Catalytic Synthesis and Characterization of Biodegradable ...

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Chapter 1 Figure 1.6.2 Nitroxide radical polymers based on various backbones. 188 Figure 1.6.3 n-Type radical polymers. 188 Typical radical polymers such poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethypiperidinyloxyl-4-yl-methyarylate) (PTAM) is a “p-type” redox active materials in organic battery. In order to obtain totally organic radical battery, we have recently extensively explored the n-type redox-active radical polymers based on the molecular design (Figure 1.6.4). A representative combination is the PTAM as the cathode and the poly(galvinoxylstyrene) as the anode. 190 The radical density of each polymer was >0.9 unpaired electrons per monomer unit. Solutions of the radical polymers were coated as thin films on an ITO-PET substrate as the current collectors. The coated radical polymers were suitably modified via a cross-linking reaction to impede their dissolution into the electrolyte solution which causes self-discharging of the battery. A microporous separator film containing the electrolyte solution, such as ethylene carbonate ‐ 42 ‐
- 43 - Polymerization and Applications of Biodegradable Polyesters containing tetrabutylammonium chloride, was sandwiched between two radical polymer films coated on the current collectors, to fabricate the all-organic “radical battery”. Figure 1.6.4 Totally organic radical battery. 188 Though the organic-based batteries composed of radical polymers pose considerable advantages over the Li-ion batteries, the flammable or ignition risk of the organic electrolytes in the devices emerged as the fundamental safety issue in the practical use. To overcome this problem, radical polymer poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl-4-yl vinylether) (PTVE) with a hydrophilic polyvinylether backbone was synthesized and demonstrated charging-discharging operation in aqueous electrolyte. 186, 187 However, the PTVE based devices were limited by their long cycle operation due to the low polymer weight and insufficient hydrophilicity of the polymers. Thus, an alternative type of radical polymer, poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl-4-yl acrylamide), was designed and synthesized as an electrode-active polymer for organic rechargeable device containing aqueous electrolyte. 191 The device demonstrated a 1.2 V output voltage, exceeded 2000 charging-discharging cycles, and a high charging rate performance within 1 min. 1.6.1.2 Organic Radical Memories Besides the organic-based batteries using radical polymers, the development of a similar charge-storage configuration has also been anticipated for a dry system in the absence of the electrolyte by sandwiching a dielectric material within the radical polymers. 192 The metal–insulator–metal diode-type structure of the radical memory (see Figure 1.6.5) is composed of the thin layers of a p-type radical polymer such as PTMA, poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) as the dielectric material, and an n-type radical polymer such as PGSt. These layers have been conveniently spin-coated onto an indium tin oxide (ITO)/glass electrode without intermixing. When an increasing voltage of 0 to –5V is applied, the state of
Page 1 and 2: Catalytic Synthesis and Characteriz
Page 3 and 4: Preface Biodegradable polyesters ha
Page 5 and 6: Chapter 3 Polymerization of Lactic
Page 7 and 8: Chapter 1 Polymerization and Applic
Page 9 and 10: - 3 - Polymerization and Applicatio
Page 13 and 14: 1.2.2 Aluminum Catalysts - 7 - Poly
Page 17 and 18: 1.3 Polylactide 1.3.1 Introduction
Page 19 and 20: - 13 - Polymerization and Applicati
Page 21 and 22: 1.3.4 Application of PLA Figure 1.3
Page 27 and 28: 1.5.1.4 Polyaniline (PANi) - 21 - P
Page 47: 1.6.1 Radical Polymers for Organic
Page 51 and 52: initialization of the device by app
Page 55 and 56: 1.6.2.4 Others - 49 - Polymerizatio
Page 63 and 64: 182. R. B. Weller, J. Invest. Derma
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 2 Synthesis and Electrochem
Page 67 and 68: Synthesis and Electrochemistry of S
Page 79: Synthesis and Electrochemistry of S
Page 84 and 85: Chapter 3 3.1 Introduction Poly(lac
Page 86 and 87: Chapter 3 polydispersity index (PDI
Page 88 and 89: Chapter 3 aluminum based complexes
Page 90 and 91: Chapter 3 3.5 Conclusions Co(III) c
Page 92 and 93: Chapter 3 22. Z. H. Tang, X. S. Che
Page 94 and 95: Chapter 4 4.1 Introduction Stimulus
Page 96 and 97: Chapter 4 the proton of methenyl gr
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Chapter 4 attributed to the amide g
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Chapter 4 4.4 Thermal Properties Th
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.8 MTT assay for
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Chapter 4 The 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR
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Chapter 4 Cell viability (%) = (Asa
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Chapter 5 Synthesis of Triblock Cop
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5.2 Synthesis of Triblock Copolymer
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Sample Table 1. Feed and result com
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= 25 μm. B: MTT assay for the cyto
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‐ 109 ‐ Synthesis of Triblock C
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‐ 111 ‐ Synthesis of Triblock C
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Chapter 6 6.1 Introduction Since th
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Chapter 6 6.3 Synthesis of MPEG-b-P
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Chapter 6 used to characterize the
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Chapter 6 Figure 6.6 Cyclic voltamm
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Chapter 6 vivo cytotoxicity was als
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Chapter 6 NMR. Characterization of
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Chapter 6 CO2 for 24 h. RSC96 cells
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Chapter 7 Conclusion and Future Pro
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‐ 131 ‐ Conclusion and Future P
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‐ 133 ‐ Conclusion and Future P
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13. Xuan Pang, Xuesi Chen, Xiuli Zh
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Acknowledgments The present thesis
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