemented and accepted over the last two<br />
decades. They are proven to provide reliable reduction of pathogens in the effluent if sized and operated correctly.<br />
In recent years discussions in the UV industry were often dealing with the subject of the most appropriate<br />
sizing model. For water reuse applications the NWRI/AwwaRF 2003 Guidelines for Drinking Water and Water<br />
Reuse describe a design method utilizing biological verification (bioassay). Calculated ultraviolet sizing models,<br />
such as point source summation, have been largely used for secondary discharge installations.<br />
Top priority for the successful operation of a UV system is to stay in compliance under all design conditions.<br />
Therefore sizing is usually based on conservative estimations for peak flow conditions, water quality, and<br />
design UV dose. As a result underperformance is seen very rarely. However, in the light of recent discussions<br />
about reliability and sustainability, the challenge is to operate the UV equipment with the highest level of<br />
energy-efficiency. The goal is the smallest carbon footprint possible without putting the safety of the<br />
disinfection process at risk.<br />
In order to accomplish safe disinfection at minimum cost, sophisticated disinfection units are calculating the<br />
operational UV dose based on real time sensor readings. This sensor-based control methodology allows observing<br />
worse or better fouling conditions during operation, reducing the number of lamps and / or the UV lamp output<br />
with better water quality or less fouling than expected, and saving energy without compromising safety.<br />
Keywords: UV Intensity Measurement; Optimised Operation; Energy Efficiency.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 51
Session 8 – UV Design S8-3<br />
The Role of UV Disinfection in Meeting U.S. Regulatory Requirements<br />
at an Existing <strong>Ozone</strong> Facility<br />
Paul D. Swaim, P.E. 1 , Joseph Zalla, P.E. 2 , Brad Johnson, P.E. 3 , Joe Pomroy, P.E. 3 ,<br />
Harvey Johnson 3 , and Wayne Pearson, P.E. 4<br />
1. CH2M HILL, 9193 South Jamaica Street, Englewood, CO, USA 80112<br />
2. CH2M HILL, 215 South State Street Suite 1000, Salt Lake City, UT, USA 84111<br />
3. Incline Village General Improvement District, 1220 Sweetwater Road, Incline Village, NV 89451<br />
4. CH2M HILL, 2525 Airpark Drive, Redding, CA, USA 96001<br />
The Incline Village General Improvement District owns and operates the Burnt Cedar Water Disinfection Plant<br />
located on the north shore of Lake Tahoe in Nevada. The plant currently produces 32.2 MLD of drinking water<br />
from an unfiltered supply with ozone followed by free chlorine residual disinfection. The facility now requires<br />
improvements and modifications to continue reliable operation, as well as additional treatment to comply with<br />
the EPA’s Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. An alternative consisting of the continued<br />
use of ozone and the implementation of UV disinfection is under construction as the preferred treatment<br />
approach.<br />
Keywords: UV Disinfection; <strong>Ozone</strong>; Retrofit; LT2ESWTR; Advanced Oxidation; UV and <strong>Ozone</strong> Synergy; Project<br />
Implementation.<br />
52 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 8 – UV Design S8-4<br />
New Design Lamp Drivers for Low Pressure Lamps<br />
Tonnie Telgenhof Oude Koehorst, and Gerhard van Eerden<br />
Nedap Light Controls, PO Box 10, 7140 AC Groenlo, The Netherlands<br />
Increasing worldwide interest for Ultra Violet disinfection systems and the continuous drive to use energy<br />
efficient solutions, have positioned the low pressure UV lamps back in the spotlight. So it’s time to redefine and<br />
redesign the electronic lamp drivers (ballasts) for these low pressure (LP) UV lamps.<br />
The low pressure lamp technology has proven to be 2.5 to 3 times more energy efficient in their capabilities to<br />
convert electrical energy to the needed UV light, compared to medium pressure lamps. Despite the drawback<br />
of this lower efficiency, the medium pressure lamps have unsurpassed power capabilities at small dimensions.<br />
We have seen medium pressure UV lamps at 35kW used in very compact disinfection systems.<br />
The “green quest” for more energy efficient systems has led to new low pressure lamps with power handling of<br />
800 to 1000 Watt per (amalgam) lamp. These lamps need new, high efficient and intelligent lamp drivers to<br />
preheat, ignite and power the lamp at various power levels.<br />
Following aspects will become more important for new designs of UV disinfection systems:<br />
• Dimming capabilities, without lowering specified lamp lifetime expectations<br />
• Allow longer distances between lamp driver and lamps<br />
• Protect lamp driver for leakage currents, shorts to ground and End of Life (EOL) effects of lamps<br />
• Optimal preheat and starting sequence<br />
• Full control and monitoring of UV lamps<br />
Over the last years many different types of low pressure UV lamps have been used in the disinfection market,<br />
requiring lamp drivers that will offer a broad range of electrical characteristics like lamp voltages, currents,<br />
preheat times, preheat currents and starting voltages, resulting in the same high number of different lamp<br />
driver types.<br />
A totally new lamp driver design (the UVineo product range) for low pressure lamps is available now, using the<br />
latest technology for high efficient power conversion in combination with intelligent controls and communication<br />
protocols. Smart printed circuit board design allows building multiple-lamp drivers for lamp voltages of 67V up<br />
to 220V and power levels between 120W to 440W per lamp, all within one lamp driver platform. A single lamp<br />
design is made for lamp power rating of up to 800W. For the most commonly used lamps, their characteristics<br />
are stored within the lamp driver firmware and can be selected by the customer. The intelligent lamp converters<br />
are specially designed for optimal ignition, maximal dimming capabilities and allowing longer lamp cables<br />
without compromising lamp performance and life expectancy.<br />
Also state of the art detection and protection circuits are integrated for sleeve leakage, shorts to ground and<br />
lamp End of Life effects. Without these protective circuits, these effects could damage the lamp driver.<br />
Together with the comprehensive software and communication tools, that allow full monitoring of most of the<br />
parameters, this new generation of lamp drivers will further expand the application area of the low pressure<br />
UV lamps.<br />
Keywords: Low Pressure Lamp; Design.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 53
Session 8 – UV Design S8-5<br />
Scale Up of UV AOP Reactors from Bench Tests Using CFD Modeling<br />
Keith Bircher 1 , Mai Vuong 1 , Brad Crawford 1 , Mark Heath 2 , and Jeff Bandy 2<br />
1. Calgon Carbon Corporation, 7100 Woodbine Ave., Markham, ON, L3R5J2, Canada<br />
2. Carollo Engineers, 12592 West Explorer, Suite 200, Boise, Idaho, USA 83713<br />
A method for scale up of UV/AOP reactors that uses bench scale testing to determine the UV Dose required<br />
per log destruction of a particular contaminant (D L) that can be used to define water quality. This can then be<br />
used in CFD Modeling to size a full scale reactor and in performance testing. Results from full scale testing of<br />
this method are presented.<br />
Keywords: Advanced Oxidation; AOP; Pilot Testing; Scale up; CFD; Geosmin; MIB; Ultraviolet; UV; Dose per<br />
Log; D L<br />
Session 8 – UV Design S8-6<br />
Assessing the UV Dose Delivered from Two UV Reactors in Series:<br />
Can You Always Assume Doubling the UV Dose from<br />
Individual Reactor Validations?<br />
Joel J. Ducoste 1 , and Scott Alpert 2<br />
1. Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering,<br />
208 Mann Hall CB 7908, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7908<br />
2. Hazen and Sawyer, 4944 Parkway Plaza Boulevard, Suite 375, Charlotte, NC, 28217<br />
A study has been performed to quantify the UV dose delivery from multiple UV reactors in series. As part of<br />
this assessment, simulations were performed on open channel reactors and closed conduit reactors that were<br />
physically placed end to end or separated by a significant number of pipe diameters or open channel widths.<br />
Simulations were also performed with microorganisms that had different UV response kinetics. Results showed<br />
that UV dose delivery from multiple reactors in series may not consistently follow the sum of the individual UV<br />
dose delivered by each reactor. The results of the numerical simulations suggest that the summation of UV<br />
dose delivery from multiple reactors in series can only be achieved when sufficient mixing is accomplished<br />
upstream from each subsequent individual reactor.<br />
Keywords: UV; Disinfection; Dose Delivery; Reactors in Series; Validation, CFD.<br />
54 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 8 – UV Design S8-7<br />
Point-of-Use Ultraviolet Disinfection: Shedding Light on<br />
Appropriate Technologies for Developing Communities<br />
Christina K. Barstow, Aaron D. Dotson, and Karl G. Linden<br />
Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado<br />
Point-of-use (POU) disinfection systems have the ability to provide safe drinking water to the millions who lack<br />
access to an improved water source. While many POU systems exist in developing communities, there are<br />
several concerns creating low user acceptability. Concerns include low flow rates, taste and odor issues, high<br />
cost, recontamination and ineffectiveness at treating common pathogenic organisms. In response to these<br />
concerning issues, an ultraviolet (UV) POU system has been developed consisting of developing community<br />
appropriate materials (recycled plastics, recycled aluminum, etc.) and simple construction techniques based<br />
around the use of a 3-watt low pressure UV bulb. The current prototype has the ability to inactivate 4-log<br />
bacteria and protozoa, and 1-2 log viruses, with future prototypes being designed to achieve greater than 4-log<br />
inactivation of most waterborne pathogens of public health concern.<br />
Keywords: Ultraviolet Disinfection; Drinking Water Treatment; Developing Communities.<br />
Session 9 – AOPs in Drinking Water Treatment S9-1<br />
Removal of Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products and Endocrine<br />
Disrupting Compounds and Reduction of Disinfection By-products Using<br />
<strong>Ozone</strong>/H 2O 2 and UV/H 2O 2 Processes<br />
Devendra Borikar 1, 2 , Saad Jasim 3 , Madjid Mohseni 2 , Leslie Bragg 4 , Mark Servos 4 ,<br />
Souleymane Ndiongue 1 , and Larry Moore 1<br />
1. Walkerton Clean Water Centre, Walkerton, ON, Canada<br />
2. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of BC, Vancouver, Canada<br />
3. Great Lakes Regional Office, <strong>International</strong> Joint Commission, Windsor, ON, Canada<br />
4. Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada<br />
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and<br />
disinfectant by-products (DBPs) have several health implications, requiring their elimination during drinking<br />
water treatment. In 2009 and 2010, a total of 12 experiments were conducted using the dual train pilot scale<br />
treatment plant with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as ozone/H 2O 2 and UV/H 2O 2, located at the<br />
Walkerton Clean Water Centre, Walkerton, Ontario, Canada using raw water from two surface water sources<br />
and one groundwater source under direct influence of surface water.<br />
When chlorine dosages were applied during uniform formation condition-trihalomethanes (UFC-THMs) tests,<br />
average THMs reduction by conventional treatment was 28.1%. <strong>Ozone</strong>/ H 2O 2 and ozone (alone) treatments,<br />
along with conventional treatment provided average 20.5% and 18.3% reduction of THMs, respectively as<br />
both compared to conventional treatment. On the contrary, UV/H 2O 2 was found to increase average THMs by<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 55
Session S9-1 continued<br />
68.2%. The results of the study demonstrated that conventional treatment was able to partially (average<br />
29.9%) degrade the selected PPCPs and EDCs which is slightly higher than expected. <strong>Ozone</strong>/ H 2O 2 was found<br />
to be the most effective (average 96.9%) method to remove the selected PPCPs and EDCs, followed by ozone<br />
which was also very effective, however it has a slightly lower (average 94.5% removal) than ozone/H 2O 2.<br />
<strong>Ozone</strong>/ H 2O 2 and ozone treatments were very effective irrespective of the raw water quality. UV (higher<br />
dosages)/H 2O 2 along with conventional treatment also resulted in good (average 86.3% for higher UV dosages)<br />
removal. However, UV/H 2O 2 AOPs efficacy was relatively lower for water, having higher dissolved organic<br />
carbon (DOC) and turbidity.<br />
Keywords: <strong>Ozone</strong>; Ultraviolet; Hydrogen Peroxide; Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products; Endocrine<br />
Disrupting Compounds; Trihalomethanes; Advanced Oxidation Processes.<br />
Session 9 – AOPs in Drinking Water Treatment S9-2<br />
Advanced Oxidation Treatment of Drinking Water: Part I.<br />
Occurrence and Removal of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine-Disrupting<br />
Compounds from Lake Huron Water<br />
Mohammad Feisal Rahman¹, Earnest K. Yanful¹, Saad Y. Jasim¹ , ², Leslie M. Bragg³,<br />
Mark R. Servos³, Souleymane Ndiongue², and Devendra Borikar²<br />
1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,<br />
The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada<br />
2. Walkerton Clean Water Centre, Walkerton, Ontario, Canada, N0G 2V0<br />
3. Department of Biology, The University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada<br />
Increased interest in the fate of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal<br />
care products (PPCPs) in the environment has been triggered by the discovery of trace concentrations<br />
(ng/L to mg/L) of these compounds globally in the aquatic environment. The issue of possible human health<br />
impacts garnered considerable concern after it was confirmed that EDCs and PPCPs are capable of causing<br />
hormonal disruption in wildlife. Many of these chemicals have the potential to generate biological responses<br />
within the human body as they are designed that way.<br />
A joint study between the Walkerton Clean Water Centre and the University of Western Ontario was conducted<br />
to focus on the occurrence of selected endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals and personal care<br />
products in Lake Huron Water and their removal using ozone/hydrogen peroxide based pre-coagulation,<br />
advanced oxidation process (AOP).<br />
The experimental work was conducted at the pilot scale treatment facility at the Walkerton Clean Water Centre<br />
(Centre), Walkerton, Ontario, Canada. Raw Lake Huron water spiked with nine target compounds was treated<br />
in a dual train pilot scale treatment plant. None of the target chemicals showed any significant removals<br />
following conventional treatment processes (coagulation, sedimentation and filtration). Five of the nine target<br />
pollutants plummeted to concentrations below the method detection limits following AOP. For all the target<br />
compounds AOP treatment provided higher removal compared to conventional treatment.<br />
Keywords: <strong>Ozone</strong>; Hydrogen Peroxide; Advanced Oxidation Process; Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care<br />
Products; Endocrine Disrupting Compounds.<br />
56 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 9 – AOPs in Drinking Water Treatment S9-3<br />
Combination of O 3/H 2O 2 and UV for Multiple Barrier<br />
Micropollutant Treatment – An Economic Attractive Option<br />
Jens Scheideler 1 , Karin Lekkerkerker-Teunissen 2,3 , Ton Knol 2 , Achim Ried 1 ,<br />
Jasper Verberk, and Hans van Dijk 3<br />
1. ITT W&WW GmbH, Boschstraße 6, 32051 Herford<br />
2. Dunea, PO 34, 2270 AA, Voorburg, The Netherlands<br />
3. Delft University of Technology, PO 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands<br />
The presented data are extracted from extended pilot trials carried out at DUNEA in 2009 and 2010. Dunea<br />
(The Netherlands,The Hague) produces drinking water from the Meuse River, which contains a variety of<br />
organic micropollutants as a result from upstream activity. Dunea is performing research to extend the current<br />
multiple barrier treatment (e.g. pre-treatment, artificial recharge and recovery (ARR), post-treatment) with an<br />
advanced oxidation processes (AOP), situated at the pre-treatment location in Bergambacht, before ARR. The<br />
degradation of organic micropollutants as a result of advanced oxidation using different combinations of<br />
hydrogen peroxide, ozone, low pressure (LP) UV lamps has been assessed by means of pilot-scale (5 m 3 /h)<br />
experiments. The influent was pre-treated river water, with an yearly average UV-transmission of 80% and a<br />
DOC concentration of 4 mg/L. The peroxide doses were varied as 0, 5 and 10 ppm, the ozone doses were<br />
varied as 1, 2 and 3 g ozone / m 3 . The UV doses were varied between 300 and 650 mJ/cm 2 . The installed<br />
power for the LP reactor was 0.26 kWh/m 3 . Atrazine, bromacil, ibuprofen and NDMA were spiked (10-20 µg/L)<br />
and used as model compounds.<br />
Bromacil was completely (>99%) removed by ozone/peroxide. Atrazine and Ibuprofen were good (58% and<br />
85% respectively) removed by O 3/H 2O 2 and NDMA was not (9%) removed by this technique, whereas NDMA<br />
showed good (82%) removal by UV/H 2O 2. Atrazine, Bromacil and Ibuprofen were degraded by UV/H 2O 2 at 53,<br />
46 and 59 %, respectively. In addition also combined AOP was tested; spiked water was treated by O 3/H 2O 2<br />
first and followed by a LP-UV reactor downstream. All four compounds showed high degradation rates (> 80%)<br />
during for this combined AOP treatment. This process combination results in the lowest opex and capex cost<br />
for a reduction rate of > 80% for the investigated compounds atrazine, bromacil, ibuprofen and NDMA. In<br />
addition the formation of bromate was limited to 1 µg/L.<br />
Keywords: Advanced Oxidation; AOP; Organic Micropollutants; Low Pressure UV; <strong>Ozone</strong>; Bromate Formation;<br />
CAPEX & OPEX Calculation.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 57
Session 9 – AOPs in Drinking Water Treatment S9-4<br />
Advanced Oxidation for Surface Water Treatment in Cornwall –<br />
A New Lighthouse Project in Europe<br />
Chris Rockey 1 , Andreas Kolch 2 , Alan Royce 3 , Colin Tinkler 1 , and Tim Ball 1<br />
1. South West Water, Peninsula House, Rydon Lane, Exeter, Devon, UK<br />
2. Hytecon GmbH, Hereford, Germany<br />
3. Trojan Technologies, London, ON, Canada<br />
In this pilot study, Advanced Oxidation (AOP) denotes the combination of ultraviolet irradiation (UV) utilising<br />
low pressure lamps and hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2). This technology undergone a rapid development in the US<br />
where numerous projects have been installed, consisting mostly of standalone pump and treat technology,<br />
predominantly in the ground water remediation area.<br />
In contrast, Europe has not yet embraced the trend towards this form of AOP technology. However, one of the<br />
most prominent projects of this type has been pioneered by PWN in the Netherlands, where the UV/H 2O 2<br />
AOP is used within a surface water treatment plant to provide a universal barrier for a range of organic<br />
micro-pollutants.<br />
South West Water, UK (SWW), is currently working on an AOP project to realise one of the most modern<br />
treatment trains of this type in Europe to ensure compliance with the UK pesticide standard. The new<br />
treatment units will consist of an AOP prior to Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) contactors. Other significant<br />
treatment benefits, are likely to include an improvement in the acceptability (taste and odour) of supplies, an<br />
additional treatment barrier for cryptosporidium, reduced disinfection by-product formation and improved<br />
biological stability. This is likely to have a huge impact on the course of water treatment plant design over the<br />
UK in the next 5 -10 years.<br />
During the AOP/GAC pilot investigation, SWW worked with Trojan Technologies, who also supplied the UV<br />
system, and PWN, who provided piloting and operational expertise. The piloting work was conducted to<br />
provide proof of concept of the emerging technology for the treatment of the acid herbicides 2,4-D, mecoprop,<br />
MCPA and triclopyr and the neutral herbicide linuron. In addition, work has also been conducted targeting<br />
treatment of the taste and odour causing compounds of geosmin and 2-methyl-isoborneol (MIB).<br />
From the pilot evaluation Electrical Energy per Order of destruction (EEO) values were calculated and<br />
compared to those predicted by Trojan’s models. The use of low pressure lamp technology and good quality<br />
water (high UV-Transmittance (UVT) and low scavenging potential) has resulted in an energy efficient and low<br />
peroxide use barrier against the target range of organic micro-pollutants.<br />
Parameter Trojan EEO prediction (kWh/m 3 /order) Measured EEO (kWh/m 3 order)<br />
Geosmin 0.14 0.17<br />
MIB 0.18 0.22<br />
2,4 D 0.33 0.20<br />
MCPA 0.19 0.13<br />
58 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session S9-4 continued<br />
GACs of different ages were assessed in terms of their ability to quench peroxide and remediate any potential<br />
by-products when subjected to different empty bed contact times (EBCT) and surface loading rates (SLR).<br />
Peroxide was suitably quenched in all situations and the limited data available indicates that no significant by<br />
products would pass forward into supply.<br />
In summary it can be concluded that the combination of AOP and biologically active GAC will achieve effective<br />
removal of all of the above mentioned substances enabling SWW to proceed as planned; upgrading the<br />
existing plant to one of the most sophisticated surface water treatment streams in Europe.<br />
Keywords: Drinking Water Treatment; Advanced Oxidation; Organic Micropollutant Control; Pesticides; Neutral<br />
Herbicides; Acid Herbicides; Geosmin; 2-Methyl-iso-borneol (MIB); Earthy Musty Tastes and Odours.<br />
Session 9 – AOPs in Drinking Water Treatment S9-5<br />
UV Advanced Oxidation for Taste and Odor Control:<br />
Understanding Life-Cycle Cost and Sustainability<br />
Paul D. Swaim, P.E. 1 , Matt Ridens 1 , Adam Festger 2 , and Alan Royce, P.Eng. 3<br />
1. CH2M HILL, 9193 South Jamaica Street, Englewood, CO, USA 80112<br />
2. Trojan Technologies, 7001 N. Edgewood Pl., Tucson, AZ, USA 85704<br />
3. Trojan Technologies, 3020 Gore Road, London, ON, Canada N5V 4T7<br />
Taste and odor is a problem faced by many drinking water utilities. Although taste and odor represents<br />
primarily an aesthetic issue, problems are readily observed by customers, are often a source of complaints,<br />
and can erode consumer confidence in the quality of the treated water. Among taste and odor control<br />
treatment options, ozone, biological filtration, UV advanced oxidation, and powdered activated carbon (PAC)<br />
are readily implementable at many WTPs. This work compares treatment technologies for taste and odor<br />
control in terms of capital cost, operation and maintenance (O&M) cost, and greenhouse gas footprint.<br />
Keywords: UV Advanced Oxidation; <strong>Ozone</strong>; Taste and Odor Control; Technology Cost Comparison; Technology<br />
Greenhouse Gas Comparison; Sustainability.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 59
Session 9 – AOPs in Drinking Water Treatment S9-6<br />
Inactivation of Adenovirus Using<br />
Low-Dose Ultraviolet/H 2O 2 Advanced Oxidation<br />
Sarah Bounty, Luke Martin, and Karl Linden<br />
Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering<br />
University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309<br />
Advanced oxidation using hydroxyl radicals developed by the exposure of ultraviolet light (UV) to hydrogen<br />
peroxide (H 2O 2) is a proven technology for the degradation of many contaminants found in water and<br />
wastewater. Research on the disinfection capacity of hydroxyl radicals has been limited in scope thus far. Most<br />
microbes are sensitive to UV disinfection alone and can be easily disinfected from absorbing the wavelengths<br />
of UV light alone. Adenovirus is a human pathogen found in water and wastewater that has shown significant<br />
resistance to conventional UV disinfection. Regulations for disinfection of viruses in the EPA Long Term 2<br />
Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule set high dose requirements for UV disinfection based on this<br />
resistance of adenovirus. This research aims to determine the disinfection kinetics of adenovirus in a<br />
combined UV/ H 2O 2 system using UV doses typical of a UV disinfection system. Experiments currently<br />
underway are using a collimated beam apparatus for UV exposures and adenovirus type 2 (Ad2). Cell culture<br />
infectivity assays are being performed on the treated virus. UV doses from 0 to 120 mJ/cm 2 and peroxide<br />
concentration of 10 mg/L are being examined. OH radical exposure is measured using methods previously<br />
developed with para-chlorobenzoic acid.<br />
Further experiments will focus on using different water types and H 2O 2 concentrations. In addition, polymerase<br />
chain reaction (PCR) will be performed on samples treated with UV and UV/H 2O 2 to determine the extent of<br />
DNA damage from each disinfection method. Typical UV disinfection is mainly achieved by damage to the viral<br />
genome that inhibits replication, but it is possible that the hydroxyl radicals may damage parts of the virus<br />
capsid structure and inactivate the virus via a different mechanism than UV alone. Results from PCR will<br />
indicate any differences in DNA damage between UV alone and UV-peroxide treatments and provide insight<br />
into other possible inactivation mechanisms by UV/H 2O 2. Initial experiments have shown a difference in the<br />
inactivation of adenovirus by UV/H 2O 2 and UV alone. For example, In the presence of 10 mg/L peroxide, a UV<br />
dose of 40 mJ/cm 2 resulted in more than double the log inactivation of Ad2 compared to a dose of 40 without<br />
any peroxide added. This research is expected to be complete in Spring 2011.<br />
Keywords: Virus; Disinfection; Advanced Oxidation Process; Hydroxyl Radical; Ultraviolet Light; Low Pressure.<br />
60 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 9 – AOPs in Drinking Water Treatment S9-7<br />
The Effectiveness of UV+Chlorine Treatment of<br />
Trichloroethylene in Drinking Water<br />
Ding Wang 1 , Tim Walton 2 , Leigh McDermott 3 , Susan Andrews 1 , and Ron Hofmann 1<br />
1. Department of Civil Engineering,<br />
University of Toronto, 35. St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A4<br />
2. Region of Waterloo, 2069 Ottawa St. S., Kitchener Ontario, Canada, N2E 3K3<br />
3. Stantec Consulting Ltd., 49 Frederick St., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, N2H 6M7<br />
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a relatively common groundwater contaminant. It can damage the human nervous<br />
system, liver and kidney, and has been proven to be carcinogenic to animals. As such, it is often regulated,<br />
typically at concentrations in the order of 5 μg/L. UV light photolysis alone can destroy TCE, but the efficiency<br />
can be increased by operating a UV system as an advanced oxidation process (AOP), such as by adding<br />
hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2). The UV photolysis of chlorine is also known to produce hydroxyl radicals, and may<br />
be a practical AOP, but there is little prior experience with this form of treatment.<br />
A full-scale study at the Middleton Water Supply System in Cambridge (Ontario, Canada) compared<br />
UV+chlorine treatment to UV+ H 2O 2 to destroy TCE, and found its performance to be slightly superior when<br />
using similar mass concentrations of chlorine and H 2O 2. These results are being presented at the 2011<br />
IOA-IUVA World Congress in Paris. Preliminary reaction kinetic modeling, however, contradicts the full-scale<br />
results and suggests that while UV+chlorine is an effective AOP, UV+H 2O 2 should be slightly superior under<br />
the conditions at the Middleton system (pH 7.55, 0.65 mg-C/L dissolved organic carbon, 88 mg/L alkalinity<br />
as CaCO 3). It is hypothesized that some of the previously-reported reaction parameters describing chlorine<br />
photolysis, such as the yield of hydroxyl radical formation, may not be properly understood, and can be<br />
contributing to the difference between full-scale observations and the reaction models.<br />
This presentation will report on laboratory work that has been undertaken to learn more about the UV+chlorine<br />
system. In particular, the destruction of TCE using UV+chlorine in parallel with UV+H 2O 2 or UV alone is being<br />
monitored using a medium pressure UV collimated beam system, to ensure greater control over analytical and<br />
operational conditions than at full-scale. A greater range of conditions is also being explored in this work than<br />
has been tested at full-scale, including different pH values, and different concentrations of inorganic carbon,<br />
which serve as radical scavengers. A comprehensive examination of potential disinfection by-products will also<br />
be reported, including THMs, HAAs, total organohalides, and various organonitrogen species that have been<br />
shown to be promoted by medium pressure UV lamps.<br />
The data obtained from these laboratory tests will be used to improve our chemical model of the UV+chlorine<br />
system, so that we can more confidently assess the potential to use UV+chlorine as a viable treatment process.<br />
Keywords: Advanced Oxidation; UV; Chlorine, Trichloroethylene; Hydroxyl Radical; Disinfection By-Products.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 61
Session 10 – UV Case Studies and Research S10-1<br />
Energy Efficient UV Upgrade at the<br />
Arrowhead Ranch Water Reclamation Facility<br />
Gary L. Hunter 1 , P.E., Andrew J. Mally 1 , P.E., Dan Buhrmaster 1 , P.E.,<br />
Larry Broutman 2 , and Arif Rahman 2<br />
1. Black & Veatch Corporation<br />
2. City of Glendale<br />
Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection has emerged as a viable alternative to traditional disinfection technologies. The<br />
City of Glendale has received an Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant (EECBG) from the<br />
Department of Energy (DOE) to implement cost saving measures at the Arrowhead Ranch Water Reclamation<br />
Facility (ARWRF). The primary component of the project is replacement of the existing medium pressure UV<br />
disinfection system with a more energy efficient low pressure high output UV disinfection system.<br />
Keywords: UV Disinfection; Reclamation Facility.<br />
Session 10 – UV Case Studies and Research S10-2<br />
Integrating Ozonation and UV Disinfection for<br />
an Unfiltered System to Comply with LT2ESWTR<br />
Jeff Neemann 1 , Bryan Townsend 1 , Mario Francucci 1 , Kathy Moriarty 2 ,<br />
Rick Pershken 2 , Kevin Pottle 2 , and Dina Page 2<br />
1. Black & Veatch, Boston, Massachusetts<br />
2. Bangor Water District, Bangor, Maine<br />
The Bangor Water District (BWD) has evaluated the treatment requirements for compliance with the US EPA’s<br />
Long Term 2 Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2SWTR). The LT2ESWTR will supplement existing regulations<br />
by mandating additional Cryptosporidium inactivation requirements for higher-risk systems. BWD is an<br />
unfiltered water system that currently uses ozonation and chloramination. After an evaluation and selection<br />
process, BWD is in the process of adding UV disinfection to meet the LT2ESWTR treatment requirements. The<br />
UV transmittance (UVT) data collected to date demonstrates the significant impact of ozonation. The raw water<br />
99th percentile for UVT was 70 percent, where as the 99th percentile for the ozonated water was 83 percent. It<br />
was determined to put UV after ozone, however, there was a considerable difference between designing the UV<br />
system with or without ozone, because of the difference in transmittance. In many cases it meant going from<br />
two reactors (one duty and one standby) to 3 or even 4 reactors. It was decided to let the market decide the<br />
true cost of being “conservative” and designing the UV system for the raw water transmittance. So the final<br />
design of the UV system included pre-purchase of the UV system. The UV system bid included a based bid<br />
with a “high” UVT assuming ozone is in service and an alternate bid with a “low” UVT assuming ozone was out<br />
of service. The UV manufacturers were also required to submit detailed information on the operating envelope<br />
of the base bid so it could be determined how much “extra” capacity the base bid had by using more power or<br />
adding more lamps to the reactor. The allowed BWD to balance the initial cost savings of the base bid, while<br />
having a contingency plan should the need to treat lower UVT water in the future<br />
Keywords: Ozonation; UV; Transmittance; Unfiltered.<br />
62 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 10 – UV Case Studies and Research S10-3<br />
Hurdles and Progress in UV-C LED Technology for Water Disinfection<br />
Jennifer G. Pagan 1 , Oliver Lawal 2 , and Paolo Batoni 1<br />
1. Dot Metrics Technologies, 9201 University City Blvd. Grigg Hall, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA<br />
2. Aquionics Inc. 21 Kenton Lands Road, Erlanger, KY 41018, USA<br />
Currently UV treatment of fluids is almost exclusively carried using Low and Medium Pressure lamp technology<br />
that incorporate mercury as a generation source for UV photons. While UV treatment is replacing traditional<br />
chemical treatment in many applications, it still has a number of drawbacks. UV light-emitting diodes (UV-<br />
LEDs) provide solutions to most of these drawbacks.<br />
UV-C LEDs which emit radiation in the germicidal wavelengths (200 nm-300 nm) are an emerging technology<br />
with few manufacturers worldwide. Commercial adoption of UV-C LEDs is impeded by extremely low external<br />
quantum efficiencies, typically below 3%. However, despite their inefficiency, UV-C LEDs continue to generate<br />
interest for use in water disinfection applications. Low optical output powers of UV-C LEDs necessitate the use<br />
of multichip packages to generate the power levels necessary to achieve disinfection. High device thermals<br />
and UV emission combine to make multi-chip packages challenging and require the development of<br />
packaging materials which would provide lower thermal resistance and UV stability than those currently used<br />
in the high brightness (HB) LED market.<br />
Data taken from a 265 nm LED from Sensor Electronic Technology (Columbia, SC) show that a 30°C jump in<br />
ambient temperature results in a more than 43% drop in peak output power. This indicates, as is the case with<br />
visible LEDs, that the cooling of a UV-C LED is essential to maintaining optical output power levels. In addition,<br />
testing of 265 nm TO-39 packaged LEDs demonstrated that when the LEDs are convectively (fan) cooled with<br />
a heat sink, the package temperature drops by 20°C. The operating lifetime of the cooled LEDs was<br />
significantly increased over the as-packaged devices, indicating that optimized thermal management would<br />
have a significant impact on UV-C LED device performance.<br />
Multi-chip packages which are necessary to achieve power levels adequate for disinfection exacerbate the<br />
heating issues. While a single LED in a TO-39 header maintained around a 41°C temperature, the same<br />
package with 8 dice exceeded 111°C (the IR camera maximum).<br />
In addition to output power concerns, there are technological roadblocks to understanding how to incorporate<br />
UV-C LEDs into mercury heritage applications such as water disinfection. The inherent benefits of UV-C LEDs,<br />
which are; mercury free, instant on/off, low voltage sources, create key drivers for market adoption.<br />
In addition, recent results show that a UV-C LED treatment device can effectively disinfect up-to 12 gpm/watt<br />
of water, compared to less than 1 gpm/watt for a conventional mercury lamp based system. On the cusp of<br />
such a paradigm shift, a comprehensive understanding of UV-C LEDs from both a technological and biological<br />
standpoint will be critical to implementing the technology effectively into disinfection systems.<br />
Keywords: UV Light-Emitting Diodes; Water Disinfection.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 63
Session 10 – UV Case Studies and Research S10-4<br />
12-Month UV Fouling Study on Unfiltered Source Water<br />
Chad Talbot 1 , Mark Heath 2 , Harold Wright 3 , and David Peters 1<br />
1. Portland Water Bureau, 1120 SW 5th Avenue, Room 600, Portland, OR 97204<br />
2. Carollo Engineers, 720 SW Washington St., Suite 550, Portland, OR 97205<br />
3. Carollo Engineers, 12592 West Explorer Drive, Suite 200, Boise, ID 83713<br />
The Portland Water Bureau (PWB) undertook a study in 2009-2010 to investigate fouling tendencies of its<br />
unfiltered source water with UV equipment. The 12-month study was conducted with three different UV<br />
reactors; two medium pressure reactors and one low-pressure high-output (LPHO) reactor. Results showed<br />
that the un-wiped medium-pressure lamp sleeves demonstrated significant amounts of fouling during the fall.<br />
During the remainder of the year the un-wiped medium-pressure lamp sleeves showed little or no fouling. The<br />
un-wiped LPHO sleeves demonstrated no significant fouling during any month of the year. PWB was able to<br />
use the results of this study to aid in the pre-selection process of UV equipment for full-scale design.<br />
Keywords: Design; Disinfection; Fouling; Pilot; Study; Ultraviolet; UV.<br />
Session 10 – UV Case Studies and Research S10-5<br />
Photochemical Fate of Oil Dispersants Used in the Gulf Oil Spill Clean-Up<br />
Austa M. Parker, Caitlin M. Glover, Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz, and Karl G. Linden<br />
Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering,<br />
University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309<br />
Following the explosion of the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Rig in the Gulf of Mexico, the company utilized the<br />
dispersants COREXIT 9500A and 9527A to separate the oil into smaller particles to both minimize the surface<br />
oil from reaching land and make the oil droplets smaller to enhance biodegradability. Concern surrounding the<br />
toxicity of these dispersant chemicals has arisen because they were used in quantities never before applied<br />
and the fate of the dispersants in the deepwater environment and surface was not well known. One decay<br />
pathway of the dispersants is the sunlight mediated photochemical degradation of the compounds found in<br />
COREXIT. The photochemistry of this contaminant mixture is not well studied.<br />
Analytical Detection: Following the United States Environmental Protection Agencies’ release of limited<br />
information about the constituents of COREXIT (www.epa.gov/bpspill/dispersants.html), pure chemical<br />
standards were ordered to develop analytical methods for the compounds. To accurately follow the decay of<br />
the chemicals found in COREXIT, gas and liquid chromatography methods in combination with mass<br />
spectrometry are being utilized. These methods are being used to study the fate of COREXIT dispersants in<br />
synthetic ocean waters and laboratory grade water. The project started in Fall 2010 and is funded by the<br />
National Science foundation under the RAPID Grant program. Photochemical fate studies are currently<br />
underway at the time of this abstract submission. The experiments being performed are described below.<br />
64 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session S10-5 continued<br />
Direct Photolysis: Individual constituents of COREXIT are being exposed to ultraviolet light and their fate<br />
followed in laboratory grade water, synthetic ocean water, and natural samples collected off the coast of Grand<br />
Isle, Louisana, which include water from both oil impacted and clean beaches. The synthetic ocean water<br />
results will be compared to the natural samples. The dispersant mixture, COREXIT, is dosed into all four water<br />
types and the degradation via direct photolysis is being followed.<br />
Photo-Initiated Oxidation: Oxidation via indirect photolysis of the water quality constituents will be investigated<br />
by first testing the susceptibility of the constituents of COREXIT to oxidative damage and transformation using<br />
hydrogen peroxide as a radical initiator under UV light. Transformation products will be investigated using<br />
mass spectrometry methods and clean-water standards to assess the oxidative fate of these contaminants.<br />
The oxidation reaction rates will be evaluated and used for modeling purposes.<br />
Photochemical Dispersant Modeling: Both direct photolysis and photo-initiated oxidation data will be utilized in<br />
a model that incorporates the radical reaction rates from photolysis and oxidation reactions to predict the fate<br />
of the components of COREXIT. These data will track the decay of the chemicals and their decay products,<br />
which will be useful for examining the ultimate toxicity of these dispersants.<br />
We expect to have the photolysis studies and oxidation studies done by Spring of 2011 and the project<br />
completed end of Summer 2011.<br />
Keywords: Photochemistry; Dispersants; Surfactants; Photolysis; Indirect Photolysis; Oxidation; Toxicity.<br />
Session 10 – UV Case Studies and Research S10-6<br />
Algae Control Methods Compared: The Importance of Successful Algae<br />
Control for Facilities with UV Disinfection<br />
David Drobiak 1 , Brent R. Gill 2 , Shawna Gill, D.C. 2 , and Joseph Nestico 3<br />
1. Jewett City WPCF, 52 Wedgewood Dr.,Jewett City, CT, USA 06351<br />
2. GillTrading.com, Inc., 6107 SW Murray Blvd., 321, Beaverton, OR, USA 97008<br />
3. Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, 79 Elm Street, Hartford, CT, USA 06106<br />
In Connecticut, with the changeover to UV from Chlorination for disinfection at some of the State’s WPCFs<br />
(Water Pollution Control Facilities), it has been observed that an increase in attached algal growth along with a<br />
proliferation of a dense population of “tiny” snails (Pouch Snails) is occurring in the UV chamber(s). The end<br />
result appears to cause an “artificial” increase in Suspended Solids in the final effluent, and at some facilities<br />
there is the need for filtration of the plant water in order to be able to recycle it back into the facility without<br />
maintenance problems. Many of the facilities with these snail problems had followed the CT DEP’s<br />
recommendation to implement a brush device to control algae growth in the secondary clarifiers. A pilot to<br />
find a method to successfully manage algae and the resulting snail populations using spray control was later<br />
conducted at the Jewett City WPCF. The results of the pilot and other local facilities also using spray algae<br />
control will be reviewed.<br />
Keywords: Algae; UV, UV Disinfection; Snails; UV Chamber.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 65
Session 10 – UV Case Studies and Research S10-7<br />
Adopting and Adapting to Advanced Treatment Technologies<br />
Jane Bonsteel, Andrew Farr, and Jeff Hennings<br />
Regional Municipality of Peel, 920 East Avenue, Mississauga, ON L5E 1W6<br />
The Regional Municipality of Peel owns two surface water treatment plants which treat water from Lake<br />
Ontario. Until 2006, both plants utilized conventional treatment technology; one plant was rated at 560 ML/d<br />
and the other was rated at 347 ML/d for a combined capacity of 907 ML/d. Today, the two plants have a<br />
combined treatment capacity of 1060 ML/d with another 640 ML/d under construction. While conventional<br />
treatment trains are still in service, additional treatment technologies include ozone followed by biological<br />
filtration, UV disinfection, UV/H 2O 2 advanced oxidation and membrane filtration. How did this change happen<br />
in such a short period of time? How were the decisions made to adopt these advanced treatment technologies?<br />
How did the plants incorporate the new technologies?<br />
The Region of Peel’s Water and Wastewater Servicing Master Plan (as amended in 2002) established the<br />
need for expansion of the treatment capacities of the surface water treatment plants. The Region of Peel was<br />
experiencing growth and an agreement to provide water to a neighbouring municipality was reached. Also at<br />
this time, the Ontario government was introducing new legislated treatment requirements and water quality<br />
standards following the tragedy in Walkerton. The Region proactively developed its own set of water quality<br />
objectives that surpass the regulations. These objectives provide specific targets for some parameters, but<br />
also include the desire for flexibility in treating ’emerging’ chemical and biological contaminants.<br />
To initiate the expansion of capacity of a water treatment facility in Ontario, a “Class Environmental<br />
Assessment (EA)” is required. This process ensures that all alternatives are examined to determine technical,<br />
social, natural and financial implications. It also requires two public consultations, firstly on the alternatives<br />
being considered, and secondly on the preferred alternative. The preferred alternative includes a high level<br />
description of the proposed treatment processes. Two Class EAs were completed, one in 2003 and one in<br />
2007; the treatment trains developed included advanced technologies to meet the Region’s water quality<br />
objectives now and into the foreseeable future.<br />
The implementation of the advanced treatment technologies has precipitated a period of rapid change in water<br />
treatment operations in Peel Region. With more than 40 years of conventional treatment experience at the<br />
water plants and a large body of research history available, operations had been fairly predictable and routine.<br />
During the last three years, however, staff have been on a steep learning curve. Both the owners and operators<br />
of the WTPs have been challenged in learning to operate and to optimize the advanced treatment processes,<br />
with little experience here or elsewhere to fall back on.<br />
This paper will discuss the decisions made in the development of the advanced treatment trains and some of<br />
the challenges in learning to operate these new processes.<br />
Keywords: Ozonation; Bromate; Taste and Odour; Operations.<br />
66 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 11 – <strong>Ozone</strong> Research and Design S11-1<br />
Study of <strong>Ozone</strong> Application to Degradation of Paraquat Dissolved in Water<br />
Patricia Reynoso Quispe 1 , Roberto J. Carvalho 1 , and Wilfredo I. Urruchi 2<br />
1. Department of Materials Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro,<br />
Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225 Gávea, RJ, 22451-900, Brazil<br />
2. Taubaté University, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil<br />
The continuous use of pesticides generates many side effects, as toxicity, environmental persistence and<br />
pollution of water resources. The contamination of waterways is produced directly by the application of<br />
pesticides in water, in containers or equipment for washing and discharging of residues and waste. The<br />
herbicide Paraquat is largely used around the world and undergoes various forms of contamination mentioned<br />
above. Therefore, there is a need to develop new processes and technologies to treat aqueous effluents to<br />
ensure efficient removal of toxic substances. In this regard, ozone is an oxidizing agent capable of degrading<br />
organic and inorganic compounds. The objective of this paper was the study of Paraquat degradation by<br />
ozone application into the water. The parameters analyzed were pH, oxygen flow and stirrer rotational speed.<br />
It was shown a degradation of 51% of Paraquat, and was possible to determine the kinetic degradation<br />
constant of 15.9 M -1 s -1 .<br />
Keywords: <strong>Ozone</strong>; Paraquat; Kinetics; Degradation.<br />
Session 11 – <strong>Ozone</strong> Research and Design S11-2<br />
Decomposition Kinetics of <strong>Ozone</strong> Dissolved in Different Aqueous Solutions<br />
A. Pérez 1 , T. Poznyak 1 , and I. Chairez 2<br />
1. Superior School of Chemical Engineering, National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico (ESIQIE-IPN,),<br />
Edif. 7, UPALM, Z.C. 07738, Mexico D.F., Mexico<br />
2. Professional Interdisciplinary Unit of Biotechnology,<br />
National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico (UPIBI-IPN),<br />
Av. Acueducto s/n, Barrio La Laguna, Col. Ticomán, Z.C. 07340, Mexico, D.F.<br />
The physiological solution has been widely studied by their therapeutically effect, using it as bactericidal agent.<br />
Some researchershave established, the optimal conditions which these solution must be ozonated to obtain a<br />
therapeutically effect. However, is important to know the proper concentration of dissolved ozone in the<br />
solutions, besides of its decomposition kinetics. This parameter and the ozone residence time will be<br />
determined and compared in injectable water andphysiological solution of NaCl at 0.9% at same operational<br />
conditions. Finally, some microbiological proofs will be making on E.coli and P. auroginosa to observe and<br />
compare their bactericidal effect.<br />
Keywords: <strong>Ozone</strong>; Decomposition Kinetics; Physiological Solution; Bactericidal Effect.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 67
Session 11 – <strong>Ozone</strong> Research and Design S11-3<br />
Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis<br />
Optimizes Pipeline Flash Reactor Design<br />
Celia Mazzei and Mike Spillner<br />
Mazzei Injector Company, LLC, Bakersfield, California, USA<br />
This study examines the use of single-phase and multi-phase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations<br />
to optimize the design of Pipeline Flash Reactors (patented technology) by analyzing mixing uniformity<br />
immediately following the nozzle discharge region. A Pipeline Flash Reactor (PFR) utilizes multiple sets of<br />
Mazzei MTM Nozzles orthogonal to the mainline flow to blend a sidestream into a wastewater or potable<br />
water mainline under constant or varying flow conditions with negligible mainline pressure loss.<br />
This CFD parametric study discusses three design configurations with varying flow rates and obtains results in<br />
agreement with university pilot tests, which also corroborate full scale installations. Optimized PFR design<br />
subsequently reduces footprint and can eliminate the need for additional mixing devices downstream.<br />
Our findings indicate that nozzle configuration has a consistent and predicable correlation to performance;<br />
however, variation in flow rates and gas volume cause different ranges of performance variability within each<br />
configuration study, so it is important to design each PFR based on all available information.<br />
Keywords: Computational Fluid Dynamics; Pipeline Flash Reactor; Transfer Efficiency; Mixing; Coefficient of<br />
Variation; Sidestream Injection; Mazzei Injectors; MTM Mazzei Nozzles.<br />
68 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 11 – <strong>Ozone</strong> Research and Design S11-4<br />
<strong>Ozone</strong> Sidestream Injection: Solving Start-Up Problems<br />
Using Underwater Video and Engineering Creativity<br />
Alan Domonoske and Gardner Olson<br />
1. Carollo Engineers, 1265 East Fort Union Blvd., Suite 200, Midvale, UT 84047<br />
2. Metropolitan Water District of Salt Lake & Sandy, 3430 E. Danish Road, Sandy, UT 84093<br />
The new 70 MGD Point of the Mountain Water Treatment Plant (POMWTP) was commissioned for the<br />
Metropolitan Water District of Salt Lake & Sandy (MWDSLS) in August 2007. The POMWTP is a conventional<br />
water treatment plant with enhanced processes of intermediate ozone and post-filtration UV disinfection.<br />
During the initial ozone system testing, ozone and oxygen gas inexplicably migrated back into upstream<br />
channel not designed for ozone service. This presentation will highlight the underwater diver investigations and<br />
engineering creativity that were used to successfully identify the cause and remedy of this phenomenon.<br />
The POMWTP intermediate ozone contactor was designed to take advantage of sidestream injection and<br />
provided the following benefits:<br />
• An efficient, symmetric layout with a common ozone dissolution pipe underneath the two contactor trains<br />
eliminated flow split concerns and provided increased pressure in the dissolution pipe to achieve high<br />
ozone transfer efficiency.<br />
• The sidestream injection configuration allowed for a more efficient and less expensive horizontally baffled<br />
disinfection contactor.<br />
• High-maintenance diffusers were eliminated, and isolation gates were located outside of the contactor<br />
where they were more accessible.<br />
• The configuration included a convenient ozone system bypass which simplified startup of this brand new<br />
plant. The conventional plant was commissioned independent of ozone, postponing the more complicated<br />
ozone process until reliable plant flow could be established.<br />
The mixed phase ozonated sidestream is injected to the main dissolution pipe prior to entering the<br />
contactors. The configuration was designed so that the dissolution pipe slope, process flow velocity, and<br />
injection nozzle orientation carried any undissolved gas towards the contactor inlet. However, during initial<br />
system testing with oxygen gas, it was observed that at low process flows and/or high gas flows, free gas<br />
migrated twenty-five feet upstream despite these elements. This free gas discharged into a channel that was<br />
not designed for ozone service.<br />
Neither the design engineer, owner, ozone manufacturer, construction management team, nor contractor could<br />
initially explain the observed phenomenon. Several theories and potential solutions were identified, but the<br />
lack of a plausible explanation made it difficult to move forward with confidence. The contactor arranged for<br />
a SCUBA diver to enter the 78-inch mixing pipe during normal operations and video the sidestream injection<br />
nozzle operations under a variety of conditions, document the air phenomenon, and test the preferred solution.<br />
We will present the unique contactor design, discuss the unexplained air phenomenon, and present the<br />
successful solution. The highlight of this presentation will be a rare, underwater video of an operating,<br />
full-scale sidestream injection system discharging mixed phase flow through diffusers in a 60-inch pipe<br />
flowing at 0.5 fps and 1.5 fps.<br />
Keywords: <strong>Ozone</strong>; Sidestream; Injection; Startup; Construction; Diver Investigation; <strong>Ozone</strong> Contactor; Trouble<br />
Shooting; Diffuser.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 69
Session 11 – <strong>Ozone</strong> Research and Design S11-5<br />
Development and Use of an Ozonation Process Simulator<br />
at the F.J. Horgan Water Treatment Plant<br />
Gord Mitchell 1 , Liza Ballantyne 1 , Alex Vukosavljevic 1 and Kerwin L. Rakness 2<br />
1. F.J. Horgan Water Treatment Plant, 201 Copperfield Road, Toronto, ON M1E 5G7<br />
2. Process Applications, Inc., 2627 Redwing Rd., Suite 340, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526<br />
The F.J. Horgan Water Treatment Plant (WTP) is one of four water treatment facilities in the City of Toronto and<br />
is currently undergoing a 230 ML/d capacity expansion to increase its overall capacity to 800 ML/d. A major<br />
component of the expansion will be the conversion to ozone for primary disinfection and taste and odour<br />
control for the entire 800 ML/d process stream. Construction is currently on-going and the commissioning is<br />
anticipated to begin in the fall of 2011.<br />
The primary control strategy for ozone to be implemented as part of the expansion will be the innovative<br />
“Hybrid Constant Concentration” method. As part of the development of this ozone process control strategy,<br />
Process Applications Inc. (PAI) developed an “ozone simulator” to model the future ozonation process at F.J.<br />
Horgan. The ozone simulator has been effectively utilized for process design, system demonstration, SCADA<br />
programming validation, staff training and system optimization for both disinfection and taste and odour<br />
control purposes.<br />
Keywords: F.J. Horgan; Hybrid Constant Concentration; Disinfection; <strong>Ozone</strong> Decay; <strong>Ozone</strong> Half Life; GOX.<br />
Session 11 – <strong>Ozone</strong> Research and Design S11-6<br />
<strong>Ozone</strong> Retrofit Considerations at the Oakville Water Purification Plant<br />
Elia Edwards 1 , and Bill Mundy 2<br />
1. Associated Engineering, Suite 800 – 304 The East Mall, Toronto, ON, Canada, M9B 6E2<br />
2. Regional Municipality of Halton, 1151 Bronte Road, Oakville, ON, Canada, L6M 3L1<br />
In 2002, the Regional Municipality of Halton (Region) identified a need to upgrade the Oakville Water<br />
Purification Plant (WPP) with the intent of producing a higher-quality drinking water that would satisfy the<br />
existing requirements mandated by the Province of Ontario’s new Drinking Water Systems Regulation (DWSR)<br />
while considering the impact of anticipated near-future treatment requirements such as those arising within the<br />
more stringent United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) framework. A retrofit and staged<br />
design approach was employed to provide Operations greater than 70% production capacity at all times<br />
through the construction period. Construction was started in 2004 and completed in 2008. The Oakville WPP<br />
is now a pseudo-conventional treatment plant with high-rate ballasted flocculation sedimentation using the<br />
ACTIFLO ® process, intermediate ozone using a side-stream injection system for both primary disinfection and<br />
taste & odour (T&O) control, dual-media filtration for particulate removal, and chlorination for zebra mussel<br />
control, secondary disinfection and as a backup primary disinfection strategy. The Oakville WPP treats Lake<br />
Ontario surface water and is rated for a treatment capacity of 120 megalitres per day (ML/d) or 32 million<br />
gallons per day (mgd). The construction assignment was completed at CAD$35M.<br />
70 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session S11-6 continued<br />
With respect to the ozone retrofit design and construction considerations, a number of lessons have<br />
been learned:<br />
• Side stream injection system pump and VFD design considerations for optimum process/operational<br />
flexibility as well as power/LOX cost savings;<br />
• <strong>Ozone</strong> system design requirements for cold water climates (
Session 12 – UV Treatment Research S12-2<br />
Biodosimetry of a Full-Scale Wastewater UV Disinfection System Using<br />
Multiple Surrogate Microorganisms<br />
Bruno Ferran, and Wei Yang<br />
Ozonia <strong>North</strong> America, 600 Willow Tree Road, Leonia, NJ 07605<br />
With the objective to anticipate on the possible implementation of an RED bias for wastewater UV disinfection<br />
Ozonia <strong>North</strong> America (ONA) undertook a bioassay validation study of a low-pressure very high-output<br />
(LPVHO) ultraviolet (UV) reactor using T1 phage as surrogate microorganism. This bioassay is an addition to<br />
MS-2 phage bioassay work conducted in 2006 with the same LPVHO UV reactor.<br />
Validation of the LPVHO UV reactor with T1 phage was designed to conform mainly the 2003 UV Disinfection<br />
Guidelines for Drinking Water and Water Reuse (1) , hereafter referred to as the UV Disinfection Guidelines. The<br />
analysis of the combined MS-2 and T1 phage bioassay data was conducted in accordance with the principles<br />
set forward in the US EPA UVDGM (2) .<br />
Curves of Validated RED versus flow rate and lamp effective output (EO) were obtained for wastewater effluents<br />
at 55% and 65% UVT. These curves can be applied towards disinfection of common wastewater indicator<br />
pathogens with UV sensitivities comprised between 4.9 and 19.7 mJ/cm 2 /logI.<br />
Keywords: Wastewater; Bioassay; Surrogate Microorganism; UV Sensitivity; Validated RED.<br />
Session 12 – UV Treatment Research S12-3<br />
When Dose is Not Dose. The Case of UV Disinfection of Adenovirus<br />
Karl G. Linden 1 , Karl Scheible 2 , Phyllis Posy 3 , Gwy-Am Shin 4 ,<br />
Jeanette Thurston 5 , and Anne Eischeid 6<br />
1. Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering,<br />
University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA<br />
2. HDR-HydroQual<br />
3. Atlantium Technologies<br />
4. University of Washington<br />
5. USDA AFRI<br />
6. Duke University<br />
Adenovirus, found in wastewater and both surface and ground water is a double-stranded DNA virus that<br />
infects humans. Research has been shown it to be more resistant to UV disinfection from conventional low<br />
pressure (LP) UV 254 nm light than other viruses and this has driven drinking water regulations. In fact,<br />
Adenovirus’ resistance to UV is the sole basis for high dose requirements for viruses in the EPA Long Term 2<br />
Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. Because there are no stable surrogates for such high doses, in 2006,<br />
UV was not considered an economical or verifiable treatment for viruses in the US EPA Groundwater Rule.<br />
Has the research that has focused on monochromatic UV (Low Pressure) missed the mark, and pushed public<br />
policy in the wrong direction? This and other questions will be addressed while reporting on a multi-year<br />
72 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session S12-3 continued<br />
research effort that is underway to understand why adenovirus appears so UV resistant and how to properly<br />
measure UV efficacy as a treatment for adenovirus. This includes our studies on the effectiveness of<br />
polychromatic UV sources for inactivation of adenoviruses as assayed in cell culture, utilization of molecular<br />
biology techniques for examination of nucleic acid damage and viral protein damage via Low Pressure and<br />
Medium Pressure UV light exposure, validating 4-log virus inactivation in a flow-through UV reactor using<br />
adenovirus directly, and current results from animal infectivity assays to examine UV disinfection effectiveness<br />
toward adenoviruses outside of the traditional cell culture infectivity assay paradigm. Attendees will better<br />
understand the facts behind the policy that is making UV a controversial alternative for some and the solution<br />
of choice for others who don’t want to use chemical disinfection.<br />
Keywords: Virus; Regulations; Ultraviolet Light, Medium Pressure; Pathogens.<br />
Session 12 – UV Treatment Research S12-4<br />
Ultraviolet Lamp Efficiencies:<br />
Modern Derivation of the Keitz Formula and Other Efficiency Issues<br />
Qing Sheng Ke 1 and James R. Bolton 2<br />
1. Present address: 600-4808 Ross Street, Stantec Consulting, Red Deer, AB, Canada T4N 1X5<br />
2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,<br />
University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2W2<br />
The accurate measurement of the total UV output from a low pressure (LP) or low pressure high output (LPHO)<br />
UV lamp is very important in assessing the energy costs of UV systems. This is a challenging task resulting,<br />
since significant errors can arise from UV detector calibration, reflection of UV from surrounding walls, ambient<br />
temperature variations, and the ballast performance (Sasges and Robinson, 2005; Severin and Roessler,<br />
1998). In order to measure the LP or LPHO UV output accurately, the so-called Keitz formula (Keitz, 1971)<br />
has been employed, which is now the basis for a recommended UV Lamp Efficiency Protocol adopted by the<br />
<strong>International</strong> Ultraviolet <strong>Association</strong> (Lawal et al., 2008). The Keitz formula is<br />
where PK is the Keitz-calculated total UV power emitted in all directions, E is the irradiance measured by a<br />
calibrated radiometer and detector at a distance D m from the center of the lamp, L is the arc length (m) and<br />
is the half-angle subtended by the lamp end at the detector position.<br />
In this paper, the Keitz formula has been re-derived in terms of modern optical terminology, which gives a<br />
better insight into its origin and applications.<br />
In recent years some UV companies have reporting ‘direct line’ efficiencies. These are efficiencies that<br />
assume that the UV lamp is a ‘point source’. The significant errors that are involved in this assumption will be<br />
discussed in the paper, and comparisons will be made between efficiencies calculated using the Keitz formula<br />
and the ’direct line’ efficiencies.<br />
Keywords: UV Lamp Efficiencies; Keitz Equation.<br />
L<br />
� � atan (<br />
2D )<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 73
Session 12 – UV Treatment Research S12-5<br />
What is the Impact of UV Absorbing Particles on the<br />
Inactivation of Indigenous Bacteria?<br />
R.E. Cantwell 1 and R. Hofmann 2<br />
1. CH2M HILL Canada Ltd.<br />
2. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto<br />
Previous research has shown that wastewater disinfection using ultraviolet (UV) light can be impaired by<br />
attenuation of the UV light as it passes through particles to reach embedded and protected microorganisms.<br />
This presentation consolidates and interprets results from two previous studies that explored whether a similar<br />
phenomenon might occur when treating drinking waters. In the first study (Cantwell and Hofmann, 2008), the<br />
UV absorption (λ = 254 nm) of particles present in 10 untreated surface waters was measured. The method<br />
involved vacuum filtration of a sample through a glass-fiber filter (1.2 μm nominal pore-size). The absorption of<br />
the filter and particles was then measured by spectrophotometry. This technique is commonly used for marine<br />
ecology studies to determine the solids absorbance of visual light in aquatic samples. The measured UV<br />
absorption of the surface water particles was similar to the absorption of wastewater particles. As such, it<br />
provides evidence that UV disinfection of surface waters during drinking water treatment may conceivably be<br />
impaired by the same mechanism if particles are present.<br />
In the second study (Cantwell and Hofmann, 2011), the UV inactivation kinetics of indigenous coliform<br />
bacteria in four of the surface waters were also monitored. Coliform bacteria were considered a surrogate for<br />
common pathogens (e.g. Cryptosporidium) when assessing the vulnerability of UV system performance to<br />
particulate matter. Tailing in the UV dose-response curve of indigenous coliform bacteria was observed in 3 of<br />
the 4 water samples after 1.3- to 2.6-log of log-linear inactivation, even after the impact of scattered UV light<br />
(using a integrating sphere spectrophotometer) was taken into account in the UV dose calculation. The impact<br />
of particles was assessed by comparing coliform UV inactivation data with parallel filtered (11 μm pore-size<br />
nylon filters) and unfiltered surface water. In samples from the Grand River (UVT: 65% cm -1 ; 5.4 NTU) and the<br />
Rideau Canal (UVT: 60% cm -1 ; 0.84 NTU), a limit of ~2.5 log inactivation was achieved in the unfiltered<br />
samples for a UV dose of 20 mJ/cm 2 while both the filtered samples exhibited > 3.4-log inactivation of<br />
indigenous coliform bacteria. The findings of this research suggest that particles, as small as 11 �m, naturally<br />
found in surface water with low turbidity (< 6 NTU) are able to harbour indigenous coliform bacteria and offer<br />
protection from low-pressure UV light.<br />
Keywords: Ultraviolet Light; Disinfection; Surface Water; Particle-Related Protection; UV Absorbance;<br />
Coliform Bacteria.<br />
74 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 12 – UV Treatment Research S12-6<br />
UV-LEDs for Water Disinfection – Are We Close?<br />
Colleen Bowker 1 , Scott Alpert, PhD, PE 1 , and Joel Ducoste, Ph.D. 2<br />
1. Hazen and Sawyer, PC, 4944 Parkway Plaza Blvd, Ste. 375, Charlotte, NC 28217<br />
2. <strong>North</strong> Carolina State University, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering,<br />
<strong>North</strong> Carolina State University, 208 Mann Hall, Box 7908, Raleigh, NC 27695<br />
One of the main criticisms of current UV disinfection systems is the mercury content of UV-C lamps used by<br />
all major manufacturers of UV water disinfection reactors. Thus, alternative sources of UV-C radiation continue<br />
to be investigated. One such promising technology is UV light emitting diodes (UV-LEDs), which are beginning<br />
to penetrate the electronics marketplace. UV-LEDs do not contain mercury, can offer design flexibility due to<br />
their small size, and have the potential for a longer operational life than mercury lamps. But how relevant are<br />
UV-LEDs to water disinfection currently and what are their potential market uses? This paper will present the<br />
current availability of UV-LEDs, including UV-C emission technique and control, UV-LED costs, power output<br />
and efficiency, and limitations to their wide spread use.<br />
In addition to a “state-of-the-industry” review of UV-LEDs, the results of several studies that investigated using<br />
UV-LEDs for water disinfection applications will be discussed. Chatterley and Linden (2010) compared the<br />
inactivation of E. coli due to irradiation from UV-LEDs emitting at 265 nm and low-pressure mercury lamps.<br />
Bowker et al. (2010) also compared microbial response to UV-LEDs (emitting at 255 nm and 275 nm) against<br />
low-pressure mercury lamps, but the analysis was completed on E. coli, MS-2, and T7. Other research<br />
studying the inactivation of E. coli due to UV-LED irradiation includes Mori et al. (2007), Vilhunen et al. (2009),<br />
and Crawford et al. (2005). In general, these research studies have shown UV-LEDs to produce effective<br />
microbial inactivation only after long exposure times. The necessity of long exposure times is caused by low<br />
UV-LED power output due to the inefficiency of the new technology. This paper will review how the technology<br />
and power output have changed over the past few years and the improvements that are projected in the<br />
foreseeable future.<br />
As UV technology becomes more and more relevant to the water, wastewater, and water reuse industries, the<br />
development of safer and more efficient UV light sources is critical. Attendees of this presentation will learn the<br />
current state of technology for UV-LEDs, their advantages and disadvantages, and the current and potential<br />
future uses for UV-LEDs in water disinfection.<br />
Keywords: Light Emitting Diodes; Ultraviolet Disinfection.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 75
Session 12 – UV Treatment Research S12-7<br />
Degradation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by<br />
222 nm and 254 nm UV light<br />
Hiroshi Sakai 1 , Tatsuro Takamatsu 1 , Koji Kosaka 2 , Naoyuki Kamiko 3 , and Satoshi Takizawa 1<br />
1. Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, JAPAN<br />
2. Department of Water Supply Engineering, National Institute of Public Health<br />
3. Department of Environment Systems Engineering, Ritsumeikan University<br />
This study demonstrated degradation of NDMA by 222 nm and 254 nm UV light. NDMA was degraded at the<br />
rate of 2.6 cm 2 /J (254 nm), and 10.8 cm 2 /J (222 nm). Four times higher degradation rate was achieved by the<br />
use of 222 nm UV light. Addition of hydrogen peroxide did not enhance degradation rate. 222 nm UV lamp<br />
was found to be very effective to degrade NDMA.<br />
Keywords: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA); 222 nm KrCl Excimer Lamp; 254 nm Low Pressure Mercury<br />
Lamp; Hydrogen Peroxide.<br />
Session 13 – <strong>Ozone</strong> Operation S13-1<br />
Sustainability and Ozonation: Making the Case for Generator Upgrades<br />
Julie Herzner, P.E. 1 , Anni Luck, P.E. 1 , Ian Crossley, C.Eng. 1 , and Gerard Moerschell 2<br />
1. Hazen and Sawyer, P.C., 498 Seventh Ave., New York, NY 10019<br />
2. Town of New Castle, NY<br />
The primary goal of most water utilities is to provide potable water that meets all regulatory requirements for<br />
the protection of public health and is aesthetically pleasing. Unfortunately, many water treatment facilities are<br />
not designed or operated with a goal of minimizing energy use. However, with energy costs on the rise and a<br />
movement toward sustainable operation; improving energy efficiency at water treatment facilities is critical. The<br />
purpose of this paper is to show how replacing ageing, high energy demanding equipment can save money<br />
and increase sustainability.<br />
The Millwood Water Treatment Plant (WTP) located in the Town of New Castle, NY has been in operation since<br />
1992 and was one of the first ozonation plants in New York State. The plant has been well maintained and<br />
operated and very little has needed to be repaired or replaced. However, although the ozonation system has<br />
worked well, there are signs that it is reaching the end of its useful life. The three existing 110 lb/d air-fed<br />
ozone generators are corroding along the welds in the cooling water jacket, particularly at the vessel invert and<br />
it was decided to replace the existing generators with new, state-of-the-art units.<br />
<strong>Ozone</strong> generators have undergone significant technological improvements in the years since the treatment plant<br />
was designed; in particular, there has been a substantial increase in electrical efficiency for a given amount of<br />
ozone generated. In addition to increased electrical efficiency, modern, more efficient generators operate at<br />
higher ozone-in-air concentrations, which affects the compressor and dessicant dryer used in air-fed systems.<br />
Less airflow is required to produce the same ozone output, which means the compressors use less electricity.<br />
Examples will be presented which demonstrate how replacing existing ozone generators with more efficient<br />
equipment can defray the costs of the plant upgrade for many utilities. A present worth analysis will be presented<br />
based on firm costs as the new generators have been designed, bid and are currently under construction.<br />
Keywords: <strong>Ozone</strong> Systems; Energy Efficiency; Sustainability.<br />
76 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 13 – <strong>Ozone</strong> Operation S13-2<br />
<strong>Ozone</strong> Cost Implications from Oxygen Supply –<br />
Advantages of VSA Technology<br />
David Schneider 1 and Soeren Schmitz<br />
1. PCI Gases, 12201 Magnolia Ave., Riverside, CA, 92503, (951) 567-3177<br />
Many ozone systems have chosen to supply their oxygen either by liquid oxygen (LOx) or by onsite oxygen<br />
from a Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) system. <strong>Ozone</strong> production costs are heavily dependent on the supply<br />
method chosen for oxygen which can be as high as 60 to 70% of the cost per pound of ozone delivered. An<br />
analysis of an ozone project in <strong>North</strong> Dakota shows the effect on ozone costs based on the choice of oxygen<br />
supply. Therefore, it is critically important that all available modes of oxygen supply be thoroughly investigated.<br />
Within the oxygen requirements of 280 lbs/day to 40 tons/day, the traditional form of onsite oxygen generation<br />
has been the PSA system. PSA system require a complicated set of valves and require twice as much power as<br />
Vacuum Swing Adsorption (VSA) systems therefore their total cost of ownership is typically equivalent or higher<br />
than liquid oxygen (LOx) deliveries. Hence, many customers who are presented an option between PSA<br />
systems and LOx supply will choose the latter for reliability purposes. VSA’s are designed with a much simpler<br />
approach to not only conserve ½ of the power of PSA systems but also significantly reduce maintenance costs.<br />
Based on the analysis of this paper, LOx customers may be able to achieve a significant savings vs. their<br />
current LOx supply by considering an onsite VSA solution. Further, customers with variable consumption<br />
patterns still may be able to achieve a reasonable payback with significant savings due to the unique turn<br />
down capabilities offered by the VSAs.<br />
Keywords: <strong>Ozone</strong> Systems; Vacuum Swing Adsorption (VSA).<br />
Session 13 – <strong>Ozone</strong> Operation S13-3<br />
The Ozonation Option for Private Onsite Wastewater Treatment –<br />
The WATERCLEAN Solution<br />
Thomas W. Bain<br />
Great Lakes Clean Water - L.P., 11-1606 Sedlescomb Drive, Mississauga, Ontario, L4X 1M6<br />
The use of Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems (OWTS) is increasing in <strong>North</strong> America. Collectively the<br />
uncontrolled discharge from private OWTS will become the largest contributor of Compounds of Emerging<br />
Concern to the environment. The WATERCLEAN OWTS has been developed to address this situation by<br />
reducing pathogens, nutrients, and CECs. It is similar in operation to a washing machine with a fill cycle, a<br />
wash cycle, a discharge cycle, it uses ozone in place of soap, and it washes wastewater instead of clothes.<br />
This paper will provide an overview of the WATERCLEAN technology and the use of ozone injection<br />
techniques to achieve remarkable results in reducing wastewater.<br />
Keywords: Compounds of Emerging Concern; Uncontrolled Discharge; Wastewater Washing Machine; Ozonation.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 77
Session 13 – <strong>Ozone</strong> Operation S13-4<br />
<strong>Ozone</strong> Residual Meter Calibration Approach and Status<br />
Kerwin L. Rakness and Glenn F. Hunter<br />
Process Applications, Inc., 2627 Redwing Rd., Suite 340, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526<br />
Many drinking water treatment plants with ozone achieve regulatory compliance for primary disinfection, which<br />
is determined by measurement of “Ct” value (ozone residual times contact time). <strong>Ozone</strong> residuals are typically<br />
collected at three or more locations within an ozone contactor. Most plants operate two or more ozone<br />
contactors, and use continuous on-line residual measurement for monitoring and control. Some, not all,<br />
regulatory agencies (e.g., States) permit on-line meter results for compliance reporting. When on-line<br />
measurement is disallowed, grab samples are collected every 4-hr. Non-acceptance of on-line meter readings<br />
might be due to regulatory agency staff inexperience with ozone and, until recently, lack of a “regulatory<br />
standard” calibration protocol. In April 2010, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)<br />
published the LT2ESWTR Final Guidance Manual that describes an ozone residual meter calibration protocol.<br />
During the past several years, the authors of this paper have worked with several <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> ozone<br />
facilities in developing their approach for on-line residual analyzer calibration. The methodology implemented<br />
generally follows recently published USEPA guidance. Specifically, meter readings are compared to grab-sample<br />
results from “Standard Method” Indigo Trisulfonate (ITS) ozone residual tests. A grab sample is collected along<br />
with the meter reading. From 3 to 5 grab-sample meter-reading comparative tests are completed at a sample<br />
collection frequency of 15- to 30-sec. Analyzers are installed without signal dampening to ensure that analyzer<br />
readings characterize grab-sample results. The grab-sample average is compared to the meter average.<br />
Calibration adjustment is indicated when the meter average is beyond acceptable limits of the grab-sample<br />
average results.<br />
This paper discusses the calibration protocol for ozone that is contained in recently published USEPA<br />
LT2ESWTR Guidance Manual and presents operating results from several utilities. USEPA guidance for on-line<br />
chlorine residual analyzers is described for comparative purposes.<br />
Keywords: <strong>Ozone</strong> Residual; <strong>Ozone</strong>; <strong>Ozone</strong> Disinfection; Residual Meter Calibration; Residual Measurement;<br />
Indigo Trisulfonate Method.<br />
78 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 13 – <strong>Ozone</strong> Operation S13-5<br />
Liquid Oxygen Specification for <strong>Ozone</strong> Generation<br />
Derek Miller<br />
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., 7201 Hamilton Boulevard, Allentown, PA 18195-1501<br />
<strong>Ozone</strong> is increasingly used in water treatment due to its unique ability to treat a wide range of water qualities.<br />
One of the largest operating expenses is liquid oxygen (LOX). In order to control costs, it is important that<br />
municipalities take advantage of the most economical LOX supply, but many municipalities are potentially<br />
limiting their choices by the way that they are specifying their LOX. Recently, AWWA revised B304-08<br />
“Standard for Liquid Oxygen for <strong>Ozone</strong> Generation for Water, Wastewater, and Reclaimed Water Systems,”<br />
which should help rectify this situation. In particular, the revision increases the acceptable level of Total<br />
Hydrocarbon (THC) from 25ppm to 40ppm. In many cases, however, this standard has yet to be adopted.<br />
This paper describes why THC level is important for ozone generation, what levels different municipalities are<br />
currently specifying, and why different air separation plants make LOX with different THC levels. It concludes<br />
by making recommendations for municipalities to ensure that they are getting LOX at the lowest cost that<br />
meets the quality required for reliable ozone generation.<br />
Keywords: <strong>Ozone</strong>; Liquid Oxygen; LOX; Hydrocarbons; Fouling; Nitric Acid.<br />
Session 13 – <strong>Ozone</strong> Operation S13-6<br />
Converting a Large Water Treatment Plant to<br />
Enhanced Coagulation and Biological Filtration<br />
Mark Simon 1 , Michael Mikeska 1 , Peter Stencel 1 , Jennifer Cottingham 1<br />
Nick Burns 2 , Jeff Neemann, George Budd 2 , and Randy Romack 3<br />
1. Dallas Water Utilities, Dallas, Texas<br />
2. Black & Veatch, Kansas City, Missouri<br />
3. Black & Veatch, Dallas, Texas<br />
Dallas Water Utilities (DWU) is in the process of expanding its 1,670 MLD (440 mgd) East Side Water Treatment<br />
Plant (WTP) and converting it from lime softening to enhanced coagulation and biological filtration. Major<br />
project components include 1) flocculation and sedimentation basin improvements, 2) improvements to<br />
optimize biological filtration, 3) residuals handling improvements, and 4) providing a backup disinfection<br />
strategy for ozone. This presentation will provide a summary of the preliminary design phase and operations<br />
plan for the conversion to enhanced coagulation and biological filtration. This presentation will benefit other<br />
utilities considering enhanced coagulation or ozonation and utilities with ozonation that may be facing<br />
similar issues.<br />
Keywords: Ozonation; Biological Filtration; Enhanced Coagulation; Assimilable Organic Carbon.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 79
Session 13 – <strong>Ozone</strong> Operation S13-7<br />
After the Dust Settles –<br />
<strong>Ozone</strong> System Operation and Optimization After Startup<br />
Glenn F. Hunter<br />
Process Applications, Inc., 2627 Redwing Rd., Suite 340, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526<br />
During construction of municipal water treatment ozone systems, the main focus of utility staff, engineers,<br />
and contractors is on construction and the complex task of keeping the plant operational during the various<br />
stages of construction. Near the end of construction, plant staff may receive equipment specific training from<br />
various equipment suppliers and process (treatment) oriented training to prepare plant staff for operation of<br />
the ozone system.<br />
During startup, plant staff begin ozone process operation with focus on maintaining reliable continuous<br />
ozone process operation. Within several months, optimized ozone process operation may be a primary goal.<br />
Experiences at several operating ozone water treatment facilities with optimizing ozone dose and ozone<br />
production are reviewed in this paper.<br />
Keywords: <strong>Ozone</strong>; <strong>Ozone</strong> Water Treatment Startup; <strong>Ozone</strong> Optimization; <strong>Ozone</strong> Process Training.<br />
Session 14 – General Session and Food Applications S14-1<br />
Source Area Treatment of a TCE Plume by Coated Microbubble <strong>Ozone</strong> and<br />
Sequential ERD at a Portland, Oregon, Facility<br />
Paul Ecker 1 , Paul McBeth 1 , and William B. Kerfoot 2<br />
1. PNG Environmental Inc., 6665 SW Hampton Street, Suite 101, Portland, OR 97223<br />
2. Kerfoot Technologies Inc., 766-B Falmouth Road, Mashpee, MA 02649<br />
The PECO site is a machine shop and die-casting facility which has operated since 1930. Trichloroethene (TCE)<br />
was used as a degreaser from 1950-1995, creating a groundwater plume of TCE ranging from 100,000 mg/L<br />
at its source to 1,000 mg/L at the property boundary. Some source removal was tried with a carbonate ISCO<br />
product, but it was not possible to distribute the compound through the saturated zone. After review of<br />
alternatives and pilot test, full-scale Perozone ® implementation began in October 2008. From November 2007<br />
(with pilot test) to December 2009 with 950 pounds of oxidant mass delivered, 93% of TCE mass was<br />
reduced. Advantages were the east of implementation, aggressive removal, gas-phase distribution and<br />
relatively safe operations. Limitations were found to be heterogeneities in lithology control of the distribution<br />
and rate/efficiency of reactions. There were some localized losses to carbonate scavenging from an early<br />
treatment. Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination (ERD) was performed on a pilot scale at the tail end of the<br />
plume in the relatively low concentration dissolved plume region. The combination of Perozone ® oxidation<br />
and enhanced biodegradation (BISCO) appears to be very capable of achieving full closure.<br />
Keywords: TCE; Source Area; Groundwater Plume Treatment; Perozone ® ; Sequential ISCO/ ERD<br />
80 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 14 – General Session and Food Applications S14-2<br />
Photodecomposition Efficacy Validation of a Medium Pressure (MP) UV<br />
Reactor for removal of Residual Free Chlorine and Monochloramine in Water<br />
Ismail Gobulukoglu<br />
Aquafine Corporation, Valencia, CA, USA<br />
In beverage and pharmaceutical manufacturing plants, water treatment trains for purified water include reverse<br />
osmosis (RO) units containing chlorine sensitive membranes. The addition of free chlorine or monochloramine<br />
to city water may control bacteria levels, however they have undesirable effects on the degradation of RO<br />
membranes and therefore, they need to be removed from the water stream feeding the RO membranes. In<br />
conventional water systems, residual free chlorine or monochloramine is typically removed by either activated<br />
carbon beds or by the addition of chemicals such as sodium metabisulfite. However, both these methods have<br />
severe, inherent drawbacks. The powerful energy of UV light can be successfully harnessed to photodecompose<br />
trace amounts of residual free chlorine or monochloramine present in the feed water. This non-chemical, novel,<br />
innovative and environmentally friendly method offers significant inherent advantages and benefits compared<br />
to conventional dechlorination technologies utilized thus far by the industry. Recent advancements in UV<br />
technology have rendered this application practical and economically feasible.<br />
In the present study, we report in-house experimental chlorine destruction test data obtained during the<br />
validation of a medium pressure (MP) UV reactor. Source waters as received from DI tanks and tap water were<br />
chlorinated to maintain free chlorine residuals up to 3 ppm and 7 ppm, respectively. UV doses when applied at<br />
sufficient levels resulted in less than 0.02 ppm of free chlorine residuals downstream of the MP UV reactor at<br />
various water quality conditions and operational parameters. It is also observed that for the similar percent<br />
photodecomposition, monochloramine residuals required much higher UV doses than that of free chlorines<br />
under similar water quality conditions and operational parameters. The experimental results were fitted to an<br />
empirical chemical reaction rate model, and were used for determining photodecomposition efficacy of the MP<br />
UV reactor at various chlorine concentrations and flow rates.<br />
Keywords: UV Dechlorination; Photodecompsition; Free Chlorine; Monochloramine; Medium Pressure; UV<br />
Lamp; Polychloramatic; Validation; DI Tanks, Tap Water; Reverse Osmosis; Carbon Bed; Sodium Metabisulfite.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 81
Session 14 – General Session and Food Applications S14-3<br />
UV Laser Based Longitudinal Illuminated Diffuser (LID) Beam Shaping System<br />
Todd Lizotte<br />
Lizotte Tactical Development, LLC, 21 Post Road. Hooksett, NH 03106<br />
A novel laser beam shaping system was designed to demonstrate the potential of using high power UV laser<br />
and solid state UV diode sources for large scale disinfection of liquids used in the production of food products,<br />
such as juices, beer, milk and other beverage types. The design incorporates a patented assembly of optical<br />
components including a diffractive beam splitting/shaping element and a faceted pyramidal or conically<br />
shaped Lambertian diffuser made from compression molded PTFE compounds. The compact tubular<br />
structure termed Longitudinal Illuminated Diffuser (LID) provides a unique UV disinfection source that can be<br />
placed within a centrifugal reactor or a pipe based reactor chamber. This paper will review the overall design<br />
principle, key component design parameters, preliminary analytic and bench operational testing results.<br />
Keywords: UV Laser; DPSS; Lambertian Reflectance; Disinfection; UV Reactor; Computer Generated<br />
Hologram; CGH; Diffractive Optical Element; Diffuser; Longitudinal Illuminated Radial Diffuser.<br />
Session 14 – General Session and Food Applications S14-4<br />
Pulsed Light Inactivation of Foodborne Pathogens:<br />
Fundamentals, Applications and Potential for the Future<br />
Carmen I. Moraru<br />
Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca NY 14853<br />
Pulsed Light technology uses very short, high power pulses of broad spectrum light emitted by Xenon lamps<br />
to kill pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in foods, including bacteria, yeasts, molds, and viruses. This<br />
presentation will offer an overview of the fundamental and practical aspects of Pulsed Light treatment, as well<br />
as original research data regarding the mechanisms of action, microbial inactivation kinetics, and factors that<br />
affect the effectiveness of the treatment. The main limitation of Pulsed Light treatment is its limited penetration<br />
depth. Yet, a good understanding of light distribution and microbial inactivation by Pulsed Light can facilitate<br />
the development of highly effective treatments. The presentation will illustrate how a numerical approach can<br />
be used to identify process non-uniformities and accurately predict inactivation in liquid substrates of known<br />
optical properties and geometry. Such an approach could be instrumental in developing highly effective Pulsed<br />
Light based treatments ranging from water disinfection to the manufacture of safe, non-heat treated fruit<br />
juices, surface treatment of foods and food contact materials, or the terminal antimicrobial treatment of foods<br />
packaged in UV transparent materials. Overall, it can be concluded that Pulsed Light treatment brings exciting<br />
new opportunities to the Food Industry, which might be able to use this treatment to increase the safety and<br />
shelf life of foods, with no detrimental effects on their overall quality and sensory properties.<br />
Keywords: Pulsed Light; Weibull Kinetics; Microbial Inactivation; Food; Packaging; Surface Decontamination;<br />
Food Safety; Shelf Life.<br />
82 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Session 14 – General Session and Food Applications S14-5<br />
Ultraviolet Light for Safety of Fluid Foods and Beverages<br />
Tatiana Koutchma, PhD, Marta Orlowska, PhD, and Cheryl Defelice, PE.<br />
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON, N1G 5C9<br />
Ultraviolet (UV) light has broad antimicrobial action providing effective inactivation of viruses, vegetative<br />
bacteria, spores, yeasts, moulds, conidia and parasites. The application of UV light can also improve<br />
toxicological safety and decrease allergenicity of foods. Challenges of application of UV-light for safety of<br />
fluid foods, drinks and ingredients are due to their broad range of optical and physical properties, diverse<br />
chemical compositions that influence UV transmittance (UVT), momentum transfer and consequently<br />
microbial inactivation.<br />
This paper is aimed to review some outcomes of the research program conducted in AAFC on applications<br />
of UV light for foods. It will discuss critical properties of low UVT fluids foods along with the performance of<br />
available and novel UV processing systems including continuous and pulsed UV sources for various<br />
categories of foods.<br />
The definitions and classification of three categories of fluid foods based on preservation requirements that<br />
can be treated using UV light will be presented. The paper will also examine approaches to measure optical<br />
parameters of low UVT fluids using integrated sphere. The examples of applications of the computational fluid<br />
dynamics (CFD) to compare microbial inactivation performance of traditional annular laminar and turbulent UV<br />
systems with novel static and dynamic mixers such as Dean and Taylor-Coutte (T-C) reactors will be presented.<br />
T-C reactor design demonstrated superior microbial inactivation efficiency due to formed rotating vortices that<br />
deliver all parts of the treated fluid to UV source. In terms of effects of UV light on nutritional, quality and<br />
sensorial properties of fluid foods the emission spectrums and effects of continuous mercury UV lamps and<br />
high intensity pulsed sources will be compared.<br />
Keywords: Ultraviolet Light; Non-Thermal Food Processing; Fluid Foods; Low UV Transmittance; UV Dose<br />
Delivery; UV Sources.<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 83
Session 14 – General Session and Food Applications S14-6<br />
<strong>Ozone</strong> for Fresh Produce Transit<br />
David J. Cope<br />
Purfresh, 47211 Bayside Parkway, Fremont, CA 94538<br />
Today the fastest-growing segment of the food industry is exports. Growing populations and regionalized food<br />
production has resulted in longer times to market and increased multi-party handling. Unfortunately, these<br />
conditions can lead to increased risk of losses and compromised food safety, especially with the increasing<br />
occurrence of food-borne illnesses attributed to fresh produce, which cost the U.S. about $39 billion annually.<br />
As much as 30 percent of all shipments are in some way adversely affected by microbial contamination before<br />
reaching the consumer. This statistic does not account for potential loss from over-ripening, as well as the fact<br />
that organic food is even more at risk because of the absence of traditional chemicals such as fungicides.<br />
Mr. Cope will discuss how the use of ozone technology, coupled with load protection monitoring, can reduce<br />
the risk of losses, enhance food safety, and ensure higher-quality arrivals by maintaining post-harvest<br />
freshness throughout long distance voyages. Real-world examples and data will be presented.<br />
Keywords: <strong>Ozone</strong>; Food Safety; Transport; Shipping; Supply Chain; Fresh Produce; Decay; Ethylene;<br />
Pathogens; Marine Containers.<br />
Session 14 – General Session and Food Applications S14-7<br />
Plague Elimination and <strong>Ozone</strong> Effects on Types Stored Corn<br />
Jose G. LLanes O 1 , and Miguel Angulo 2<br />
1. Water Research Laboratory, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences,<br />
Sinaloa Autonomous University (México)<br />
2. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. Unidad Culiacán.<br />
Sinaloa, México C.P. 80129<br />
Here its introduced a study about the impact of ozone on some types of stored corn (physical conditions), its<br />
analyzed the effects that different contact times had with the elimination of plague, fungi, total aflatoxins, oily<br />
free acids, index of peroxides and acidity, proximal quality and mineral of the grain. The research was done<br />
under a completely experimental randomized design. The work was done in laboratory and pilot level<br />
submitting corn to 4 treatments, one works as a witness and the rest of them received a fixed concentration<br />
of ozone for 2, 4 and 8 hours. The ozonation was carried out in PVC columns simulating industrial silos. It’s<br />
demonstrated that the level of mortality of the plague depends on the contact time and concentration;<br />
nevertheless the characteristics of the grain have a special importance. The nutritional properties of the grain<br />
did not suffer any significant changes and the total aflatoxins were reduced under the action of ozone.<br />
Keywords: <strong>Ozone</strong>; Stored; Elimination; Pest; Grain; Corn; Consume.<br />
84 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Exhibitors<br />
2B Technologies, Inc. Booth #117<br />
www.twobtech.com<br />
Airsep Corporation Booth #119<br />
www.airsep.com<br />
Analytical Technology, Inc. Booth #127<br />
www.analyticaltechnology.com<br />
Aquionics Incorporated Booth #114<br />
www.aquionics.com<br />
Astro Pak Corporation Booth #121<br />
www.astropak.com<br />
Atlantium Technologies, Ltd. Booth #108<br />
www.atlantium.com<br />
BMT Messtechnik GmbH Booth #101 & 102<br />
www.bmt-berlin.de<br />
Calgon Carbon Corporation Booth #105<br />
www.calgoncarbon-us.com<br />
Chart SeQual Technologies, Inc Booth #135<br />
www.chart-ind.com<br />
City of Toronto Booth#106<br />
www.toronto.ca<br />
Clearwater Tech Booth #136<br />
www.cwtozone.com<br />
Engineered Treatment Systems Booth #104<br />
www.ets-uv.com<br />
Fuji Electric Corp of America Booth #107<br />
www.fujielectric.com<br />
Great Lakes Cleanwater, LLP Booth #125<br />
www.windsor.ijc.org<br />
In USA Inc. Booth #115<br />
<strong>International</strong> Joint<br />
Commission of<br />
the Great Lakes<br />
www.inusacorp.com<br />
Booth #118<br />
www.windsor.ijc.org<br />
ITT Corp (WEDECO) Booth #122<br />
www.itt.com<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 85
Mazzei Injector Company Booth #124<br />
Mitsubushi Electric Power<br />
Products, Inc.<br />
www.mazzei.net<br />
www.meppi.com<br />
Nedap Light Controls Booth #116<br />
OSTI, Inc.<br />
Oxygen Generating<br />
Systems <strong>International</strong><br />
Booths<br />
#129 & 130<br />
www.nedap.com<br />
Booths<br />
#101 & 102<br />
www.osti-inc.com<br />
Booth #126<br />
www.ogsi.com<br />
<strong>Ozone</strong> Water Systems Booth #133<br />
www.ozonewatersystems.com<br />
Ozonia <strong>North</strong> America Booth #132<br />
www.ozonia.com<br />
Pacific <strong>Ozone</strong> Technologies Booth #120<br />
www.pacificozone.com<br />
PCI Booth #128<br />
www.pci-intl.com<br />
Plasma Technics Inc Booth #123<br />
www.plasmatechnics.com<br />
Real Tech Inc. Booth #112<br />
www.realtech.ca<br />
Severn Trent Services Booth #113<br />
Teledyne Adv. Pollution<br />
Instrumentation, Inc.<br />
www.severntrentservices.com<br />
Booth #131<br />
www.teledyne.com<br />
Tessenderlo Kerley, Inc. Booth #103<br />
www.tkinet.com<br />
Trojan Technologies, Inc. Booth #134<br />
www.trojanuv.com<br />
86 <strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Exhibit Floor Plan – Canadian Room<br />
EXIT EXIT<br />
<strong>2nd</strong> <strong>North</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on <strong>Ozone</strong>, Ultraviolet & Advanced Oxidation Technologies 87
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