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<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ®<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta – Nanocomposite<br />
for Arthroplasty<br />
The Fourth Generation<br />
of Ceramics<br />
Scientific Information and Performance Data
2<br />
Tribology and Arthroplasty<br />
Competence in Ceramics<br />
Material Properties<br />
The Strengths of <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta<br />
Key Issues in Hip Arthroplasty<br />
Osteolysis and aseptic<br />
loosening are primarily<br />
triggered by wear<br />
particles, mostly of<br />
polyethylene (left).<br />
Three states of lubrication<br />
are observed in<br />
total hip arthroplasty,<br />
including fluid film lubrication<br />
(A), mixed lubrication<br />
(B) and boundary<br />
lubrication (C). The especially<br />
smooth and<br />
hydrophilic surfaces of<br />
ceramic components<br />
help to ensure that the<br />
wearreducing lubrication<br />
states A and B are<br />
achieved more often<br />
than in other bearings<br />
(right).<br />
Osteolysis<br />
Although total hip arthroplasty is one of<br />
the most successful of all surgical proce<br />
dures, a number of open questions relating<br />
to implant design and materials remain.<br />
According to the Swedish Register, osteo<br />
lysis and aseptic loosening are responsible<br />
for more than 75 percent of all revisions.<br />
The bearing materials used and the volume,<br />
size, and biological effects of wear parti<br />
cles play a decisive role in the development<br />
of these conditions. The second most fre<br />
quent complication is dislocation created<br />
by prosthetic impingement and insufficient<br />
joint stability.<br />
Source: OA Dr. H. Hessler, Department of Traumatology,<br />
General Hospital in Celle, Germany<br />
Wear Particles<br />
Particle disease, a condition first identified<br />
by Willert, is triggered by polyethylene (PE)<br />
wear particles. Even the new highly cross<br />
linked polyethylene (XPE) can produce<br />
wear particles, which create a similar con<br />
dition. In addition, the fact that the parti<br />
cles released are significantly smaller than<br />
those associated with standard PE, some<br />
concerns exist over the longterm biologi<br />
cal reaction to these smaller particles and<br />
their increased surface area. In the case of<br />
metalonmetal articulations, the unavoid<br />
able leaching of metal ions represents an<br />
obvious risk.<br />
Synovial Fluid Lubrication<br />
We know today that there is no perma<br />
nent hydrodynamic state of lubrication in<br />
artificial hip joints. The continuous shifting<br />
between motion and rest and the frequent<br />
generation of onesided stress usually pre<br />
vent the formation of a permanent lubri<br />
cating film of synovial fluid. This makes the<br />
wear resistance of the articulating mate<br />
rials even more crucial.<br />
A<br />
B<br />
C
Instability<br />
Component impingement can result in a<br />
limited range of motion (ROM). That’s why,<br />
in addition to exact implant positioning,<br />
the technical ROM achieved after implan<br />
tation plays a crucial role. While large ball<br />
head and cupliner diameters increase<br />
ROM, they are associated – in the case<br />
of PE and XPE – with an increased volume<br />
of wear particles and in a metalonmetal<br />
articulation with the possible negative<br />
effects of an elevated level of metal ions<br />
released into the surrounding tissues.<br />
Both mechanisms have been the subject<br />
of intense scientific discussion.<br />
Impingement and dislocation<br />
are a frequent complication<br />
in younger and more active<br />
patients.<br />
Source: Prof. Dr. W. Mittelmeier, Orthopaedic Clinic, Rostock University,<br />
Germany<br />
Hypersensitivity<br />
The incidence of hypersensitivity and al<br />
lergic reactions to metals is on the rise in<br />
the world’s industrialized countries. The<br />
possible onset of hypersensitive reactions<br />
in patients treated with metalonmetal<br />
bearings cannot be completely ruled out<br />
in advance. Metal allergies detected post<br />
surgery represents an additional burden<br />
for patients and insurers. Therefore, it has<br />
become even more important to use im<br />
plant materials that exhibit a biologically<br />
compatible behavior in the body.<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta has introduced novel<br />
solutions to these problems.<br />
Source: Prof. Dr. P. Bösch, Orthopaedic Department of the Wiener Neustadt Hospital, Austria<br />
“Melting bone” as a result<br />
of metal ion exposure.<br />
3
4<br />
Tribology and Arthroplasty<br />
Competence in Ceramics<br />
Material Properties<br />
The Strengths of <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta<br />
Proven High Performance Ceramics<br />
Ceramic ball heads before<br />
sintering – a refined<br />
process ensures reliable<br />
products.<br />
Comprehensive quality<br />
control – 3D measurement<br />
of ball heads<br />
Technology Leader<br />
About 80 percent of all ceramic implants<br />
for hip arthroplasty are manufactured by<br />
<strong>CeramTec</strong>. Around 4.1 million ball heads<br />
and 700,000 cup liners made of <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ®<br />
ceramics have been implanted to date (Au<br />
gust 2007) around the world. The clinical<br />
results in combination with approximately<br />
500 stem and 150 cup systems marketed<br />
by all of the leading implant manufacturers,<br />
have been outstanding. With comprehen<br />
sive experience in this area for more than<br />
three decades, <strong>CeramTec</strong> is the world<br />
leader in this technology.<br />
Ceramic components made of <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ®<br />
owe their superior properties to a unique<br />
material composition, the most modern<br />
production techniques and a multistage,<br />
comprehensive system of quality control.<br />
Extreme Hardness<br />
The purest raw materials and a manufac<br />
turing process that has been refined over<br />
decades ensure the highest degree of<br />
material uniformity, mechanical properties<br />
and perhaps most importantly hardness.<br />
This results in excellent wear resistance.<br />
Exacting Sphericity<br />
A maximum variance from an ideal sphere<br />
of only 5µm ensures that the articulation<br />
design produces the least amount of wear<br />
possible (testing accurancy
No Third-Body Wear<br />
Unsurpassed hardness prevents surface<br />
damage to the articulation by thirdbody<br />
wear in ceramiconceramic bearings.<br />
Foreign particles are broken down and<br />
extruded without damaging the bearing<br />
surfaces.<br />
No Scratches<br />
Cement particles and surgical instruments<br />
are not able to scratch ceramic surfaces –<br />
an important advantage when using<br />
cement and minimally invasive procedures.<br />
Highest Degree of Biocompatibility<br />
Clinical experience shows no known long<br />
term adverse reactions to ceramic particles.<br />
Ceramic materials are entirely biologically<br />
inert and exhibit unmatched biocompat<br />
ibility.<br />
Metal<br />
Excellent Wettability<br />
Hydrogen bonds between ceramic surfaces<br />
and synovial fluid ensure excellent wetta<br />
bility and the formation of an effective<br />
lubricating film.<br />
Superiority in Extreme Conditions<br />
Polyethylene<br />
Ceramic<br />
Ceramic<br />
Foreign particles that<br />
are harder than the<br />
bearing surface lead to<br />
high levels of wear (left).<br />
Surfaces made of high<br />
performance ceramics<br />
remain largely unchanged<br />
even when<br />
exposed to ceramic<br />
particles (right).<br />
Scratched surfaces<br />
increase abrasion in<br />
cup liners made of<br />
PE, XPE and metal.<br />
Only an unscratched,<br />
smooth surface of the<br />
sort achieved in <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ®<br />
ceramics enables optimal<br />
wetting, outstanding<br />
lubrication and minimal<br />
wear.<br />
The strong hydrogen<br />
bonds that form between<br />
ceramic surfaces<br />
and synovial fluid give<br />
ceramic materials wetting<br />
properties that are<br />
superior to those of<br />
metal and polyethylene.<br />
5
6<br />
Tribology and Arthroplasty<br />
Competence in Ceramics<br />
Material Properties<br />
The Strengths of <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta<br />
Molecular Bonding<br />
Metal bonding (left):<br />
irregular electron orbitals<br />
permit the formation<br />
of ions.<br />
Ceramic bonding<br />
(right): tight electron<br />
orbitals rule out ion<br />
formation and chemical<br />
reactions.<br />
Loose Metal Structure<br />
The molecular structures of metal alloys<br />
and ceramic materials are fundamentally<br />
different. In the case of a metal bond,<br />
the electrons orbit the atomic nuclei in<br />
an irregular manner and with relatively<br />
low bonding strength. As a result of this,<br />
metal ions continuously exit this molecular<br />
structure and, in the case of implants, are<br />
absorbed by the surrounding tissues. This<br />
occurrence can result in many different<br />
chemical reactions.<br />
Stable Ceramic Structure<br />
In ceramic molecules, the electrons follow<br />
exactly specified paths or electron orbitals.<br />
The electrons’ bonding strength is very<br />
high, making the molecules themselves<br />
extremely stable. This prevents ion forma<br />
tion and chemical reactions within the<br />
body.<br />
Atomic nucleus<br />
Electron
An Optimal Composite<br />
The extremely stable ceramic bond virtually<br />
rules out any possibility of plastic deforma<br />
tion. While this permits the desired degree<br />
of extreme hardness, it also leads to a<br />
relatively high degree of brittleness. How<br />
ever, given the right material design, one<br />
can achieve both extreme hardness and<br />
strength. Such composite models exist in<br />
nature and in modern technology.<br />
The protective pearl shell<br />
combines hardness and<br />
strength. It consists of hardbrittle<br />
aragonite and very<br />
elastic layers of protein and<br />
chitin.<br />
Hardness and Toughness Combined<br />
Proven Models<br />
Sea snails protect themselves with shells<br />
made of a finely tuned mixture of hard and<br />
brittle aragonite and thin and very elastic<br />
intermediate layers of proteins and chitin.<br />
More than 2000 years ago, blacksmiths<br />
discovered how to combine very hard<br />
highcarbon and ductile lowcarbon alloys<br />
to form a superior composite, the legendary<br />
Damascene steel.<br />
Source: stienenDamast, Mönchengladbach, Germany<br />
Source: J.D. Verhoeven, A.H. Pendray, W.E. Dauksch, Journal of Metals,<br />
vol. 50, No. 9, p. 60 (1998)<br />
Damascene steel combines<br />
hard and ductile alloys<br />
to form a highly firm and<br />
resistant material.<br />
7
8<br />
Tribology and Arthroplasty<br />
Competence in Ceramics<br />
Material Properties<br />
The Strengths of <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta<br />
Intelligent Reinforcement Mechanisms<br />
A Fundamental Difference<br />
Material sciences make a distinction be<br />
tween fracture strength and fracture<br />
toughness. Fracture strength is the maxi<br />
mum mechanical stress a material can<br />
withstand without fracturing. Fracture<br />
toughness is the resistance of a material<br />
to the propagation of cracks. Ceramic<br />
materials that have been in use for a<br />
number of years, such as <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® forte,<br />
already have a very high fracture strength.<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta additionally exhibits an<br />
extremely high fracture toughness. It has<br />
a much higher capacity than other ceramic<br />
materials to resist the onset of cracking<br />
and to arrest the propagation of cracks.<br />
This property is based on two strengthen<br />
ing mechanisms.<br />
The principle of conversion reinforcement: zirconium<br />
oxide particles act like airbags by absorbing<br />
impacting forces.<br />
Airbag Function<br />
The first strengthening mechanism is de<br />
rived from the dispersion of tetragonal<br />
zirconium oxide nanoparticles in the mi<br />
crostructure. These particles, which are<br />
homogenously distributed throughout the<br />
stable aluminum oxide matrix, produce<br />
local pressure peaks in the area of cracks<br />
and thereby counteract their propagation.<br />
Counteracting Crack Formation<br />
The second strengthening mechanism is<br />
the result of in situ formation of platelet<br />
shaped crystals in the oxide mixture. These<br />
platelets prevent cracking and crack propa<br />
gation by deflecting the crack path and<br />
neutralizing crack energy. As a result of<br />
these strengthening mechanisms, <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ®<br />
delta allows implant designers to create<br />
component geometries that were not pos<br />
sible with previous ceramic materials.<br />
Crack propagation Crack propagation<br />
Aluminum<br />
oxide<br />
Zirconium<br />
oxide<br />
Platelet<br />
The principle of platelet reinforcement: plateletshaped<br />
crystals block the propagation of cracks and<br />
thereby increase overall strength.
More Uniform and Smooth<br />
The material properties of <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® ceram<br />
ics have been continuously improved since<br />
its inception. With a grain size in the nano<br />
range, <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta achieves a new<br />
dimension of structural uniformity. This<br />
leads to both smoother ceramic surfaces<br />
and reduced wear.<br />
Strength under Peak Stress<br />
The highest degree of material stress in<br />
hardonhard bearings occurs in small di<br />
ameters. Here, the strength of <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ®<br />
delta offers an extra benefit. In the case of<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta, the well proven aluminum<br />
oxide (more than 80 percent by volume)<br />
ensures uncompromising hardness. Addi<br />
tional ceramic reinforcement elements<br />
ensure the material’s high resistance<br />
against fracture and crack propagation.<br />
Nanocomposite with<br />
Optimized Microstructure<br />
The microstructure of<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta: platelets<br />
with crackstopping<br />
function (1), aluminumoxide<br />
particle (2), zirconiumoxide<br />
particle (3)<br />
3<br />
1 2<br />
2µm<br />
2µm<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® forte (above),<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta (below):<br />
significantly smaller<br />
grain size and higher<br />
uniformity make even<br />
smoother surfaces<br />
possible and enhance<br />
the material properties.<br />
9
10<br />
Tribology and Arthroplasty<br />
Competence in Ceramics<br />
Material Properties<br />
The Strengths of <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta<br />
Long-lasting Strength<br />
Burst stress to ball<br />
head – loads of up to<br />
ten tons are introduced<br />
via the cone (left).<br />
Burst strength comparison:<br />
Burst strength is<br />
the point at which the<br />
component breaks. This<br />
corresponds to a force<br />
of more than 8 tons in<br />
the case of a ball head<br />
made of <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta<br />
(right).<br />
Improved Properties<br />
The burst strength test is the “acid test”<br />
for ceramic components. The components<br />
are exposed to axial loading until the point<br />
of material failure. Ball heads made of<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta (28mm) resist loads of more<br />
than 80 kilonewtons when tested. Larger<br />
ball heads show an even higher burst<br />
strength.<br />
The burst strength of <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta is con<br />
siderably higher than that of conventional<br />
8t<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta is resistant<br />
to hydrothermal aging.<br />
20 autoclave hours correspond<br />
to 40 years in vivo.<br />
aluminum oxide ceramics. Furthermore,<br />
tests on standard material samples show<br />
that the bending strength of <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ®<br />
delta is not adversely affected by repeated<br />
autoclave sterilization. While hydrother<br />
mal instability can occur in objects made<br />
of pure zirconium oxide, such instability<br />
does not arise in the case for <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ®<br />
delta thanks to the alumina matrix.<br />
This has been confirmed by extensive<br />
testing.<br />
Burst<br />
Burst<br />
stress<br />
stress<br />
(kN)<br />
(kN)<br />
100<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® forte <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® 0<br />
Number of tests (7 ball heads)<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong><br />
(since 1974) (since 1995)<br />
delta<br />
(since 2004)<br />
® <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® forte <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® Number of tests (7 ball heads)<br />
(since 1974)<br />
Burst stress (kN)<br />
(since 1995)<br />
delta<br />
(since 2004)<br />
100<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
New<br />
1 autoclave hour<br />
1 storage hour<br />
2 autoclave hours<br />
2 storage hours<br />
10 autoclave hours<br />
10 storage hours<br />
20 autoclave hours<br />
20 storage hours
The Strengths of <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta<br />
• Increased fracture toughness<br />
• Increased fracture strength<br />
• Crack-stopping function<br />
• Excellent biocompatibility<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta is clearly superior when it<br />
comes to the following crucial parameters:<br />
grain size, bending strength, and fracture<br />
toughness.<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® – Comparison of Three Generations<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ®<br />
(since 1974)<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® forte<br />
(since 1995)<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta<br />
(since 2004)<br />
Variable Unit Average Variance Average Variance Average Variance<br />
Al 2O 3 Vol.-% 99.7 0.15 >99.8 0.14 81.6 0.17<br />
ZrO 2 Vol.-% n.a. – n.a. – 17 0.1<br />
Other oxides Vol.-% Rest – Rest n.a. 1.4 0.01<br />
Density g/cm 3 3.95 0.01 3.97 0.00 4.37 0.01<br />
Grain size Al 2O 3 µm 4 023 1.750 0.076 0.560 0.036<br />
4-point bending strength 1) MPa 500 45 631 38 1384 67<br />
E-module GPa 410 1 407 1 358 1<br />
2) Fracture toughness K MPa m Ic<br />
1⁄2 3.0 0.45 3.2 0.4 6.5 0.3<br />
Hardness HV1 GPa 20 – 20 – 19 –<br />
1) Average values measured for <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta from 2006<br />
2) Fracture toughness refers to the capacity of a material to resist crack propagation; KIc is the corresponding characteristic value.<br />
11
12<br />
Tribology and Arthroplasty<br />
Competence in Ceramics<br />
Material Properties<br />
The Strengths of <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta<br />
Large Diameters<br />
Enhanced Biomechanical Properties<br />
The advantages of ceramic materials are<br />
especially apparent in large diameters<br />
(≥32mm). Simulator studies show that<br />
the rates of wear remain low despite the<br />
significantly larger friction surfaces, i.e.<br />
significantly lower than those of other<br />
materials. With ceramic components,<br />
surgeons are no longer forced to make a<br />
tradeoff between wear rates and diameter,<br />
and can instead choose the best option for<br />
their patients.<br />
Hip Joint Simulator – Highly Crosslinked Polyethylene<br />
Long-term wear rate after 10 million cycles<br />
Negative Effect of Increased<br />
Metal Head Size<br />
Volume wear rate (mm 3 per million cycles)<br />
12<br />
10<br />
8<br />
6<br />
4<br />
2<br />
0<br />
28mm<br />
Metal femoral<br />
ball head on XPE<br />
36mm<br />
Metal femoral<br />
ball head on XPE<br />
Fisher J, University of Leeds, 2006<br />
Better Tribology<br />
Dramatically reduced wear, expanded<br />
range of motion and increased resistance<br />
to dislocation make this bearing the num<br />
ber one choice when it comes to functional<br />
improvement, durability and safety. In<br />
contrast to bearings with conventional<br />
and highly crosslinked polyethylene, the<br />
rate of wear does not increase for ceramic<br />
onceramic bearings in the case of larger<br />
diameters. Given that <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta shows<br />
even lower rates of wear in the simulator<br />
than <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® forte, one can expect that<br />
it is superior to all other materials for bea<br />
rings with large diameters.<br />
Hip Joint Simulator – Highly Crosslinked Polyethylene<br />
Long-term wear rate after 10 million cycles<br />
Positive Effect of Alumina Ceramic<br />
Femoral Ball Head Compared to<br />
Metal Femoral Ball Head<br />
Volume wear rate (mm 3 per million cycles)<br />
12<br />
10<br />
8<br />
6<br />
4<br />
2<br />
0<br />
36mm<br />
Metal femoral<br />
ball head on XPE<br />
36mm<br />
Alumina ceramic<br />
femoral ball head on XPE<br />
Source: Fisher J, University of Leeds (UK), 2006<br />
Fisher J, University of Leeds, 2006
A manageable problem<br />
Occasionally in hip arthroplasty, the acetab<br />
ular cup cannot be implanted in the ideal<br />
position. Such cases are particularly prone<br />
to subsequent microseparation whereby<br />
the ball head retracts slightly from the cup<br />
when it is not loaded. With the next step<br />
of the patient, the ball head is pressed back<br />
into its original position and exposed to<br />
considerable edge loading. In hardonhard<br />
bearings, this can lead to stripe wear in<br />
particular zones of the femoral head and<br />
on the rim of the cup.<br />
Stripe wear after wear<br />
test under severe microseparation<br />
(2mm). The<br />
zones showing increased<br />
wear are colorcoded.<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta Minimizes Stripe Wear<br />
1 Prof. Dr. Ian Clarke, Orthopedic Research Center, Loma Linda University, USA<br />
Specific Testing<br />
The materials <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® forte and <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ®<br />
delta (as well as combinations of these<br />
materials) show significant performance<br />
differences in tests designed to simulate<br />
microseparation in the motion cycle. The<br />
stripe wear was highest in the forteforte<br />
combination and lowest in the deltadelta<br />
combination. This difference can be seen<br />
in the runin phase of the first million<br />
cycles and in the following steady state.<br />
While stripe wear has been observed in all<br />
hardonhard bearings, it does not repre<br />
sent a risk in ceramic bearings. “Of all<br />
hardonhard wear couples, bearings made<br />
of <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta are best at resisting the<br />
phenomenon of stripe wear, both on the<br />
femoral and acetabular side.” 1<br />
Wear volume (in mm 3 per million cycles)<br />
5<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
0<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® forte /<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® forte<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® forte /<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta /<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® forte<br />
Average rate of wear in<br />
the runin phase (0 to<br />
1 million cycles) and in<br />
the steady state (1 to 5<br />
million cycles)<br />
0 to 1 million cycles<br />
1 to 5 million cycles<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta /<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta<br />
Prof. Dr. Ian Clarke, Loma Linda University, USA<br />
13
14<br />
Tribology and Arthroplasty<br />
Competence in Ceramics<br />
Material Properties<br />
The Strengths of <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta<br />
More Options<br />
Available Sizes<br />
New Geometries<br />
The superior material properties of <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ®<br />
delta permit component geometries that<br />
were not possible with previous ceramics.<br />
Cup liners with thinner wall thickness still<br />
are able to offer increased stability and<br />
safety as they allow the use of ceramic<br />
onceramic bearings in larger diameters.<br />
In contrast to metal and polyethylene,<br />
ceramic bearings with larger diameters<br />
show no significantly increased rates of<br />
wear.<br />
Ball Heads Ø Stem Length Cup Liners Ø Exterior Diameter*<br />
22.2mm s, m, l Not available Not available<br />
28mm s, m, l 28mm 42–70mm<br />
32mm s, m, l, xl 32mm 46–70mm<br />
36mm s, m, l, xl 36mm 50–70mm<br />
40mm s, m, l, xl 40mm 54–70mm<br />
Numerous combination<br />
options:<br />
ball heads and cup liners<br />
of <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta can be<br />
combined with ceramic<br />
components of the<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® family as well<br />
as with liners of conventional<br />
and highly<br />
crosslinked polyethylene.<br />
* The exterior diameters of the cup liners are adjusted to the interior<br />
diameters of the various cup systems.<br />
Ball Head:<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta<br />
Precise Lubrication Clearance<br />
A further advantage to thinwalled ceramic<br />
components results from the material’s<br />
high stiffness. This ensures that the pre<br />
cisely adjusted lubrication clearance be<br />
tween the components, which is necessary<br />
for the formation of a lubricating film, is<br />
not compromised by any deformation in<br />
the thinwalled elements.<br />
Sizes and Material Combinations<br />
Ball heads and cup liners made of <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ®<br />
forte and <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta can be combined<br />
in bearings. Ball heads made of both mate<br />
rials can also be combined with cup liners<br />
made of polyethylene and highly crosslinked<br />
polyethylene.<br />
Materialkombinationen <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta<br />
Insert:<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® forte<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® forte<br />
PE / XPE<br />
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® OPTION
Optimized Revision<br />
The <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® OPTION system offers sur<br />
geons the option of employing ceramic<br />
bearings for revisions in which the stem is<br />
to remain in situ and is largely undamaged.<br />
The titanium sleeve is designed to com<br />
pensate for the slightly damaged stem<br />
taper by providing a new unused taper for<br />
use with the new ball head. Ceramic ball<br />
heads made of <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta permit long<br />
term and safe treatment.<br />
Knee Arthroplasty<br />
The geometry of bearings used in knee<br />
arthroplasty is significantly more complex<br />
than that of the hip joint. The improved<br />
material properties of <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta have<br />
also made it possible to manufacture safe<br />
ceramic components for such geometries.<br />
This effectively introduces the advantages<br />
of ceramics to the field of knee arthroplasty.<br />
A comprehensive bibliography is<br />
available on our website:<br />
www.biolox.com/delta-reference/de<br />
Disclaimer<br />
This document is intended exclusively for experts in the field, i.e. phy-<br />
sicians in particular, and is expressly not for the information of layper-<br />
sons. The information on the products and / or procedures contained<br />
in this document is of a general nature and does not represent medical<br />
advice or recommendations. Since this information does not constitute<br />
any diagnostic or therapeutic statement with regard to any individual<br />
medical case, individual examination and advising of the respective<br />
patient are absolutely necessary and are not replaced by this document<br />
in whole or in part. The information contained in this document was<br />
Application Diversity<br />
Further Applications<br />
Participating researchers and the product<br />
development experts at <strong>CeramTec</strong> are hard<br />
at work on the development of new appli<br />
cations for <strong>BIOLOX</strong> ® delta. The possibilities<br />
offered by this material open up new<br />
prospects. Components for use in the treat<br />
ment of the spine, other joints and dental<br />
products are currently in various phases of<br />
development.<br />
gathered and compiled by medical experts and qualified <strong>CeramTec</strong> em-<br />
ployees to the best of their knowledge. The greatest care was taken to<br />
ensure the accuracy and ease of understanding of the information used<br />
and presented. <strong>CeramTec</strong> does not assume any liability, however, for<br />
the up-to-dateness, accuracy, completeness or quality of the informati-<br />
on and excludes any liability for tangible or intangible losses that may<br />
be caused by the use of this information.<br />
In the event that this document could be construed as an offer at any<br />
time, such offer shall not be binding in any event and shall require<br />
subsequent confirmation in writing.<br />
15
<strong>BIOLOX</strong> ®<br />
Ceramics in<br />
Orthopaedics<br />
Germany<br />
in<br />
<strong>CeramTec</strong> GmbH<br />
Printed ·<br />
Medical Products Division<br />
<strong>CeramTec</strong>Platz 1–9<br />
D73207 Plochingen<br />
Tel. +49 7153 611 828<br />
Fax +49 7153 611 950<br />
EMail: medical_products@ceramtec.de<br />
www.biolox.com MT070010·EN·1.000·1204