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A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Table <strong>of</strong> Contents<br />
Table <strong>of</strong> Contents ........................................................................................................... i<br />
List <strong>of</strong> Tables .................................................................................................................iv<br />
List <strong>of</strong> Figures ...............................................................................................................vi<br />
List <strong>of</strong> Maps..................................................................................................................vii<br />
List <strong>of</strong> Appendix.......................................................................................................... viii<br />
Acronyms.......................................................................................................................ix<br />
Acknowledgements .........................................................................................................x<br />
Executive Summary .................................................................................................... xiii<br />
1 Introduction .............................................................................................................1<br />
1.1 Scope <strong>of</strong> Study ..................................................................................................1<br />
1.2 Objectives <strong>of</strong> Study...........................................................................................1<br />
1.3 Study Methodology...........................................................................................2<br />
1.4 Outputs <strong>of</strong> Study ...............................................................................................3<br />
1.5 Def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the Area under Review ......................................................................3<br />
2 Natural Resources <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda ..............................................................................4<br />
2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................4<br />
2.1.1 Climate ...................................................................................................... 4<br />
2.2 Biodiversity.......................................................................................................4<br />
2.2.1 The Forests <strong>of</strong> the Greater Ulu Muda Area............................................... 4<br />
2.2.2 Special Habitats......................................................................................... 5<br />
2.2.3 Wildlife...................................................................................................... 5<br />
2.3 Importance and Economic Values ....................................................................9<br />
2.3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 9<br />
2.3.2 Direct Use Values...................................................................................... 9<br />
2.3.3 Indirect Use Values ................................................................................... 9<br />
2.3.4 Non-use Values ......................................................................................... 9<br />
3 Tourism and the Economic Values <strong>of</strong> Greater Ulu Muda.....................................12<br />
3.1 Role <strong>of</strong> Tourism <strong>in</strong> Kedah’s Economy ...........................................................12<br />
3.1.1 Summary <strong>of</strong> the Kedah economy............................................................ 12<br />
3.1.2 The Tourism Sector................................................................................. 12<br />
3.1.3 Why Nature Tourism?............................................................................. 15<br />
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3.1.4 Summary: Ulu Muda as an International Nature Tourism Dest<strong>in</strong>ation .. 17<br />
3.2 Present Ulu Muda Tourism Facilities .............................................................18<br />
3.3 Present Ulu Muda Tourism Activities ............................................................20<br />
3.3.1 Tourism Potential <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda............................................................... 20<br />
3.4 Proposed Development Plans and Implications for Nature Tourism<br />
Developments ...........................................................................................................29<br />
3.4.1 Trans-Eastern H<strong>in</strong>terland Highway......................................................... 29<br />
3.4.2 Helicopter-logg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests ........................................... 29<br />
3.4.3 Proposed State Park................................................................................. 33<br />
3.5 Wider Values <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda.............................................................................35<br />
3.5.1 Water Supply........................................................................................... 35<br />
3.5.2 Irrigation.................................................................................................. 36<br />
3.5.3 Summary <strong>of</strong> Economic Values................................................................ 39<br />
4 Fundamental Aspects <strong>of</strong> Nature Tourism Development <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda..................41<br />
4.1 Def<strong>in</strong>ition <strong>of</strong> “Nature” and “Eco<strong>tourism</strong>”.......................................................41<br />
4.2 Def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the Nature Tourism Dest<strong>in</strong>ation.......................................................41<br />
4.2.1 Justification ............................................................................................. 41<br />
4.2.2 Criteria for Area Selection ...................................................................... 42<br />
4.3 Carry<strong>in</strong>g Capacity Concept.............................................................................43<br />
4.3.1 Def<strong>in</strong>ition <strong>of</strong> Carry<strong>in</strong>g Capacity.............................................................. 43<br />
4.3.2 Determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Carry<strong>in</strong>g Capacity .............................................................. 44<br />
4.4 Spatial Analysis <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda.........................................................................47<br />
4.4.1 Specific Criteria Considered ................................................................... 47<br />
4.4.2 Results <strong>of</strong> Analysis.................................................................................. 47<br />
4.5 Recommendations for a State Park.................................................................48<br />
4.5.1 Proposed Conceptual Management Zones .............................................. 48<br />
4.6 Institutional Framework for Manag<strong>in</strong>g Nature Tourism ................................51<br />
4.6.1 The Nature Tourism Area ....................................................................... 51<br />
4.7 Develop<strong>in</strong>g Local Capacity for Nature Tourism ............................................56<br />
4.7.1 Local Community Involvement .............................................................. 56<br />
4.8 Market<strong>in</strong>g and Promot<strong>in</strong>g Nature Tourism.....................................................56<br />
5 Conceptual Framework for the Development for Ulu Muda ................................59<br />
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5.1 Development Concept for “ Inside areas” .......................................................61<br />
5.2 Development Concept for Outside Areas .......................................................63<br />
5.3 Action Plan Framework for Conservation and Development.........................64<br />
5.3.1 Institutional and Legal Requirements ..................................................... 67<br />
5.3.2 Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g and Capacity Build<strong>in</strong>g .............................................................. 84<br />
5.3.3 F<strong>in</strong>ancial Resources and Schedule .......................................................... 86<br />
6 Conclusion and Recommendations .......................................................................93<br />
Appendix.......................................................................................................................95<br />
References…………………………………………………………………………………… 113<br />
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List <strong>of</strong> Tables<br />
TABLE 1. SELECTED TOURISM INDICATORS (MALAYSIA)..............................................13<br />
TABLE 2. ALLOCATIONS AND REVENUE FOR TOURISM..................................................14<br />
TABLE 3. ESTIMATES OF NATURE TOURISM AND WILDLIFE-RELATED TOURISM ..........16<br />
TABLE 4. ESTIMATES OF THE WORLD ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NATURE TOURISM AND<br />
WILDLIFE-RELATED TOURISM ................................................................................16<br />
TABLE 5. SUMMARY OF TOURISM ESTABLISHMENTS AND RELEVANT CHARACTERISTICS<br />
...............................................................................................................................19<br />
TABLE 6. VISITOR NUMBERS TO PEDU AND MUDA LAKE AREAS (2001) ......................21<br />
TABLE 7. ROOM CAPACITY AND OCCUPANCY RATES BY RESORTS...............................22<br />
TABLE 8. TOURIST PROJECTIONS FOR PEDU LAKE AREA, MUDA RESORT AND HAT ....24<br />
TABLE 9. BREAKDOWN OF VISITOR EXPENDITURE (RM) AT PEDU AND MUDA AREAS.26<br />
TABLE 10. ESTIMATED TOURIST EXPENDITURE AT PEDU AND MUDA AREAS IN 2001 ..26<br />
TABLE 11. FEATURES WHICH FOREIGN NATURE TOURISTS PARTICULARLY LIKED IN<br />
SABAH AND SARAWAK ...........................................................................................27<br />
TABLE 12. FEATURES WHICH FOREIGN ECOTOURISTS PARTICULARLY DISLIKED IN<br />
SABAH AND SARAWAK ...........................................................................................28<br />
TABLE 13. TOP THREE RECOMMENDATIONS BY FOREIGN NATURE TOURISTS FOR<br />
IMPROVEMENTS IN SABAH AND SARAWAK.............................................................28<br />
TABLE 14. COLLECTION OF ROYALTY, CESS AND PREMIUM .........................................31<br />
TABLE 15. GROSS TIMBER REVENUES...........................................................................31<br />
TABLE 16. BREAKDOWN OF REVENUE/COLLECTION DISTRIBUTION FROM TIMBER<br />
CONCESSION...........................................................................................................32<br />
TABLE 17. SELECTED PARK AREAS AND ESTABLISHMENT YEARS ................................34<br />
TABLE 18. EXPENDITURE AND REVENUE OF WATER TREATMENT - 1999 .....................36<br />
TABLE 19. ESTIMATION OF OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COST OF IRRIGATION WATER<br />
(RM/M 3 ) ………………………………………………………………………..38<br />
TABLE 20. MADA PADDY PRODUCTION ......................................................................38<br />
TABLE 21. FACTORS AFFECTING CARRYING CAPACITY................................................46<br />
TABLE 22. SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT ZONES...........................................................50<br />
TABLE 23. COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE TWO CONTRASTING MALAYSIAN PROTECTED<br />
AREA MODELS .......................................................................................................54<br />
TABLE 24. TRENDS IN VISITOR NUMBERS TO PARKS AND PROTECTED AREAS IN<br />
MALAYSIA..............................................................................................................57<br />
TABLE 25. SECTORAL MARKETING MATRIX .................................................................57<br />
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TABLE 26. PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF TYPE OF TOURISTS AT PEDU AND MUDA<br />
AREAS ....................................................................................................................58<br />
TABLE 27. INSIDE PARK AREA BY PROPOSED CAPACITY, ATTRACTIONS AND PROPOSED<br />
INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIREMENTS .........................................................................70<br />
TABLE 28. OUTSIDE AND PERIPHERY OF PARK AREA....................................................74<br />
TABLE 29. ESTIMATED VISITOR NUMBERS INSIDE PARK AREA ....................................76<br />
TABLE 30. ESTIMATED VISITOR NUMBERS OUTSIDE PARK AREA.................................76<br />
TABLE 31. MARKETING STRATEGIES.............................................................................82<br />
TABLE 32. PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE, PROPOSED ULU MUDA STATE PARK<br />
...............................................................................................................................87<br />
TABLE 33. CAPITAL COST SCHEDULE, PROPOSED ULU MUDA STATE PARK.................88<br />
TABLE 34. OPERATING COST SCHEDULE, PROPOSED ULU MUDA STATE PARK ............89<br />
TABLE 35. ANTICIPATED REVENUE STREAMS, PROPOSED ULU MUDA STATE PARK.....90<br />
TABLE 36. FINANCIAL RESULTS (RM), PROPOSED ULU MUDA STATE PARK................91<br />
TABLE 37. CASH FLOW STATUS (RM), PROPOSED ULU MUDA STATE PARK ................92<br />
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List <strong>of</strong> Figures<br />
FIGURE 1. TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUE OF ULU MUDA FORESTS .....................................11<br />
FIGURE 2. VISITOR NUMBERS AND TREND TO KEDAH, 1990–2000 (MAINLAND AND<br />
LANGKAWI)............................................................................................................14<br />
FIGURE 3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF ECOTOURISM ..............................................15<br />
FIGURE 4. ROOM OCCUPANCY IN DESA UTARA, 1996–2000 ........................................22<br />
FIGURE 5. COMPOSITION OF VISITORS BY GROUPS (HAT, FEB – MAY 2002) ...............23<br />
FIGURE 6. FRAMEWORK FOR MEASURING ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF TOURISM ..............25<br />
FIGURE 7. ESTIMATION OF COMPONENTS OF ECONOMIC VALUES OF ULU MUDA FOREST<br />
AREAS (REFLECTED AS ANNUAL SECONDARY VALUES) ........................................40<br />
FIGURE 8. A POSSIBLE INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF A STATE<br />
PARK ......................................................................................................................55<br />
FIGURE 9. VISUALISATION OF THE “ INSIDE-OUTSIDE PARK” CONCEPT.........................60<br />
FIGURE 10. CONCEPTUAL TOURISM ACTION PLAN FRAMEWORK..................................66<br />
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List <strong>of</strong> Maps<br />
(Maps are provided at the end <strong>of</strong> the report)<br />
MAP 1. CURRENT EXTENT OF FORESTS IN KEDAH<br />
MAP 2. ISOYET MAP FOR EASTERN KEDAH<br />
MAP 3. PRESENT TOURISM SITES IN THE ULU MUDA REGION<br />
MAP 4. MAJOR TOURISM SITES IN NORTHERN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA<br />
MAP 5. PROPOSED DEVELOPMENTS IN THE GREATER ULU MUDA AREA<br />
MAP 6. EXTENT OF FOREST COVER IN THE ULU MUDA REGION<br />
MAP 7. TOPOGRAPHY AND OTHER IMPORTANT LANDMARKS<br />
MAP 8. PROPOSED KEDAH STATE PARK<br />
MAP 9. PROPOSED CONCEPTUAL MANAGEMENT ZONES<br />
MAP 10. PROPOSED NATURE TOURISM CONCEPT FOR ULU MUDA<br />
MAP 11. CONCEPTUAL PLAN FOR “ INSIDE PARK” NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT<br />
MAP 12. CONCEPTUAL PLAN FOR “ OUTSIDE PARK” NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT<br />
MAP 13. PROPOSED ULU MUDA STATE PARK<br />
MAP 14. PROPOSED MANAGEMENT ZONES OF THE ULU MUDA STATE PARK<br />
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List <strong>of</strong> Appendix<br />
APPENDIX 1. MAMMALS DOCUMENTED IN THE GREATER ULU MUDA… … … … … … ....95<br />
APPENDIX 2. VOLUME AND ROYALTY FEES BY TYPE OF WOOD … … … … … … … … .....99<br />
APPENDIX3. EXCERPT FROM ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF<br />
LOGGING OPERATIONS IN THE VANIMO TIMBER AREA, SANDAUN PROVINCE, PAPUA<br />
NEW GUINEA… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..100<br />
APPENDIX4. PROPORTION OF WATER EXTRACTED FROM MUDA AND RELEVANT RIVERS<br />
OF THE TOTAL KEDAH WATER PRODUCTION … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… 102<br />
APPENDIX 5. WATER REVENUE BY DOMESTIC AND COMMERCIAL VOLUMES, 1999 … .103<br />
APPENDIX 6. ECONOMIC VALUES OF ULU MUDA FOREST AREAS … … … … … … … … .103<br />
APPENDIX 7. PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED STATE PARK AND EXISTING<br />
FOREST COMPARTMENTS LIKELY TO BE AFFECTED … … … … … … … … … … … ....104<br />
APPENDIX 8. BREAKDOWN OF ESTIMATED CAPITAL COSTS … … … … … … … … … … .109<br />
APPENDIX 9. BREAKDOWN OF ESTIMATED OPERATING COSTS … … … … … … … … ....111<br />
APPENDIX 10. RATIO OF LOCAL AND FOREIGN VISITORS, 2001… … … … … … … … ....112<br />
APPENDIX 11. BREAKDOWN OF ESTIMATED REVENUE STREAMS … … … … … … … .....112<br />
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Acronyms<br />
DID Department <strong>of</strong> Dra<strong>in</strong>age and Irrigation<br />
DOF Department <strong>of</strong> Fisheries<br />
EEPSEA Economy and Environment Programme for South East Asia<br />
FSC Forest Stewardship Council<br />
HAT High Adventure Tour<br />
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency<br />
JKR Jabatan Kerja Raya<br />
JPBD Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa<br />
JNPC Johor National Parks Corporation<br />
IMTGT Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle<br />
KHTP Kulim High Tech Park<br />
KLSE Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange<br />
KOPAM Koperasi Pembangunan Ampang Muda<br />
LADA Langkawi Development Authority<br />
MADA Muda Agricultural Development Authority<br />
MOCAT M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Culture, Arts and Tourism<br />
PBA Perbadanan Bekalan Air<br />
PTKM Pelan T<strong>in</strong>dakan Kedah Maju<br />
SERI Socio Economic Research Institute<br />
UPEN Unit Perancang Ekonomi Negeri<br />
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme<br />
WTO World Tourism Organisation<br />
WWF World Wide Fund for Nature<br />
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Acknowledgements<br />
The study team received <strong>in</strong>valuable cooperation and <strong>in</strong>formation from many<br />
government agencies and <strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>in</strong> the process <strong>of</strong> conduct<strong>in</strong>g this study. They<br />
are, however, not responsible for any errors and omissions that may still rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> the<br />
f<strong>in</strong>al report. We acknowledge and thank the follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dividuals for their assistance<br />
and contribution to the study:<br />
Kedah State Agencies<br />
Dato’ Ku Nahar b<strong>in</strong> Ku Ibrahim, UPEN Kedah<br />
Tuan Haji Puat b<strong>in</strong> Mohd Ali, UPEN Kedah<br />
En. Musthafa Mohamad, UPEN Kedah<br />
En. Rosli Abu Bakar, UPEN Kedah<br />
Tuan Haji Wahab b. Bakar, District Office <strong>of</strong> Sik<br />
Tuan Haji Abdul Rahman Ahmad, District Office <strong>of</strong> Sik<br />
En. Rosli b<strong>in</strong> Mansor, Sik Municipal Council<br />
En. Abdul Mukhti b<strong>in</strong> Abdullah, District Office <strong>of</strong> Bal<strong>in</strong>g<br />
En. Abdul Aziz b<strong>in</strong> Hassan, District Office <strong>of</strong> Bal<strong>in</strong>g<br />
En. Tuan Haji Halim b<strong>in</strong> Hassan, District Office <strong>of</strong> Padang Terap<br />
En. Che Hashim Hassan, Department <strong>of</strong> Forestry, Kedah<br />
En. Norhaidi b<strong>in</strong> Yunus, Department <strong>of</strong> Forestry, Kedah<br />
Ir. Foong Kam Chong, Muda Agriculture Development Authority (MADA)<br />
Ir. Loh Kim Mon, Muda Agriculture Development Authority (MADA)<br />
Ir. Geh Yean Lian, Muda Agriculture Development Authority (MADA)<br />
Tn. Hj. Azmi Johor, Department <strong>of</strong> Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN)<br />
En. Shamsuri Ahmad, Department <strong>of</strong> Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN)<br />
Ir. Tan Lai Seng, Public Works Department (JKR), Kedah<br />
Ir. Tajudd<strong>in</strong> Harun, Public Works Department (JKR), Kedah<br />
Tn. Hj. Mohd. Azam b<strong>in</strong> Mohd. Abid, Department <strong>of</strong> Town and Country Plann<strong>in</strong>g<br />
(JPBD), Kedah<br />
Pn. Harizah bt. Hassan, Department <strong>of</strong> Town and Country Plann<strong>in</strong>g (JPBD), Kedah<br />
Pn. Yip Siew Kuan, Department <strong>of</strong> Town and Country Plann<strong>in</strong>g (JPBD), Alor Setar<br />
Project Office<br />
Tn. Hj. Gulamsarwar b. Jan Mohamad, Department <strong>of</strong> Fisheries (DOF), Kedah<br />
Ir. Phuah Kim Heng, Department <strong>of</strong> Irrigation and Dra<strong>in</strong>age (DID)<br />
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Ir. Mohd. Nasir Merican, Department <strong>of</strong> Irrigation and Dra<strong>in</strong>age (DID)<br />
Lt. Kol. Mehat b<strong>in</strong> Che Man, 6 th Brigade, Infantry Malaysia, Sungai Petani<br />
En. Khairul Nizam, Langkawi Development Authority (LADA)<br />
Tn. Hj. Abdul Rahman Ibrahim, Kedah State Development Corporation<br />
Federal Agencies<br />
En. Md. Salleh B<strong>in</strong> Osman, M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Culture, Arts and Tourism (MOCAT)<br />
En. Shaharudd<strong>in</strong> b<strong>in</strong> Mohamad Ismail, Department <strong>of</strong> Forestry, Pen<strong>in</strong>sular Malaysia<br />
Pn. Siow Suan Neo, Department <strong>of</strong> Town and Country Plann<strong>in</strong>g (JPBD)<br />
Ir. Low Koon S<strong>in</strong>g, Department <strong>of</strong> Irrigation and Dra<strong>in</strong>age (DID)<br />
Others<br />
Datuk Lamri Ali, Sabah Parks<br />
En. Paul Bas<strong>in</strong>tal, Sabah Parks<br />
En. Hasnizam Hamzah, Johor National Park Corportation (JNPC)<br />
En. Abdul Jalil b<strong>in</strong> Abdul Majid, Public Works Department, Perlis (JKR)<br />
En. Razak b<strong>in</strong> Che Teh, Koperasi Pembangunan Ampang Muda (KOPAM)<br />
Capt. (rtd) Shamsur Annuar B. Hj. Saad, High Adventure Travel (HAT)<br />
En. Roslan Abd. Karim, Desa Utara Pedu Lake Resort<br />
En. Nor Alam Shah Mohd. Yuss<strong>of</strong> Shah, Mutiara Pedu Lake Resort<br />
En. Jaafar Ali, Muda Resort<br />
En. Salahud<strong>in</strong> Yaacob, Society General Surveillance (SGS) Malaysia<br />
Dr. Ge<strong>of</strong>frey Davison, WWF Malaysia<br />
Mr. David Tan, WWF Malaysia/Likas Wetlands<br />
Ms. Tan Hui Shim, WWF Malaysia/Likas Wetlands<br />
En. Sanath Kumaran, WWF Malaysia<br />
En. Sur<strong>in</strong> Suksuwan, Perlis State Park Project<br />
Ms. Lim Pao Li, PE Research Sdn. Bhd.<br />
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THE STUDY TEAM<br />
Dr. Reza Azmi, Project Leader, WWF Malaysia<br />
Mr. Hymeir Kamarud<strong>in</strong>, WWF Malaysia<br />
Mr. Jeet Sukumaran, WWF Malaysia<br />
Mr. Chang Yii Tan, PE Research Sdn. Bhd.<br />
Ms. Yeo Bee Hong, PE Research Sdn. Bhd.<br />
Mr. Lee Kian Foh, PE Research Sdn. Bhd.<br />
Mr. Nyon Yong Chik, GIS Consultant<br />
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Executive Summary<br />
1.0 Background<br />
1.1 Kedah State Development Policies<br />
The ‘Pelan T<strong>in</strong>dakan Kedah Maju 2010’ conta<strong>in</strong>s guid<strong>in</strong>g pr<strong>in</strong>cipals and<br />
concepts for the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the State <strong>of</strong> Kedah Darul Aman from 2001 to<br />
2010.<br />
The state government has adopted a broad mean<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> ‘<strong>development</strong>’, def<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
by the need to balance GDP per capita growth with considerations <strong>of</strong> equity,<br />
promotion <strong>of</strong> core values and quality <strong>of</strong> life. The Environmental Index stands<br />
as one <strong>of</strong> five <strong>in</strong>dicators measur<strong>in</strong>g the success <strong>of</strong> <strong>development</strong> goals.<br />
1.2 Location <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda Forests and the Study Area<br />
The Ulu Muda forests are located <strong>in</strong> the eastern part <strong>of</strong> Kedah and are part <strong>of</strong> a<br />
forest area that stretches well <strong>in</strong>to Thai territory. The forest stretches south and<br />
connects with the forest areas <strong>in</strong> Weng, with<strong>in</strong> the adm<strong>in</strong>istrative districts <strong>of</strong><br />
Bal<strong>in</strong>g, and jo<strong>in</strong>s the Belum-Temenggor forests.<br />
The study area <strong>in</strong>cludes the Ulu Muda forests as well as the follow<strong>in</strong>g forest<br />
reserves: Bukit Saiong, Chebar Besar, Padang Terap, Pedu, Ulu Muda and<br />
Bukit Keramat. These areas are reflected as the ‘Greater Ulu Muda’ Forests as<br />
these contiguous areas form a fundamental self-conta<strong>in</strong>ed physiographic,<br />
hydrological and ecological units required to facilitate management <strong>of</strong> the<br />
area.<br />
1.3 Uniqueness <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda Forests<br />
The Ulu Muda area is one <strong>of</strong> the most <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g natural areas <strong>in</strong> Malaysia for<br />
several reasons:<br />
x The flora is characterized by rich Northern Thai-Burmese elements.<br />
x High potential for extend<strong>in</strong>g the trans-boundary protected area<br />
network.<br />
x Old-growth primary tropical ra<strong>in</strong>forest with<strong>in</strong> the context <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> is<br />
a major attraction po<strong>in</strong>t—as an example, Taman Negara is <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
promoted as be<strong>in</strong>g the oldest ra<strong>in</strong>forest <strong>in</strong> the world with trees around<br />
130 million years old.<br />
x A high concentration <strong>of</strong> saltlicks and hot spr<strong>in</strong>gs that are important for<br />
many large mammals.<br />
x Abundant and diverse wildlife species <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda as percentage <strong>of</strong><br />
the total <strong>in</strong> Malaysia: 55% mammals, six out <strong>of</strong> 10 primates, 78%<br />
squirrel species, 53% bat species, 175 bird species, seven out <strong>of</strong> 10<br />
hornbill species, 42 out <strong>of</strong> 54 reptile species, rich species diversity <strong>of</strong><br />
river and lake fishes, and wild roam<strong>in</strong>g elephants.<br />
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x Exists as a critical water-catchment forest <strong>in</strong> an area prone to seasonal<br />
droughts and water stress. This water catchment protects the ma<strong>in</strong><br />
sources <strong>of</strong> water that supplies agricultural, domestic and <strong>in</strong>dustrial<br />
water use <strong>in</strong> the northern region <strong>of</strong> Pen<strong>in</strong>sular Malaysia (Kedah, Perlis<br />
and Penang).<br />
1.4 Potential for Tourism Development<br />
Some <strong>of</strong> the key facets that will support the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong> Ulu<br />
Muda <strong>in</strong>clude:<br />
x Transboundary park and attraction: the Northern Triangle regional<br />
cooperation.<br />
x Penang-Kedah-Perlis: the northern Pen<strong>in</strong>sular states sub-regional<br />
cooperation.<br />
x Langkawi as a tourist dest<strong>in</strong>ation: with<strong>in</strong> the context <strong>of</strong> Kedah <strong>tourism</strong><br />
<strong>development</strong>.<br />
1.5 Exist<strong>in</strong>g Facilities<br />
Exist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>tourism</strong> facilities and activities <strong>in</strong> the region <strong>in</strong>clude:<br />
x Two resorts operat<strong>in</strong>g on the banks <strong>of</strong> Pedu Lake (Mutiara Pedu and<br />
Desa Utara Pedu Lake Resort). Anjung Pedu Resort has been<br />
completed but is not operational at the time <strong>of</strong> writ<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
x Muda resort <strong>in</strong> Gubir.<br />
x Koperasi Pembangunan Ampang Muda (KOPAM) jetty <strong>in</strong> Gubir.<br />
x High Adventure Travel (HAT) <strong>nature</strong> tour packages.<br />
2.0 Spatial and Conceptual Guidel<strong>in</strong>e as a Nature Tourism Dest<strong>in</strong>ation Study<br />
2.1 Objectives <strong>of</strong> Study<br />
The objectives <strong>of</strong> the study are to:<br />
x Develop a framework for a management plan for the Ulu Muda<br />
Greater Forests;<br />
x To explore the potential <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda Forests as a <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong><br />
dest<strong>in</strong>ation;<br />
x To develop a zon<strong>in</strong>g concept plan for the Ulu Muda forest area through<br />
consultation with the relevant Government agencies 1 .<br />
1 A multi stakeholder workshop was <strong>in</strong>itially planned as part <strong>of</strong> the study. Due to the change <strong>of</strong> course<br />
<strong>of</strong> the project, the report built upon the dialogues <strong>in</strong>itiated with State Government agencies and relevant<br />
stakeholders directly.<br />
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2.2 Study Methodology<br />
The study adopted a consultative approach to capture the views and <strong>in</strong>terests<br />
<strong>of</strong> various government agencies and stakeholders <strong>in</strong> relation to the Ulu Muda<br />
Forests. Dialogues were <strong>in</strong>itiated with relevant government agencies at the<br />
State and Federal levels, community group (e.g. KOPAM) and private sectors.<br />
Part <strong>of</strong> the study also <strong>in</strong>volved an extensive literature review related to the<br />
study area. Data and <strong>in</strong>formation from the dialogues and literature review are<br />
translated and assessed through a multidiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary approach <strong>of</strong> economic and<br />
landscape-level GIS analysis.<br />
2.3 Outputs <strong>of</strong> Study<br />
The outputs <strong>of</strong> the study are to:<br />
x Highlight spatial projection <strong>of</strong> proposed <strong>development</strong> plans for the<br />
region;<br />
x Develop conceptual zones for susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong>;<br />
x Identify core preservation areas that will boost the State’ s <strong>tourism</strong><br />
potential;<br />
x Explore the use <strong>of</strong> formal legislation for strengthen<strong>in</strong>g the conceptual<br />
plans; and<br />
x Develop an action plan.<br />
2.4 Def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Nature Tourism<br />
With<strong>in</strong> the context <strong>of</strong> this study, <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> is def<strong>in</strong>ed as:<br />
“ All <strong>tourism</strong> directly dependent on the use <strong>of</strong> natural resources <strong>in</strong> a<br />
relatively undeveloped state, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g scenery, topography, water<br />
features, vegetation and wildlife” 2<br />
Hence, a <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ation is represented as:<br />
“ A specific area that is legally gazetted as a natural <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> area<br />
with the full range <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>stitutional arrangements implemented as<br />
necessary to support and manage it.”<br />
3.0 Significance <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda Forests<br />
3.1 In addition to the rich biodiversity <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests, the forests play an<br />
important ecological and economic role <strong>in</strong> the northern region:<br />
2 MOCAT, 1996.<br />
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1) The study found that exist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>tourism</strong> receipts is estimated at RM13<br />
million per annum.<br />
2) Water catchment area for irrigation:<br />
x The Muda scheme supports paddy production <strong>in</strong> an area that is<br />
regarded as the rice bowl <strong>of</strong> Malaysia.<br />
x The area under this scheme is responsible for 40% <strong>of</strong> total paddy<br />
production <strong>in</strong> the country and directly <strong>in</strong>volves 63,000 families <strong>in</strong><br />
terms <strong>of</strong> agriculture livelihoods.<br />
x The contribution <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda forests <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> tertiary irrigation<br />
values is estimated at approximately RM600 million annually.<br />
3) Water catchment for water supply:<br />
x The Ulu Muda forests provide upstream protection <strong>of</strong> major rivers that<br />
supply 80% <strong>of</strong> dr<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g water for Kedah and Penang and 60% for<br />
Perlis 3 .<br />
x Critical <strong>in</strong>dustrial areas such as the Kulim High-Tech Park and other<br />
similar <strong>in</strong>dustrial parks <strong>in</strong> Penang (e.g. Bayan Lepas and Seberang<br />
Perai) are located downstream <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests.<br />
x The study estimated that gross water revenue relevant to the Ulu Muda<br />
Forests is RM80 million for Kedah, RM100 million for Penang and<br />
RM6.2 million for Perlis annually based on 1999 figures. Increas<strong>in</strong>g<br />
water demand projections are likely to <strong>in</strong>crease revenue from water.<br />
The Perbadanan Bekalan Air Pulau P<strong>in</strong>ang (PBA Hold<strong>in</strong>gs Berhad)<br />
ga<strong>in</strong>ed a net pr<strong>of</strong>it <strong>of</strong> RM41 million <strong>in</strong> 2001 4 .<br />
4.0 Proposed Development Plans and Implications for Nature Tourism<br />
Developments<br />
4.1 Major Developments with<strong>in</strong> the Greater Ulu Muda Area<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the major impacts on this region would be from the establishment <strong>of</strong> a<br />
new border cross<strong>in</strong>g at Durian Burong and the extension <strong>of</strong> a highway from<br />
here southwards (Trans-Eastern H<strong>in</strong>terland Highway). The highway l<strong>in</strong>ks<br />
Durian Burong and Kupang <strong>in</strong> the Bal<strong>in</strong>g District. The highway will<br />
undoubtedly change the patterns <strong>of</strong> economy <strong>in</strong> this region, and may play an<br />
important role <strong>in</strong> catalyz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong>itiatives for Ulu Muda. However, the<br />
potential impacts as a physical barrier for wildlife migration needs to be<br />
assessed and the study proposes mitigation measures to be developed where<br />
there are significant forests on either side <strong>of</strong> the road (e.g. Kuala Nerang-<br />
3 Perlis figure reflects proportion prior to May, 2002 (JKR Perlis, pers. comm.).<br />
4 Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange, http://www.klse.com.my<br />
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Gulau). The study also proposes that it would be advantageous to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><br />
forest stretches along the old road between Kuala Nerang to Gubir as “ forests<br />
roads” as this adds to the charm <strong>of</strong> the area for visit<strong>in</strong>g tourists.<br />
4.2 Helicopter-logg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests<br />
The proposed heli-logg<strong>in</strong>g project is estimated to cover a total area <strong>of</strong> 122, 798<br />
ha which is to be logged over a period <strong>of</strong> 10 years through a jo<strong>in</strong>t venture<br />
company between WTK Hold<strong>in</strong>gs Berhad and Yayasan Islam Negeri Kedah 5 .<br />
Whilst this report does not address fully the potential impacts <strong>of</strong> this proposal,<br />
it is clear that the proposals put forward <strong>in</strong> this study and the logg<strong>in</strong>g plans are<br />
not compatible. Firstly, the area to be logged <strong>in</strong>cludes the core conservation<br />
area identified by this study. Secondly, any logg<strong>in</strong>g plans will have a negative<br />
impact on <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>development</strong>s that aim to attract the <strong>in</strong>ternational <strong>nature</strong><br />
<strong>tourism</strong> markets.<br />
The study proposes that the follow<strong>in</strong>g heli-logg<strong>in</strong>g implications on exist<strong>in</strong>g<br />
use need to be considered:<br />
x Potential impacts on water catchment areas.<br />
x Potential impacts on <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>development</strong> and wildlife roam<strong>in</strong>g<br />
areas.<br />
x The annual allowable cut for Kedah was 2,312 ha <strong>in</strong> 2000 and 2,163 ha<br />
<strong>in</strong> 1999 as set by the National Forestry Council. With<strong>in</strong> the helilogg<strong>in</strong>g<br />
project, an approximate 12,000 ha will be logged annually.<br />
The large area <strong>of</strong> the annual allowable cut needs to be re-considered.<br />
5.0 Recommendations for a State Park<br />
5.1 Over the years, various <strong>in</strong>itiatives have highlighted the significance <strong>of</strong> the Ulu<br />
Muda forests and recommended for its adoption as a State Park or National<br />
Park. The most recent was a paper by UPEN Kedah outl<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g a concept for a<br />
State “ Eco” Park 6 . Other highlights <strong>in</strong>clude:<br />
x National Eco<strong>tourism</strong> Plan 7<br />
x National Conservation Strategy 8<br />
x Kedah Conservation Strategy 9<br />
5 WTK Hold<strong>in</strong>gs Berhad, 2002.<br />
6 Based on the NEP (MOCAT, 1996).<br />
7 MOCAT, 1996.<br />
8 EPU, 1993.<br />
9 WWF Malaysia, 1984.<br />
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x National Spatial Plan (identified as an environmentally sensitive area) 10<br />
5.2 From the detailed analysis <strong>of</strong> this study, core conservation areas have been<br />
identified which will greatly benefit the protection status <strong>of</strong> the water<br />
catchment and also boost potential <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>development</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the region.<br />
The area proposed for this State Park is approximately 53,903 ha.<br />
6.0 Proposed Nature Tourism Concept for Ulu Muda<br />
The <strong>in</strong>side-outside park concept is proposed to <strong>in</strong>corporate the sensitivity <strong>of</strong><br />
the environment and balanc<strong>in</strong>g the needs for <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the area. The<br />
concept <strong>in</strong>corporates the follow<strong>in</strong>g considerations:<br />
x Low impact activities with<strong>in</strong> the park area;<br />
x Higher impact, mass <strong>tourism</strong> outside the park area (exist<strong>in</strong>g resorts);<br />
x Need for the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> appropriate facilities, <strong>in</strong>frastructure and<br />
attractions to meet <strong>tourism</strong> demand based on the carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity <strong>of</strong><br />
the area.<br />
The <strong>in</strong>side park areas <strong>in</strong>clude the follow<strong>in</strong>g: Kuala Tera, Sira Hangat, Kuala<br />
Labua, Kaji Cuaca Station, Kuala Lasor, Kuala Kalir and Bukit Saiong while<br />
the outside park areas encompass: Pedu, Gubir, KOPAM jetty area and Kg.<br />
Gulau.<br />
A carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity estimation was carried out based upon the <strong>in</strong>frastructure<br />
capacity to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> the number <strong>of</strong> visitors. However, there is a need for<br />
future studies to verify and assess these capacities on the ground.<br />
7.0 Action Plan Framework for Conservation and Development<br />
10 JPBD, 2002.<br />
The action plan framework reflects the ultimate goal towards:<br />
a) Achiev<strong>in</strong>g a managed state park;<br />
b) Promot<strong>in</strong>g socio-economic improvements and spill-overs around<br />
population centers;<br />
c) Ensur<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong>tegration <strong>of</strong> environmental considerations and capacity<br />
for susta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> benefits.<br />
Key components <strong>of</strong> the action plan framework to achieve the goals are:<br />
x Plann<strong>in</strong>g and Institutional Needs<br />
x Investment and Infrastructure<br />
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x Product Development<br />
x Market<strong>in</strong>g and Promotions<br />
x Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g and Capacity Build<strong>in</strong>g<br />
x Management and Regulation<br />
8.0 Proposed Management Zones<br />
Due to the sensitivity <strong>of</strong> <strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> the area, three key management zones<br />
have been identified:<br />
x Restricted areas: Immediate areas close to the dams <strong>of</strong> Ahn<strong>in</strong>g, Pedu,<br />
Muda and surround<strong>in</strong>g Saiong <strong>in</strong>let and outlet tunnel.<br />
x Nature Reserves: Encompass areas that are environmentally sensitive<br />
and important for wildlife conservation. Areas identified <strong>in</strong>clude<br />
immediate areas surround<strong>in</strong>g the river courses and lake parameter <strong>of</strong><br />
Sg. Muda and Sg. Teliang. The Sg. Teliang area has been identified<br />
under the Kedah Fisheries Act as a no-fish<strong>in</strong>g zone for fish<br />
conservation. At present, the Department <strong>of</strong> Fisheries issues licenses<br />
for fish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the Muda Lake among the local communities. It is<br />
recommended that enforcement and monitor<strong>in</strong>g measures to be stepped<br />
up <strong>in</strong> order to reduce the threat <strong>of</strong> over-fish<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
x Tourism Centres: Po<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>of</strong> access for accommodat<strong>in</strong>g larger number<br />
<strong>of</strong> tourists such as at Kuala Nerang, Pedu resort-area, Gubir and Gulau.<br />
9.0 F<strong>in</strong>ancial Implications<br />
11 PTKM 2010<br />
To realise the benefits <strong>of</strong> the proposed Ulu Muda State Park, the key<br />
<strong>development</strong> strategy <strong>in</strong>clude:<br />
x Infrastructure <strong>in</strong>vestment <strong>of</strong> RM7.4 million to build up<br />
accommodation, roads, trails and support facilities;<br />
x Ensur<strong>in</strong>g sufficient operat<strong>in</strong>g and ma<strong>in</strong>tenance costs <strong>of</strong> RM0.5-0.6<br />
million annually;<br />
x Tourist demand, if it rises as expected (12% per annum) 11 , will ensure<br />
f<strong>in</strong>ancial surplus by the third year <strong>of</strong> implementation.<br />
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10.0 Conclusions and Recommendations<br />
10.1 Enhanc<strong>in</strong>g the Values <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda: Nature <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>development</strong> will<br />
enhance the use values <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda without upsett<strong>in</strong>g other values; exist<strong>in</strong>g<br />
benefit is estimated at RM13 million and could potentially <strong>in</strong>crease 10 times<br />
with<strong>in</strong> a period <strong>of</strong> 10 years.<br />
Infrastructure <strong>in</strong>vestments are required to <strong>in</strong>crease its carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity;<br />
estimated at 300 persons per day <strong>in</strong>side the park and 1,230 persons per day<br />
outside the park.<br />
10.2 Consultation Process: It is important to consult and <strong>in</strong>volve local<br />
communities, NGOs, local guides and staff, and Government agencies for<br />
their support and to develop a sense <strong>of</strong> ownership.<br />
It is also vital to <strong>in</strong>volve the private sector <strong>in</strong> the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda<br />
<strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> plans.<br />
10.3 Logg<strong>in</strong>g Activities: Logg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the catchment conflicts with the concept <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>development</strong> proposed here and it is not logical to pursue both<br />
options.<br />
However, if logg<strong>in</strong>g were to take place anyway, it will be critical to limit<br />
logg<strong>in</strong>g to the southern part <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda forests, i.e., only half the proposed<br />
area (for Phase 1) for logg<strong>in</strong>g (Coupes 1-3 only). Strict guidel<strong>in</strong>es and<br />
monitor<strong>in</strong>g efforts need to be implemented to m<strong>in</strong>imise soil erosion,<br />
sedimentation to rivers and disturbance to wildlife.<br />
The study proposes that the best option would be to ensure that the consent for<br />
logg<strong>in</strong>g activities would only be given if the venture company is able to secure<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternationally recognized forest certification (e.g., Forest Stewardship<br />
Council’ s certification). This will ensure that the logg<strong>in</strong>g activities adhere to<br />
strict management guidel<strong>in</strong>es. Furthermore, for the venture company, access to<br />
high-premium markets for the logs are almost guaranteed upon be<strong>in</strong>g awarded<br />
FSC certification. This has been the case with PITC <strong>in</strong> Perak whose operations<br />
had recently been awarded FSC certification by <strong>in</strong>dependent assessors.<br />
Coupes 4, 5 and 6 (as del<strong>in</strong>eated <strong>in</strong> the detailed EIA) should def<strong>in</strong>itely not be<br />
allowed because <strong>of</strong> conflicts with <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> and biodiversity<br />
conservation. Logg<strong>in</strong>g could also <strong>in</strong>duce major costs and losses from exist<strong>in</strong>g<br />
water values.<br />
10.4 Zon<strong>in</strong>g: Core conservation zone identified <strong>in</strong>clude Sg. Teliang, Kalir and<br />
northern side <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda as well as areas on Sg. Muda up to Kuala Lasor as<br />
these are most suitable for <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> and animal watch<strong>in</strong>g as major<br />
activities <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g other lakeside activities.<br />
Proposed <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>development</strong> areas are: around Charok Tera and lakeside<br />
areas around KOPAM. Proposed gateways <strong>in</strong>clude: KOPAM area, Gubir<br />
‘dump-site’ and the outside areas <strong>of</strong> Lasor.<br />
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10.5 Proposed Strategies: The study recommends that the State Forestry<br />
Department model be adopted, as it is the least cost option. Also this option<br />
does not require the sett<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>of</strong> new <strong>in</strong>stitutions, and hence, implementation<br />
can be made faster.<br />
It is proposed that the Government needs to allocate RM10 million for set-up<br />
costs for five years (75% <strong>in</strong> capital expenditure) before returns are expected.<br />
Explore co-f<strong>in</strong>anc<strong>in</strong>g model with the Economic Plann<strong>in</strong>g Unit, Governmentto-Government<br />
fund<strong>in</strong>g (e.g. JICA/DANCED) and multi-lateral aid agencies<br />
(e.g. GEF) to obta<strong>in</strong> required fund<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Explore <strong>in</strong>ter-state water-based charges or other f<strong>in</strong>anc<strong>in</strong>g options to <strong>in</strong>crease<br />
State revenue.<br />
11. The Next Steps<br />
The proposed next steps are to:<br />
x Gazette Ulu Muda as a State Park: The study have outl<strong>in</strong>ed the<br />
significance <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> its natural resources and<br />
contribution to the local, national and regional economy. In order to<br />
enhance these values and ensure susta<strong>in</strong>ability <strong>of</strong> these resources, it is<br />
crucial that the first step would be to gazette Ulu Muda as a State Park.<br />
x Determ<strong>in</strong>e the management structure <strong>of</strong> the proposed park: While<br />
the study has recommended the adoption <strong>of</strong> a management structure<br />
under the State Forestry Department model, the Kedah Government<br />
needs to determ<strong>in</strong>e the management structure for the establishment <strong>of</strong><br />
the park.<br />
x Allocate sufficient f<strong>in</strong>ancial resources: Sufficient funds are required<br />
to develop the <strong>in</strong>frastructure with<strong>in</strong> and outside the park. International<br />
agencies are a potential source for funds, especially for those projects<br />
that can demonstrate support for <strong>in</strong>ternational environmental activities.<br />
The study also proposes that privatisation options be explored as<br />
support for partial f<strong>in</strong>anc<strong>in</strong>g. With<strong>in</strong> this option, <strong>in</strong>vestors will s<strong>in</strong>k<br />
their capital <strong>in</strong> exchange for shares or options to develop <strong>tourism</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>frastructure that is compatible to the sensitivity <strong>of</strong> the park. Lobby<strong>in</strong>g<br />
stakeholder support will also be another key element with<strong>in</strong> this<br />
project. Involv<strong>in</strong>g the local NGOs to assist <strong>in</strong> prepar<strong>in</strong>g educational<br />
and market<strong>in</strong>g channels will be very important as well. Based on the<br />
estimation <strong>of</strong> the study, it is proposed that Government would need to<br />
allocate a small sum <strong>of</strong> RM10 million for this proposed project.<br />
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1 Introduction<br />
This study was commissioned by UPEN Kedah (Unit Perancang Ekonomi Negeri<br />
Kedah ) with funds channeled by M<strong>in</strong>istry Of Culture Arts and Tourism Malaysia as<br />
part <strong>of</strong> an effort to develop h<strong>in</strong>terland <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong> Kedah, specifically <strong>in</strong> the<br />
Ulu Muda and Pedu areas.<br />
The “ Greater Ulu Muda area <strong>of</strong> Kedah” (which <strong>in</strong>cludes, among others, Tasik Muda<br />
and Tasik Pedu) has many types <strong>of</strong> economic-environmental values, e.g., its rich<br />
biodiversity and the water that is supplied to and is critical to the economy <strong>of</strong> Kedah,<br />
the northern region and livelihood <strong>of</strong> its people. In addition to these values, two other<br />
resources are as yet not tapped: the stand<strong>in</strong>g timber and the <strong>tourism</strong> assets <strong>of</strong> the<br />
catchment areas <strong>of</strong> the Muda, Pedu and Ahn<strong>in</strong>g dams. Not all <strong>development</strong> activities<br />
can be susta<strong>in</strong>able nor would they support one another <strong>in</strong> a consistent manner. Some<br />
activities will conflict with others and it is important to make the decisions that yield<br />
optimal benefit for the state and its people.<br />
The consultants would advocate that <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> is the way for the Kedah State<br />
Government to derive additional revenue from the forests <strong>of</strong> the Greater Ulu Muda<br />
area while ensur<strong>in</strong>g the cont<strong>in</strong>uity <strong>of</strong> other susta<strong>in</strong>able uses.<br />
However, careful and extensive plann<strong>in</strong>g is required to establish and ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> <strong>nature</strong><br />
<strong>tourism</strong> operations <strong>in</strong> the Ulu Muda area, and furthermore ensure that <strong>tourism</strong> does<br />
not conflict or underm<strong>in</strong>e other activities <strong>in</strong> the area (current or future) or vice versa.<br />
To achieve this, an <strong>in</strong>tegrated framework for the management and <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ulu Muda area is required. This framework needs to be grounded <strong>in</strong> a common vision<br />
for the management <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda area, and hence needs to be developed<br />
consultatively with the various government agencies as well as private bodies<br />
<strong>in</strong>volved or hav<strong>in</strong>g an <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong> the area. Associated with such a framework are<br />
several important issues that are fundamental to the management <strong>of</strong> an area that<br />
supports <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong>, such as the establishment <strong>of</strong> a <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ation, a<br />
zon<strong>in</strong>g concept plan for the whole area, etc.<br />
1.1 Scope <strong>of</strong> Study<br />
This study presents an <strong>in</strong>tegrated framework for the management and <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
the Greater Ulu Muda area. It is essential to emphasize that the term “ Greater Ulu<br />
Muda” encompasses an area much larger than the Ulu Muda Forest Reserve per se.<br />
For the successful management <strong>of</strong> a critical landscape such as Ulu Muda, the basic<br />
spatial unit to be def<strong>in</strong>ed needs to specifically <strong>in</strong>clude self-conta<strong>in</strong>ed and complete<br />
physiographical, hydrological and ecological features.<br />
1.2 Objectives <strong>of</strong> Study<br />
The objectives <strong>of</strong> the study are to:<br />
x Develop a framework for a management plan for the Greater Ulu Muda<br />
forests;<br />
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x Explore the potential <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests as a <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ation;<br />
x Develop a zon<strong>in</strong>g concept plan for the Ulu Muda forest area through<br />
consultation with the relevant Government agencies 12 .<br />
1.3 Study Methodology<br />
Three basic approaches were used to ensure a comprehensive and <strong>in</strong>tegrated study:<br />
(1) Literature and Published Works<br />
Much documentation exists regard<strong>in</strong>g the Greater Ulu Muda area. These were to<br />
provide the essential background <strong>in</strong>formation required to understand the landscape. In<br />
particular, the rich biodiversity <strong>of</strong> the forests <strong>of</strong> the area have been documented <strong>in</strong><br />
earlier studies. Though generally uncoord<strong>in</strong>ated (i.e. carried out as <strong>in</strong>dependent<br />
“ snapshots” , with different places rapidly assessed at different times for different taxa<br />
and different purposes), these studies nonetheless provided valuable <strong>in</strong>sights <strong>in</strong>to the<br />
potential <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda for <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong>.<br />
(2) Interviews<br />
A participatory and consultative approach was used to ensure that all views and<br />
<strong>in</strong>terests were represented <strong>in</strong> this study. Various government agencies and personnel<br />
with either direct or <strong>in</strong>direct relevance to the management <strong>of</strong> the Greater Ulu Muda<br />
area, from the District to State to Federal levels were contacted and <strong>in</strong>terviewed. In<br />
addition, the views <strong>of</strong> communities and private entrepreneurs work<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the area<br />
were also sought.<br />
(3) Landscape-level GIS Analysis<br />
State-<strong>of</strong>-the-art Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technology was used to<br />
analyse the landscape use and patterns <strong>in</strong> detail. Us<strong>in</strong>g GIS operations, it is possible to<br />
analyse the most efficient means to conserve the natural and environmental assets that<br />
are important for conservation and <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>development</strong>, tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to account<br />
geographical, environmental and other constra<strong>in</strong>ts. Based on this, proposed zon<strong>in</strong>g<br />
concepts and the boundaries <strong>of</strong> <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ations were identified.<br />
(4) Economic Analysis<br />
Economic valuation <strong>of</strong> the natural and environmental assets will provide an<br />
appreciation <strong>of</strong> the values <strong>of</strong> the study area. Exist<strong>in</strong>g assets were subjected to<br />
established methods <strong>of</strong> economic valuation. The analysis also relied on exist<strong>in</strong>g<br />
studies and cost estimates. Assumptions used <strong>in</strong> the analysis are also highlighted and<br />
discussed <strong>in</strong> the relevant section. The study also conducted <strong>in</strong>terviews to collect data<br />
<strong>of</strong> actual prices from tour operators, resorts and transportation companies.<br />
12 A multi stakeholder workshop was <strong>in</strong>itially planned as part <strong>of</strong> the study. Due to the change <strong>of</strong> course<br />
<strong>of</strong> the project, the report built upon the dialogues <strong>in</strong>itiated with State Government agencies and relevant<br />
stakeholders directly.<br />
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1.4 Outputs <strong>of</strong> Study<br />
The outputs <strong>of</strong> the study are to:<br />
x Highlight spatial projection <strong>of</strong> proposed <strong>development</strong> plans for the region;<br />
x Develop conceptual zones for susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong>;<br />
x Identify core preservation areas that will boost the State’ s <strong>tourism</strong> potential;<br />
x Explore the use <strong>of</strong> formal legislation for strengthen<strong>in</strong>g the conceptual plans;<br />
x Develop an action plan to provide guidance for <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>development</strong>.<br />
1.5 Def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the Area under Review<br />
As mentioned above, the area under review was taken to be the Greater Ulu Muda<br />
area. This was based on the fact that the boundaries <strong>of</strong> the area so def<strong>in</strong>ed were the<br />
m<strong>in</strong>imum needed to encompass the fundamental self-conta<strong>in</strong>ed physiographic,<br />
hydrological and ecological units required to facilitate the management <strong>of</strong> the area.<br />
(See Map 1, Current Extent <strong>of</strong> Forests <strong>in</strong> Kedah provided at the end <strong>of</strong> the report).<br />
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2 Natural Resources <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda<br />
2.1 Introduction<br />
2.1.1 Climate<br />
Kedah experiences two seasonal peaks <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>fall: a larger one around October, and<br />
the other around April-May. The <strong>in</strong>terven<strong>in</strong>g periods are generally drier, with a more<br />
extreme dry season recorded from December to March. The ecology <strong>of</strong> Kedah is<br />
strongly <strong>in</strong>fluenced by this dist<strong>in</strong>ct seasonality <strong>in</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>fall. Average ra<strong>in</strong>fall for the<br />
state (1950-1965) was 2,420 mm (see also Map 2, Isoyet Map for Eastern Kedah).<br />
There is a large variation <strong>in</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>fall with<strong>in</strong> the state, with a low <strong>of</strong> 1,958 mm (Kuala<br />
Nerang) and a high <strong>of</strong> 4,989 mm (Gunung Jerai).<br />
2.2 Biodiversity<br />
2.2.1 The Forests <strong>of</strong> the Greater Ulu Muda Area<br />
The Ulu Muda area represents a very unique area <strong>in</strong> the Malaysian context. Due to its<br />
northern locality, its flora and fauna <strong>in</strong>corporate a large degree <strong>of</strong> the so-called<br />
“ northern element” , i.e., biological components <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental or Ma<strong>in</strong>land Asia, as<br />
well as the Sundaland elements found further to the south. This means that the overall<br />
biota <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests is dist<strong>in</strong>ct from that <strong>of</strong> other parts <strong>of</strong> Malaysia, such as<br />
Belum, Taman Negara or Endau-Romp<strong>in</strong>.<br />
This “ northern element” is particularly evident <strong>in</strong> the floristics <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda<br />
forests. Unlike many <strong>of</strong> the other forests <strong>in</strong> Malaysia, the Ulu Muda forests <strong>in</strong>clude a<br />
large Thai-Burmese component.<br />
While some <strong>of</strong> the forests <strong>in</strong> the Greater Ulu Muda area have been logged, enough<br />
primary forest rema<strong>in</strong>s to be able to consider Ulu Muda a “ High Conservation Value<br />
Forest” (HCVF) area (see Map 6, Extent <strong>of</strong> Forest Cover <strong>in</strong> the Ulu Muda Region 13 .).<br />
The global importance <strong>of</strong> such old-growth primary tropical ra<strong>in</strong>forest cannot be<br />
underestimated; this importance, moreover, is rapidly due to such areas becom<strong>in</strong>g<br />
scarce.<br />
Apart from provid<strong>in</strong>g essential habitat for some <strong>of</strong> the region’ s more spectacular,<br />
significant or endangered wildlife, the forest itself is important <strong>in</strong> other ways:<br />
x Water catchment—supply<strong>in</strong>g over 30% <strong>of</strong> the water to the agricultural sector<br />
<strong>of</strong> Kedah;<br />
x Climate regulation—forests play a critical role <strong>in</strong> the hydrological cycle;<br />
13 Note: In this map, the forests <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda are shown <strong>in</strong> remote sens<strong>in</strong>g image (1999). Some <strong>of</strong> the<br />
best forest cover left <strong>in</strong> this region are <strong>in</strong> dark green. Most <strong>of</strong> the forests on the Thai-side <strong>of</strong> the border<br />
are disturbed forests, with the exception <strong>of</strong> the area to the north <strong>of</strong> the map<br />
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x Pest control— many potential agricultural pests are regulated or kept <strong>in</strong> check<br />
by natural predators <strong>in</strong> the primary ra<strong>in</strong>forest.<br />
2.2.2 Special Habitats<br />
2.2.2.1 Saltlicks<br />
Along Sg. Muda and some <strong>of</strong> its tributaries lie a number <strong>of</strong> hot spr<strong>in</strong>gs and saltlicks.<br />
These represent critical resources for many species <strong>of</strong> animals, such as the elephant,<br />
tapir, deer, etc.<br />
The presence <strong>of</strong> these saltlicks, and the cont<strong>in</strong>uity <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda Forest Reserve with<br />
other forests (<strong>in</strong> Thailand as well as Malaysia) are partially the reason for the apparent<br />
abundance <strong>of</strong> wildlife observable <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda.<br />
For the saltlicks to cont<strong>in</strong>ue to function, strong measures must be taken to protect<br />
them and suitably large buffer zones around them, as well as corridors for animals to<br />
approach them.<br />
2.2.2.2 The Altitud<strong>in</strong>al Ecotones<br />
Altitud<strong>in</strong>al ecotones are the transition zones between a major habitat type and another<br />
along an elevational cl<strong>in</strong>e. These altitud<strong>in</strong>al ecotones are prime biodiversity hotspots.<br />
The most critical and rich altitud<strong>in</strong>al ecotones <strong>in</strong> Kedah appear to at the 150 m and the<br />
1,000 m mark, as identified by the Kedah Conservation Strategy 14 . The former<br />
represents the hill-foot boundary, i.e., the basal junction <strong>of</strong> hill slopes with level land.<br />
The latter represents the transition from hill to montane forest. Any cont<strong>in</strong>uous natural<br />
habitat extend<strong>in</strong>g across these altitudes should be considered as hotspots, and special<br />
consideration should be given to the areas’ ma<strong>in</strong>tenance and management.<br />
2.2.3 Wildlife<br />
2.2.3.1 Mammals<br />
A total <strong>of</strong> 109 species <strong>of</strong> mammals (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g 17 big mammals) <strong>in</strong> 31 families and 11<br />
orders have been recorded from Ulu Muda (Appendix 1). This represents over 54.8%<br />
<strong>of</strong> the mammals <strong>of</strong> Pen<strong>in</strong>sular Malaysia, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g many <strong>of</strong> the more significant<br />
species (endangered, endemic, or charismatic).<br />
Primates<br />
The Ulu Muda area is known to have six <strong>of</strong> the 10 species <strong>of</strong> non-human primates <strong>in</strong><br />
Pen<strong>in</strong>sular Malaysia: the White-handed Gibbon (Hylobates lar), the Agile Gibbon<br />
(Hylobates agilis), the Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis), the Pig-tailed<br />
14 WWF Malaysia, 1984.<br />
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Macaque (Macaca nemestr<strong>in</strong>a), the Banded Leaf-monkey (Presbytis femoralis), the<br />
Dusky Leaf-monkey (Presbytis obscura) and the Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang).<br />
The presence <strong>of</strong> both gibbon species <strong>in</strong> the Greater Ulu Muda area is particularly<br />
notable. Sg. Muda marks the border between the ranges <strong>of</strong> the White-handed Gibbon<br />
and the Agile Gibbon. This area therefore represents a superlative “ natural liv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
laboratory” , where these important primate species can be studied and conserved<br />
more effectively than many other places. Moreover, the daily morn<strong>in</strong>g choruses <strong>of</strong><br />
these gibbons, ris<strong>in</strong>g over the forest canopy and project<strong>in</strong>g over two miles, means that<br />
it is relatively easy and safe for visitors to encounter these animals from a distance.<br />
Thus, from their very first day <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda, tourists will experience some <strong>of</strong> the more<br />
exotic <strong>of</strong> Malaysian wildlife through the gibbon calls.<br />
The other primate species also serve to enhance the tourist experience. Night-spott<strong>in</strong>g<br />
along the ma<strong>in</strong> roads provide for very rich and reward<strong>in</strong>g wildlife <strong>tourism</strong>.<br />
Large Mammals<br />
Various factors make Ulu Muda a very suitable habitat for large mammals— the large<br />
stands <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>tact forest, the proximity to other forest areas, etc. Moreover, the presence<br />
<strong>of</strong> saltlicks along Sg. Muda draws large mammals <strong>in</strong> from the surround<strong>in</strong>g area.<br />
Thus, it is hardly surpris<strong>in</strong>g that most <strong>of</strong> the large mammals <strong>of</strong> Pen<strong>in</strong>sular Malaysia<br />
can be found <strong>in</strong> the Ulu Muda area.<br />
Elephants, for example, are common enough to be encountered <strong>in</strong> virtually every<br />
survey <strong>of</strong> the area. Similarly with a number <strong>of</strong> other large mammals— tigers, sun bear,<br />
sambar deer, tapir, etc. Past studies have estimated that there are not more than 150<br />
elephants <strong>in</strong> the northern forest areas.<br />
The potential <strong>of</strong> these large mammals <strong>in</strong> eco<strong>tourism</strong> cannot be underestimated. In fact,<br />
it would be not be an understatement to say that <strong>in</strong> the future, large mammals, such as<br />
the elephant, will form the primary attraction for <strong>nature</strong> tourists from around the<br />
world. However, it is important to note that there is a direct relationship between land<br />
area under natural (forested) cover and the number <strong>of</strong> large mammals that are<br />
supported. For this reason, management <strong>of</strong> the Greater Ulu Muda area is fundamental<br />
and essential to the success <strong>of</strong> <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong> Kedah. A basic decision needs to be<br />
made— how many elephants need to be supported by the Kedah State Park? This will<br />
translate directly to the m<strong>in</strong>imum land area needed for the State Park. It must be<br />
further understood that disturbances and disruptions <strong>in</strong> the Greater Ulu Muda area<br />
may have significant impact upon wildlife and the <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> experience based on<br />
wildlife watch<strong>in</strong>g with<strong>in</strong> the Ulu Muda park area. For example, if forested corridors<br />
facilitat<strong>in</strong>g movement <strong>of</strong> big animals <strong>in</strong> and out <strong>of</strong> the area (from places such as<br />
Belum or Thailand) are disrupted, the abundance and consequent frequency <strong>of</strong><br />
encounter<strong>in</strong>g such animals <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda will be severely dim<strong>in</strong>ished.<br />
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Other Mammals<br />
Ulu Muda represents one <strong>of</strong> the richer sites <strong>in</strong> the Pen<strong>in</strong>sula <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> small<br />
mammal diversity. For example, 78.6% <strong>of</strong> the diurnal squirrel species <strong>of</strong> Pen<strong>in</strong>sular<br />
Malaysia have been documented here; <strong>in</strong> fact, more species <strong>of</strong> squirrels have been<br />
recorded here than <strong>in</strong> the Krau Wildlife Reserve.<br />
Ulu Muda is also known to have 53% <strong>of</strong> all the bat species <strong>of</strong> Pen<strong>in</strong>sular Malaysia.<br />
The numerous other mammals encountered at Ulu Muda not only play an important<br />
role <strong>in</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g ecosystem health and diversity, but also serve to enrich the<br />
<strong>tourism</strong> experience. For example, night-spott<strong>in</strong>g along the ma<strong>in</strong> roads allows one to<br />
encounter a wide variety <strong>of</strong> secretive mammals, such as civets, martens, etc.<br />
2.2.3.2 Birds<br />
Over 174 species <strong>of</strong> birds have been recorded from the Ulu Muda area thus far. This<br />
<strong>in</strong>cludes seven out <strong>of</strong> the 10 species <strong>of</strong> Hornbills found <strong>in</strong> the Pen<strong>in</strong>sula, as well as<br />
other significant birds, such as the Great Argus Pheasant, ospreys, fish-eagles, etc.<br />
This high diversity is also coupled with high abundance and frequency-<strong>of</strong>-encounter:<br />
A s<strong>in</strong>gle five-day survey recorded 26% <strong>of</strong> the resident and regularly migrant birds <strong>of</strong><br />
ma<strong>in</strong>land Pen<strong>in</strong>sular Malaysia. All these po<strong>in</strong>t toward Ulu Muda as hav<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
potential to become a prime attraction as a dest<strong>in</strong>ation for bird<strong>in</strong>g <strong>tourism</strong>. Currently,<br />
it is quickly poised to become a favorite among local birders (e.g. the Malayan Nature<br />
Society Bird<strong>in</strong>g Group). With careful and proper <strong>tourism</strong> promotion <strong>of</strong> the area, it can<br />
become an <strong>in</strong>ternational bird<strong>in</strong>g <strong>tourism</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ation. As exemplified by the only<br />
known observation <strong>of</strong> breed<strong>in</strong>g Hooded Pitta (Pitta sordida Muelleri) <strong>in</strong> the<br />
Pen<strong>in</strong>sula, Ulu Muda <strong>of</strong>fers not only a rich diversity and abundance <strong>in</strong> birds, but also<br />
the opportunity for see<strong>in</strong>g unique birds not found elsewhere.<br />
2.2.3.3 Reptiles and Amphibians<br />
The herpet<strong>of</strong>aunal diversity <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda is only start<strong>in</strong>g to be explored. Nonetheless,<br />
prelim<strong>in</strong>ary results have been noth<strong>in</strong>g short <strong>of</strong> superlative. Over 54 species <strong>of</strong> reptiles<br />
have been identified <strong>in</strong> surveys so far; <strong>in</strong> comparison, Endau-Romp<strong>in</strong> has 26 species<br />
recorded. Over 42 species <strong>of</strong> amphibians have been identified, and at least two new<br />
(yet to be described) species have been found; <strong>in</strong> comparison, Belum and Temengor<br />
comb<strong>in</strong>ed have 33 species; and Endau-Romp<strong>in</strong>, 27. Moreover, many <strong>of</strong> the species<br />
found here are unique to Malaysia, as this represents the southern limit for many<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ental species.<br />
All <strong>in</strong>dications are that future herpetological <strong>in</strong>vestigations <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda will yield<br />
many new discoveries.<br />
The importance <strong>of</strong> this cannot be underestimated. In this day and age <strong>of</strong> modern<br />
biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, we are <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly look<strong>in</strong>g toward our natural<br />
heritage to provide the raw sources for medical and pharmaceutical <strong>in</strong>novations.<br />
Herpet<strong>of</strong>aunal sources are a particularly promis<strong>in</strong>g option. Amphibians secrete a wide<br />
variety <strong>of</strong> chemicals <strong>in</strong> their sk<strong>in</strong>, and they are just beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g to be <strong>in</strong>vestigated.<br />
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Recently, a pa<strong>in</strong>killer 200 times stronger than morph<strong>in</strong>e, but without its negative sideeffects<br />
(such as addiction) was derived from the sk<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> a South American frog.<br />
The venom <strong>of</strong> the Malayan Pit Viper (Caloselasma rhodostoma), found only <strong>in</strong><br />
northern Pen<strong>in</strong>sular Malaysia, has proved <strong>in</strong>credibly beneficial <strong>in</strong> a variety <strong>of</strong><br />
contexts. Some <strong>of</strong> the components <strong>in</strong> the venom have an anti-clott<strong>in</strong>g effect, allow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
better blood flow and prevent<strong>in</strong>g clots <strong>in</strong> stroke victims. At the 13th Annual<br />
Conference on Cl<strong>in</strong>ical Hematology and Oncology, Canadian researchers reported<br />
that an anticoagulant compound derived from the Malayan Pit Viper appears to <strong>of</strong>fer a<br />
useful therapeutic alternative to hepar<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> certa<strong>in</strong> high-risk patients. In addition, a<br />
substance called ANCROD, also derived from the venom <strong>of</strong> the Malayan Pit Viper,<br />
allows stroke victims to recover their mental and physical abilities.<br />
These discoveries are only the tip <strong>of</strong> the iceberg. As we come to understand our<br />
herpet<strong>of</strong>auna better, the many unique species found <strong>in</strong> the h<strong>in</strong>terlands <strong>of</strong> Kedah will<br />
undoubtedly yield a range <strong>of</strong> useful and beneficial <strong>in</strong>novations.<br />
2.2.3.4 Fishes<br />
The fact that there is a large lake as well as many primary ra<strong>in</strong>forest streams and<br />
rivers <strong>in</strong> the area means that there is great freshwater habitat diversity. Ulu Muda has<br />
two dist<strong>in</strong>ct assemblages <strong>of</strong> freshwater fish, with 20 species hav<strong>in</strong>g been identified at<br />
the lake and 13 species recorded <strong>in</strong> a s<strong>in</strong>gle survey <strong>of</strong> the rivers, as listed below:<br />
River fish: keli gunung, keli batu, ikan putih, keli bukit, tengas, ikan laga, haruan<br />
bukit, susuh batu, baung pucuk pisang, ikan pasir, ikan gobi and belut paya.<br />
Lake fish: tengas, haruan, keli, chemperas, sebarau, kawan, sia, baung, belida/selat,<br />
kalui, terboi, rong, kepor, kerai, lampam jawa, susur batang, tilapia, kelah, sepat siam<br />
and tapah.<br />
A huge, lucrative and ever-grow<strong>in</strong>g market <strong>of</strong> recreational fish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>tourism</strong> is poised to<br />
be exploited at Ulu Muda. The diversity <strong>of</strong> fishes and fish<strong>in</strong>g habitats cater to a wide<br />
variety <strong>of</strong> tastes and <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ations.<br />
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2.3 Importance and Economic Values<br />
2.3.1 Introduction<br />
The unique natural characteristics <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda have the potential <strong>of</strong> attract<strong>in</strong>g tourists<br />
from all over the world. Tourism benefits <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda belong to a wider system <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>tricately l<strong>in</strong>ked processes and evolution. Long term susta<strong>in</strong>ability and success <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong> the area critically depends on the health <strong>of</strong> its forest ecosystems. If<br />
carefully managed and utilised wisely, the Ulu Muda forests would not only yield<br />
significant benefits to the local and State economy, but also contribute valuable <strong>in</strong>puts<br />
to the economy <strong>of</strong> the northern region and nationally. To reflect its importance, Ulu<br />
Muda has been identified as one <strong>of</strong> the “ Ten Very Special Places for Malaysian<br />
Eco<strong>tourism</strong>” <strong>in</strong> the National Eco<strong>tourism</strong> Plan (NEP) 15 .<br />
The economic benefits <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests can be categorised <strong>in</strong>to three broad<br />
categories. These <strong>in</strong>clude: (1) Direct Use Values, (2) Indirect Use Values and (3)<br />
Non-Use Values (see below, Figure 1).<br />
2.3.2 Direct Use Values<br />
Direct use values <strong>in</strong>clude extractive uses such as irrigation, water supply, timber<br />
harvest<strong>in</strong>g and collection <strong>of</strong> non-timber forest products for local communities. The<br />
river systems with<strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda forests also provide important fish sources for local<br />
communities. The non-extractive components <strong>of</strong> direct use values <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda<br />
<strong>in</strong>clude <strong>nature</strong>-based <strong>tourism</strong> (e.g. bird<strong>in</strong>g and trekk<strong>in</strong>g), recreational fish<strong>in</strong>g, and<br />
scientific and educational purposes.<br />
2.3.3 Indirect Use Values<br />
Indirect use values provide important ecological services such as watershed<br />
protection, flood mitigation, and climatic and temperature regulation. These are<br />
closely l<strong>in</strong>ked to people as these services provide important support for the cont<strong>in</strong>uous<br />
supply <strong>of</strong> water to paddy fields downstream, reduce the impact <strong>of</strong> flood<strong>in</strong>g, and<br />
contribute to climatic regulation due to the large contiguous forests. Indirect use<br />
values also provide important biological support such as habitats and food sources for<br />
wildlife. Wildlife, especially wild elephants <strong>in</strong> the Ulu Muda forests are unique<br />
attractions that make this dest<strong>in</strong>ation stand out from other similar parks <strong>in</strong> Malaysia.<br />
2.3.4 Non-use Values<br />
Non-use values <strong>in</strong>volve a wider group <strong>of</strong> people. Due to the uniqueness <strong>of</strong> the Ulu<br />
Muda forests <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> a northern contiguous forest element, the Ulu Muda forests<br />
represent an important national and global biodiversity heritage. It also forms an<br />
important l<strong>in</strong>k to the traditional and cultural livelihoods <strong>of</strong> the local communities.<br />
With the discovery <strong>of</strong> new vacc<strong>in</strong>es and medic<strong>in</strong>al properties from forest-based<br />
15 MOCAT, 1996.<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 9
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
resources, the Ulu Muda forests could also conta<strong>in</strong> important medic<strong>in</strong>al and<br />
pharmaceutical values that are yet to be known.<br />
These values highlight the multifunctional uses <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests. Whilst these<br />
benefits illustrate the important l<strong>in</strong>k to the local communities, residents <strong>of</strong> Kedah,<br />
Malaysians and global communities, the challenge <strong>of</strong> this framework is to<br />
demonstrate a whole range <strong>of</strong> values <strong>in</strong> monetary terms. Direct values, particularly<br />
<strong>tourism</strong>, timber and hydrological values (agriculture and water supply) are highlighted<br />
<strong>in</strong> this study as partial values <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests <strong>in</strong> this study.<br />
This section illustrates the range <strong>of</strong> economic benefits <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests. In<br />
order to ensure wise use <strong>of</strong> its resources, it is important to assess the benefits and<br />
costs <strong>of</strong> various <strong>development</strong> and management options. Furthermore, it is also<br />
important to identify who benefits and who pays for the services <strong>of</strong> the forest<br />
ecosystems. Parts <strong>of</strong> these components are analysed and discussed further <strong>in</strong> this<br />
report.<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 10
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Figure 1. Total Economic Value <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda Forests<br />
DIRECT USE VALUES<br />
Extractive<br />
- Irrigation<br />
- Water supply<br />
- Susta<strong>in</strong>able timber harvest<strong>in</strong>g<br />
- Non-timber forest products<br />
Non-extractive<br />
-Nature based <strong>tourism</strong><br />
(e.g. trekk<strong>in</strong>g, birdwatch<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
- Scientific & educational<br />
purposes<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 11<br />
ECONOMIC<br />
BENEFITS OF ULU<br />
MUDA FORESTS<br />
INDIRECT USE<br />
VALUES<br />
Ecological services<br />
- Watershed protection<br />
- Flood mitigation<br />
- Climatic and temperature<br />
Biological support<br />
- Habitat for flora and<br />
wildlife.<br />
- Food sources for wildlife<br />
NON USE VALUES<br />
Existence Values<br />
- Globally and nationally<br />
unique biodiversity heritage<br />
(dist<strong>in</strong>ct Northern Forest<br />
element, unique species<br />
such as wild elephants,<br />
Rafflesia)<br />
- Traditional/cultural<br />
appreciation<br />
Option Values<br />
- Pharmaceutical &<br />
Medic<strong>in</strong>al values
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
3 Tourism and the Economic Values <strong>of</strong> Greater Ulu Muda<br />
3.1 Role <strong>of</strong> Tourism <strong>in</strong> Kedah’s Economy<br />
3.1.1 Summary <strong>of</strong> the Kedah economy<br />
Kedah is situated northwest <strong>of</strong> Pen<strong>in</strong>sular Malaysia, border<strong>in</strong>g Thailand, Penang and<br />
Perlis. It has an area <strong>of</strong> 9,425 km 2 , compris<strong>in</strong>g about 2.8% <strong>of</strong> the size <strong>of</strong> Malaysia.<br />
The Pelan T<strong>in</strong>dakan Kedah Maju (PTKM) 2010 covers the period <strong>of</strong> 2001–2010 and<br />
provides strategies for the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> Kedah. The strategies <strong>in</strong> the Plan target<br />
Kedah to become a developed state by the year 2010. Between 1980 and 1991, the<br />
State has recorded an average annual population growth rate <strong>of</strong> 1.72%. The annual<br />
growth rate has <strong>in</strong>creased to 2.09% between 1991 and 2000.<br />
The average Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate for Kedah between 1991 and<br />
2000 was recorded at 9.6% per annum. This rate surpassed the national average GDP<br />
growth rate <strong>of</strong> 8.7% per annum. In terms <strong>of</strong> the average per capita GDP growth rate,<br />
Kedah recorded 6.9% per annum compared to the national per capita GDP growth rate<br />
<strong>of</strong> 6.3%.<br />
Over the last two decades, the economic structure <strong>of</strong> Kedah has evolved and changed<br />
considerably from be<strong>in</strong>g predom<strong>in</strong>antly agriculture-based. In 1995, Kedah contributed<br />
56% <strong>of</strong> Malaysia’ s rice production 16 . The State’ s GDP contribution from the<br />
agricultural sector <strong>in</strong> Kedah decreased from 35% <strong>in</strong> 1990 to 21% <strong>in</strong> 1998. Whilst<br />
ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g a strong agricultural base, Kedah has experienced rapid growth especially<br />
<strong>in</strong> the manufactur<strong>in</strong>g and construction sectors. The sector has grown from<br />
contribut<strong>in</strong>g 24% <strong>of</strong> the State’ s total GDP <strong>in</strong> 1990 to 37% <strong>in</strong> 1998. The <strong>tourism</strong> sector<br />
has also more recently emerged as a major economic sector with Langkawi be<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
prime tourist attraction <strong>in</strong> Kedah.<br />
3.1.2 The Tourism Sector<br />
At the national level, the <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry has emerged as a major economic sector,<br />
rank<strong>in</strong>g second after manufactur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> foreign exchange earn<strong>in</strong>gs 17 . Tourism<br />
receipts represent 6% <strong>of</strong> the national GDP <strong>in</strong> 1995, 9% <strong>in</strong> 2000 and expected to<br />
account for 10% <strong>in</strong> 2005 (see Table 1).<br />
International tourist arrivals <strong>in</strong>creased at an average <strong>of</strong> 6.5% per annum dur<strong>in</strong>g the 7 th<br />
Malaysia Plan, while <strong>tourism</strong> receipts <strong>in</strong>creased two-fold from 1995 to 2000<br />
register<strong>in</strong>g a 13.6% annual growth. This trend is expected to cont<strong>in</strong>ue with <strong>in</strong>creased<br />
tourist arrivals at an average rate <strong>of</strong> 6.9% per annum to reach 14.3 million by 2005.<br />
Tourism receipts are targeted to grow at an average annual rate <strong>of</strong> 9.5% to reach<br />
RM29.5 billion <strong>in</strong> 2005 (see Table 1). Kedah received approximately 1.15 million<br />
16 M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, 2000.<br />
17 NST, 9 April, 2001.<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 12
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visitors <strong>in</strong> 2001 <strong>of</strong> which around 52% are foreign visitors (0.6 million). Based on the<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternational tourist arrivals <strong>in</strong> Kedah for year 2001, the percentage <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational<br />
tourist arrivals to Kedah <strong>in</strong> proportion to the national figure is approximately 6%.<br />
Table 1. Selected Tourism Indicators (Malaysia)<br />
Indicator 1995 2000 2005<br />
Number <strong>of</strong> Tourist Arrivals 7,469,000 10,221,000 14,273,000<br />
Arrivals: Annual Growth Rate (%) 6.5 6.9 -<br />
Total Tourism Receipts (RM) 9,927,800 18,756,700 29,499,500<br />
Receipts: Annual Growth Rate (%) 13.5 9.5 -<br />
Gross Domestic Product (RM) 166,625,000 209,396,000 299,785,000<br />
Ratio <strong>of</strong> Tourism Receipts to GDP<br />
(%)<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 13<br />
6 9 10<br />
Employment 67,214 78,671 79,603<br />
Tourist Arrivals, Kedah NA 1,750,000 NA<br />
International Tourist Arrivals, Kedah<br />
(Year 2001)<br />
Proportion <strong>of</strong> International Tourists<br />
Visit<strong>in</strong>g Kedah (%)<br />
NA 600,000 NA<br />
NA 6 NA<br />
Source: 8 th Malaysia Plan, Economic Report 2001/2002 and Pelan T<strong>in</strong>dakan Kedah Maju 2010.<br />
Recent world <strong>in</strong>cidences such as the Bali event <strong>in</strong> 2002 may impact upon tourist<br />
sentiments and affect visitation rates especially amongst <strong>in</strong>ternational travellers.<br />
While efforts to ensure a safe and secure dest<strong>in</strong>ation are important, the alternative<br />
market <strong>of</strong> domestic <strong>tourism</strong> is seen to be grow<strong>in</strong>g s<strong>in</strong>ce 1997.<br />
Under the aggressive promotional activities <strong>of</strong> Cuti-Cuti Malaysia, domestic <strong>tourism</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>creased by 89.9% to 15.8 million trips <strong>in</strong> 1999 compared to 8.32 million trips<br />
between August 1997 and July 1998 18 . The number <strong>of</strong> domestic hotel guests also<br />
<strong>in</strong>creased by 46% to 1.02 million <strong>in</strong> March 2002 compared to 698,000 <strong>in</strong> March 1998,<br />
i.e. at 9.9% per annum compounded growth 19 . This <strong>in</strong>crease has also been attributed to<br />
the fact that alternative Saturdays have been declared as non-work<strong>in</strong>g days for<br />
Government agencies and banks.<br />
To support the planned rapid growth, f<strong>in</strong>ancial allocation for the <strong>tourism</strong> sector have<br />
<strong>in</strong>creased significantly from RM605 million dur<strong>in</strong>g the 7 th Malaysia Plan to RM1<br />
billion dur<strong>in</strong>g the 8 th Malaysia Plan. The receipts from <strong>tourism</strong> have also recorded an<br />
<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g trend <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> average annual revenue (Table 2).<br />
18 8 th Malaysia Plan.<br />
19 Ibid
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Plan Allocation<br />
(RM )<br />
Table 2. Allocations and Revenue for Tourism<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 14<br />
Mean annual<br />
allocation<br />
(RM )<br />
Mean annual<br />
revenue dur<strong>in</strong>g Plan<br />
period (RM )<br />
Eighth 1,009,000,000 202,000,000 --<br />
Seventh 605,000,000 121,000,000 11,657,000,000<br />
Sixth 533,000,000 107,000,000 5,506,000,000<br />
Fifth 140,000,000 28,000,000 2,555,000,000<br />
Compiled from: NEP, 8 th Malaysia Plan and Economic Report 2001/2002.<br />
Parallel with <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> the country, the number <strong>of</strong> tourists <strong>in</strong> Kedah<br />
have <strong>in</strong>creased four-fold from 380,000 visitors <strong>in</strong> 1990 to 1.57 million visitors <strong>in</strong><br />
2000, or an <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>of</strong> 15.2% per annum, i.e., higher than the national average <strong>of</strong><br />
9.9% per annum 20 . Domestic tourists account for 65% <strong>of</strong> all visitors while the<br />
rema<strong>in</strong>der are foreign tourists. However, a major proportion <strong>of</strong> tourists visit Langkawi<br />
(68%) compared to ma<strong>in</strong>land Kedah. As presented <strong>in</strong> Figure 2, the number <strong>of</strong> visitors<br />
to ma<strong>in</strong>land Kedah <strong>in</strong> 1990 was approximately 148,650. Visitor numbers peaked at<br />
approximately 677,800 <strong>in</strong> 1996 before decl<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to 479,100 the follow<strong>in</strong>g year.<br />
Subsequently the number stabilised at 499,600 <strong>in</strong> 2000.<br />
Figure 2. Visitor numbers and trend to Kedah, 1990–2000 (Ma<strong>in</strong>land and Langkawi)<br />
Visitor Number<br />
1,400,000<br />
1,200,000<br />
1,000,000<br />
Source: Pelan T<strong>in</strong>dakan Kedah Maju 2010.<br />
20 PTKM 2010.<br />
800,000<br />
600,000<br />
400,000<br />
200,000<br />
-<br />
1990<br />
1991<br />
1992<br />
1993<br />
1994<br />
1995<br />
Year<br />
1996<br />
1997<br />
Ma<strong>in</strong> Land Langkawi<br />
1998<br />
1999<br />
2000
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
The PTKM 2010 forecasted a 12% annual growth from 1.75 million visitors <strong>in</strong> 2001<br />
to 4.9 million visitors by 2010 for the whole <strong>of</strong> Kedah. Visitors to ma<strong>in</strong>land Kedah<br />
are projected to <strong>in</strong>crease from 0.56 million <strong>in</strong> 2001 to 2.2 million <strong>in</strong> 2010, which is at<br />
an even higher rate <strong>of</strong> 16.2% per annum. Dur<strong>in</strong>g the PTKM 2010 period, the State<br />
Government will emphasise tourist <strong>development</strong> at two sites, i.e., island <strong>tourism</strong> at<br />
Langkawi, and <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> at the Ulu Muda forest area.<br />
3.1.3 Why Nature Tourism?<br />
The NEP (1996) estimated that up to 10% <strong>of</strong> all future <strong>tourism</strong> would be from the<br />
eco<strong>tourism</strong> sector. In addition to direct economic returns, <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> also provides<br />
an important avenue for diversify<strong>in</strong>g the economic base <strong>of</strong> the Kedah State and <strong>in</strong> turn<br />
enhances <strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> rural areas. These benefits can be susta<strong>in</strong>ed cont<strong>in</strong>uously<br />
with careful zon<strong>in</strong>g and sound management <strong>of</strong> the area.<br />
The NEP (1996) also highlighted the socio-economic benefits <strong>of</strong> eco<strong>tourism</strong> discussed<br />
<strong>in</strong> Boo (1990) and L<strong>in</strong>dberg (1991) (see below, Figure 3).<br />
Figure 3. Socio-economic Benefits <strong>of</strong> Eco<strong>tourism</strong><br />
x Eco<strong>tourism</strong> generates local employment, both directly <strong>in</strong> the <strong>tourism</strong> sector and <strong>in</strong><br />
various support and resource management sectors such as land management and<br />
wildlife management;<br />
x Eco<strong>tourism</strong> stimulates pr<strong>of</strong>itable domestic <strong>in</strong>dustries <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g hotels, restaurants,<br />
transport systems, souvenir and handicraft sales, and guide services;<br />
x Eco<strong>tourism</strong> generates foreign exchange;<br />
x Eco<strong>tourism</strong> stimulates rural economies by creat<strong>in</strong>g a demand for agricultural<br />
produce, and by <strong>in</strong>ject<strong>in</strong>g capital;<br />
x Eco<strong>tourism</strong> stimulates improvements to local transport and communications<br />
<strong>in</strong>frastructure, which benefit local people;<br />
x Eco<strong>tourism</strong> promotes the ma<strong>in</strong>tenance <strong>of</strong> parks and reserves, which can become<br />
showcases for the country and which can therefore enhance <strong>in</strong>vestment;<br />
x Eco<strong>tourism</strong> encourages the economically productive use <strong>of</strong> land, which may be<br />
marg<strong>in</strong>al for agriculture, enabl<strong>in</strong>g larger tracts <strong>of</strong> land to rema<strong>in</strong> covered <strong>in</strong> natural<br />
vegetation, safeguard<strong>in</strong>g water supplies and other environmental services.<br />
Source: The National Eco<strong>tourism</strong> Plan (1996).<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 15
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It is <strong>of</strong>ten difficult to provide an estimation <strong>of</strong> ecotourist composition due to the<br />
different def<strong>in</strong>itions <strong>of</strong> eco<strong>tourism</strong>. The NEP estimated that foreign tourists visit<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>nature</strong>-related sites approximate at 6.7% <strong>of</strong> Malaysia’ s tourist arrivals <strong>in</strong> 1994.<br />
This estimate is based on a survey carried out by Tourism Malaysia <strong>in</strong> 1994. These<br />
figures would likely be an underestimation today, with the success <strong>of</strong> the Malaysia,<br />
Truly Asia promotions. The NEP had also projected that <strong>in</strong> 2000 and 2010, 10% <strong>of</strong><br />
Malaysia’ s tourist arrivals would comprise <strong>of</strong> <strong>nature</strong>-based tourists or ecotourists.<br />
A more recent estimate 21 <strong>in</strong>dicated that eco<strong>tourism</strong> and all <strong>nature</strong>-related forms <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>tourism</strong> account for approximately 20% <strong>of</strong> total <strong>in</strong>ternational travel.<br />
In terms <strong>of</strong> general <strong>tourism</strong> projections, the NEP compiled <strong>tourism</strong> arrival figures<br />
from various sources and these are shown <strong>in</strong> Table 3and Table 4. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the<br />
World Tourism Organisation, there were approximately 528 million <strong>in</strong>ternational<br />
tourist arrivals worldwide <strong>in</strong> 1994 (Table 3). The direct <strong>tourism</strong> expenditure was<br />
US$416 billion, which makes up 6% <strong>of</strong> the world’ s GDP 22 (Table 4). Based on Fillion<br />
(1994), the NEP estimated the numbers and impacts <strong>of</strong> <strong>nature</strong> tourists and wildliferelated<br />
tourists by apply<strong>in</strong>g the follow<strong>in</strong>g proportions: 40% to 60% <strong>of</strong> all <strong>in</strong>ternational<br />
tourists are <strong>nature</strong> tourists, and 20% to 40% are wildlife-related tourists (Table 3).<br />
Table 3. Estimates <strong>of</strong> Nature Tourism and Wildlife-related Tourism<br />
Year Total International<br />
Tourism Arrivals<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 16<br />
Nature Tourists Wildlife-related<br />
Tourists<br />
1988 393 million 157–236 million 79–157 million<br />
1994 528.4 million 211–317 million 106–211 million<br />
Source: The National Eco<strong>tourism</strong> Plan (1996).<br />
Table 4. Estimates <strong>of</strong> the World Economic Impact <strong>of</strong> Nature Tourism and<br />
Wildlife-related Tourism<br />
Year Total International<br />
Direct Economic<br />
Impact<br />
Nature Tourism<br />
Impact<br />
Wildlife-related<br />
Tourism Impact<br />
1988 US$388 billion US$93–223 billion US$47–155 billion<br />
1994 US$416 billion US$166–250 billion US$83–166 billion<br />
Source: The National Eco<strong>tourism</strong> Plan (1996).<br />
21 World Tourism Organisation (WTO), 1998.<br />
22 World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC)
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3.1.4 Summary: Ulu Muda as an International Nature Tourism<br />
Dest<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
The potential for Ulu Muda to rank as one <strong>of</strong> the world’ s premier <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong><br />
dest<strong>in</strong>ation is very strong. The follow<strong>in</strong>g are some unique attributes <strong>of</strong> the area.<br />
x The large stands <strong>of</strong> beautiful <strong>in</strong>tact old-growth forest, coupled with a network<br />
<strong>of</strong> trails that are well mapped, provide for excellent jungle-trekk<strong>in</strong>g<br />
opportunities.<br />
x The wide range <strong>of</strong> charismatic wildlife (e.g. elephants, tapir, sambar, etc.), <strong>in</strong><br />
conjunction with a number <strong>of</strong> easily accessible and heavily used saltlicks<br />
facilitate wildlife watch<strong>in</strong>g on a scale equal to any other tropical ra<strong>in</strong>forest site<br />
<strong>in</strong> the world.<br />
x The diverse and bio-geographically special avifauna is an attraction that will<br />
draw avid birders from across the country as well as globally.<br />
x The variety <strong>of</strong> fish<strong>in</strong>g opportunities (lakes and rivers) will be an attraction for<br />
an equally wide variety <strong>of</strong> recreational fish<strong>in</strong>g tourists, from those who like to<br />
fish <strong>of</strong>f the comfort <strong>of</strong> jetties near their chalets, to those who prefer remote<br />
jungle streams.<br />
x Ulu Muda also <strong>of</strong>fers much for the less adventurous <strong>nature</strong> tourist. Boast<strong>in</strong>g<br />
luxury accommodations <strong>of</strong> the highest <strong>in</strong>ternational standards, yet nestled <strong>in</strong><br />
the heart <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> the most spectacular examples <strong>of</strong> prist<strong>in</strong>e wilderness<br />
rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Malaysia, tourists can relax by a lake while appreciat<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
choruses <strong>of</strong> gibbons greet<strong>in</strong>g the dawn.<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 17
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
3.2 Present Ulu Muda Tourism Facilities<br />
The present <strong>tourism</strong> facilities <strong>in</strong> the Ulu Muda region can only be characterised as<br />
emerg<strong>in</strong>g (Map 3, Present Tourism Sites <strong>in</strong> the Ulu Muda Region). It is almost<br />
entirely geared towards tourists <strong>in</strong> resorts and is supported by a network <strong>of</strong> tour agents<br />
and operators. The range <strong>of</strong> accommodation provided <strong>in</strong>cludes campsites, dormitories,<br />
<strong>in</strong>dividual chalets and luxurious private suites. The market is entirely made up <strong>of</strong><br />
domestic group tourists (e.g. company trips, family group holidays or special events).<br />
Table 5 provides a summary <strong>of</strong> the <strong>tourism</strong> establishments <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Pedu) by selected characteristics such as capacity, type <strong>of</strong> tourist market, price range<br />
and type <strong>of</strong> set-up.<br />
Currently, the two major resorts located along the banks <strong>of</strong> Pedu Lake are Desa Utara<br />
Pedu Lake Resort and Mutiara Pedu. The maximum capacity <strong>of</strong> these resorts is 186<br />
rooms. These three-star resorts provide accommodation with price ranges from<br />
RM150 to RM200 at promotional rates and RM200 to RM300 at walk-<strong>in</strong> rates. A<br />
third resort that had recently been completed and yet to open is Anjung Pedu Resort.<br />
Away from Pedu, the Muda resort over <strong>in</strong> Gubir provides accommodation <strong>in</strong> scenic<br />
sett<strong>in</strong>gs. Built along the same concept as a government resthouse, the MADA resort<br />
provides a maximum capacity <strong>of</strong> 106 persons.<br />
Apart from resort-centred staff lead<strong>in</strong>g tours, there is so far only one tour operator,<br />
High Adventure Travel (HAT) (Kedah) that specialises <strong>in</strong> <strong>nature</strong> and adventure tours.<br />
HAT was established <strong>in</strong> December 2001 and started br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g groups to Ulu Muda <strong>in</strong><br />
February 2002. The operations have stopped s<strong>in</strong>ce June 2002 due to low water levels.<br />
HAT <strong>of</strong>fers a variety <strong>of</strong> packages that range from one to four days, cost<strong>in</strong>g<br />
approximately from RM180 to RM400.<br />
Currently, there is limited <strong>in</strong>frastructure available for the <strong>in</strong>dependent traveller. The<br />
ma<strong>in</strong> village centres where provisions and eateries can be found are at Kuala Nerang<br />
and Gubir. Gubir is presently the least developed with only a handful <strong>of</strong> roadside<br />
shops and a provision store. The nearest petrol station lies just outside Gubir and also<br />
at Kuala Nerang. Public transport is available from Alor Setar, Sik and Kuala Nerang<br />
<strong>in</strong>to the Ulu Muda region, but services are not well advertised. It is also possible to<br />
arrange for charter taxis from ma<strong>in</strong> centres such as Sik and Alor Setar.<br />
At the Koperasi Pembangunan Ampang Muda (KOPAM) jetty <strong>in</strong> Gubir, village boats<br />
may be rented with or without a boatman-cum-guide. These are broad wooden boats<br />
usually powered by a modified water-pump. There are a total <strong>of</strong> 52 such boats that are<br />
especially popular dur<strong>in</strong>g weekends and holidays. Boats are rented out at RM40 per<br />
day and RM45 for overnight rentals. The fee for the time <strong>of</strong> a boatman per day is<br />
RM60. Other relevant charges <strong>in</strong>clude car and motorbike park<strong>in</strong>g fees at RM3 and<br />
RM1 respectively. Boats are most commonly rented for fish<strong>in</strong>g trips along the lake or<br />
tributaries and fishermen are most <strong>of</strong>ten from with<strong>in</strong> the state or nearby from<br />
neighbour<strong>in</strong>g districts.<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 18
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Table 5. Summary <strong>of</strong> Tourism Establishments and Relevant Characteristics<br />
Area (Year<br />
Established)<br />
Desa Utara Pedu<br />
Lake (1995)<br />
Mutiara Pedu Lake<br />
(1995)<br />
Anjung Pedu<br />
(completed, not <strong>in</strong><br />
operation at time<br />
<strong>of</strong> writ<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
Type <strong>of</strong> setup<br />
Capacity &<br />
Features<br />
Resort (3-star) x 106 rooms<br />
x 1 ma<strong>in</strong> house<br />
(40-60 pax)<br />
x Kampung<br />
ambience<br />
Resort (3-star) 80 rooms<br />
Resort x 20 chalets<br />
x 1 Type A ma<strong>in</strong><br />
houses (16 pax)<br />
x 4 Type B ma<strong>in</strong><br />
houses (30 pax)<br />
Muda Resort Resort x 28 rooms<br />
High Adventure<br />
Travel (HAT)<br />
Koperasi<br />
Pembangunan<br />
Ampangan Muda<br />
(KOPAM)<br />
x 20-bed<br />
dormitory<br />
Tour operator Campsites,<br />
observatory tours<br />
Community<br />
jetty area<br />
52 broad wooden<br />
boats<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 19<br />
Price Range<br />
(Standard rooms)<br />
RM150–RM200 (<strong>of</strong>f<br />
peak),<br />
RM200–RM250<br />
(peak)<br />
RM160–RM200 (<strong>of</strong>f<br />
peak),<br />
RM 200–RM300<br />
Not available at time<br />
<strong>of</strong> writ<strong>in</strong>g<br />
RM 60–RM100<br />
RM10 (Dormitory)<br />
RM180–RM400<br />
(1 to 4 day tours)<br />
RM 40 per day<br />
RM 45 overnight<br />
RM 3 car park fee<br />
RM1 motorbike fee<br />
Visitor<br />
Market Type<br />
High-end,<br />
leisure,<br />
bus<strong>in</strong>ess, team<br />
build<strong>in</strong>g<br />
High end,<br />
leisure,<br />
bus<strong>in</strong>ess, team<br />
build<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Medium to low<br />
end<br />
Medium to low<br />
end, tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g,<br />
team build<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
meet<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
High to low<br />
end, <strong>nature</strong>,<br />
education<br />
Fish<strong>in</strong>g<br />
enthusiasts
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
3.3 Present Ulu Muda Tourism Activities<br />
As outl<strong>in</strong>ed above, the present <strong>tourism</strong> activities <strong>in</strong> the Ulu Muda region is essentially<br />
catered towards domestic group tourists. The resorts are venues for sem<strong>in</strong>ars,<br />
meet<strong>in</strong>gs and small conferences. Special group events are also popular. Resort<br />
activities on <strong>of</strong>fer range from team build<strong>in</strong>g activities (e.g. obstacle courses, etc.),<br />
golf, and water sports (e.g. jet skis, sail<strong>in</strong>g and boat cruises). Jungle walks are also<br />
provided, and this <strong>in</strong>cludes longer, more demand<strong>in</strong>g treks (e.g. Gunung Fakir Terbang<br />
and Gunung Batu Tajam). To a large extent, <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> plays a small role <strong>in</strong> the<br />
activities provided.<br />
More recently, activities deep with<strong>in</strong> the Ulu Muda forests are also be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>fered<br />
through HAT. This <strong>in</strong>cludes treks, wildlife observations and adventure activities (e.g.<br />
jungle survival, trekk<strong>in</strong>g and raft<strong>in</strong>g). The Kedah State Government has also<br />
constructed a wildlife observation hide at Sira Hangat. So far, HAT which works<br />
through the village co-operative (KOPAM) has exclusive rights to the hide.<br />
Fish<strong>in</strong>g is an important sector <strong>of</strong> <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong>. Apart from activities organised by<br />
HAT and resorts, the KOPAM co-operative has been the ma<strong>in</strong> platform for fishermen<br />
<strong>in</strong>to the Muda lake and river systems. Boats can be rented from the co-operative and<br />
fish<strong>in</strong>g weekends are essentially self-catered and organised. Currently, no monitor<strong>in</strong>g<br />
system is <strong>in</strong> place to control access, fish catches or other illegal activities.<br />
Bird watch<strong>in</strong>g is a major <strong>nature</strong> activity with a well-established network <strong>of</strong> bird<br />
watchers and enthusiasts. Active members <strong>of</strong> the Malaysian Nature Society (MNS)<br />
have been promot<strong>in</strong>g the region as an important bird-watch<strong>in</strong>g dest<strong>in</strong>ation. S<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
2001, there have been at least two major MNS bird<strong>in</strong>g trips to the region and a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> private trips made by its members.<br />
3.3.1 Tourism Potential <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda<br />
Nature <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda provides a complimentary activity to water catchment<br />
protection <strong>in</strong> the area due to its geographical sett<strong>in</strong>g. In addition it also provides longterm<br />
benefits to the local communities <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> employment generation. Equally<br />
important, <strong>tourism</strong> activities also contribute <strong>in</strong> conserv<strong>in</strong>g national and global heritage<br />
<strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> biodiversity with<strong>in</strong> the last rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g forests <strong>of</strong> Northern Pen<strong>in</strong>sular<br />
Malaysia. Opportunities arise <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> Federal-State <strong>in</strong>itiatives. In particular,<br />
protection <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda would contribute towards Malaysia’ s efforts <strong>in</strong> implement<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the National Biodiversity Policy and also support the implementation <strong>of</strong> the National<br />
Spatial Plan.<br />
The study assessed the <strong>tourism</strong> potential <strong>of</strong> Pedu and Muda areas. The follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
section presents data compiled from the three resorts (Desa Utara, Mutiara Pedu Lake,<br />
Muda) and the sole adventure tour operator (HAT) at Ulu Muda.<br />
3.3.1.1 Tourist Numbers<br />
The total number <strong>of</strong> visitors to the Pedu and Muda Lake areas was approximately<br />
44,000 <strong>in</strong> 2001. The bulk <strong>of</strong> the tourists reside at Mutiara Pedu Lake Resort and Desa<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 20
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Utara Resort whilst Muda Resort caters ma<strong>in</strong>ly for arranged group trips such as<br />
school trips, tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g trips, and Government department trips (MADA Resort,<br />
personal communication). Compar<strong>in</strong>g these figures to the total visitors to ma<strong>in</strong>land<br />
Kedah, the percentage <strong>of</strong> tourist numbers to the Pedu and Muda areas is<br />
approximately 7.6% (Table 6). This figure is expected to <strong>in</strong>crease based on the<br />
emphasis placed by the PTKM 2010 on the Ulu Muda area and higher resource<br />
allocation for <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>development</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g the 8 th Malaysia Plan.<br />
Table 6. Visitor Numbers to Pedu and Muda Lake Areas (2001)<br />
Mutiara Desa<br />
Utara<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 21<br />
Muda<br />
Resort<br />
Kopam HAT Anjung<br />
Pedu<br />
Visitors 19,382 19,987 3,300 1,333 NA NA<br />
Local (%) 90 80 100 100 NA NA<br />
Foreign (%) 10 20 0 0 NA NA<br />
Visitors to Pedu + Muda Lake 44,000<br />
Visitors to Ma<strong>in</strong>land Kedah 560,000<br />
Visitors to Pedu + Muda <strong>of</strong><br />
visitors to Ma<strong>in</strong>land Kedah (%)<br />
Notes:<br />
1. Visitors to Ma<strong>in</strong>land Kedah figures from PTKM 2010.<br />
2. Figures for Mutiara Lake Resort based on <strong>in</strong>terview.<br />
3. Figures for visitor numbers for Desa Utara is estimated by multiply<strong>in</strong>g room<br />
occupancy with 2.5 (Resident Manager <strong>of</strong> Desa Utara, personal communication).<br />
4. Figures <strong>of</strong> 2001 data for Desa Utara are not available. Year 2000 figures are used as<br />
a proxy for year 2001 figures.<br />
5. Not applicable (NA) as HAT only started operat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> 2002 and Anjung Pedu is<br />
presently not <strong>in</strong> operation.<br />
Room Capacity and Occupation Rates<br />
By the end <strong>of</strong> 2000, room occupancy <strong>in</strong> Desa Utara was recorded at 7,995 room<br />
nights whilst room occupancy <strong>in</strong> Mutiara <strong>in</strong> 2001 was 7,527 (Table 7). The occupancy<br />
rate for Mutiara was estimated at 26% compared to Desa Utara at 21% for the entire<br />
year (Table 7). Analys<strong>in</strong>g the occupancy rates over school holidays based on 130 days<br />
yielded an occupancy rate <strong>of</strong> 72% at Mutiara and 58% at Desa Utara (Table 7). The<br />
data reflects that exist<strong>in</strong>g capacities <strong>of</strong> the resorts are not fully utilised especially<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f-peak seasons and demonstrates the opportunity to further extend the use <strong>of</strong><br />
present capacities.<br />
7.9
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Table 7. Room Capacity and Occupancy Rates by Resorts<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 22<br />
Mutiara<br />
(2001)<br />
Desa Utara<br />
(2000)<br />
Room Occupancy (room nights/year) 7,527 7,995<br />
Number <strong>of</strong> rooms 80 106<br />
Maximum capacity/year (room nights) 29,200 38,690<br />
Occupancy rate (%/year) 26 21<br />
Number <strong>of</strong> Public and School holidays<br />
(days)<br />
Maximum capacity over holiday season<br />
(room nights)<br />
130 130<br />
10,400 13,780<br />
Occupancy rate over holiday season (%) 72 58<br />
In addition to the above scenario, Figure 4 <strong>in</strong>dicates that visitor numbers are<br />
<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g from year to year based on room occupancy <strong>in</strong> Desa Utara between 1996<br />
and 2000. Overall, tourist numbers <strong>in</strong>creased by approximately 1.4 times and at 8%<br />
per annum from 1996 to 2000. What is important to note is that s<strong>in</strong>ce 1998, there has<br />
been a ris<strong>in</strong>g trend <strong>in</strong> room occupancy, which <strong>in</strong>dicates ris<strong>in</strong>g demand.<br />
Number<br />
8 5 0 0<br />
8 0 0 0<br />
7 5 0 0<br />
7 0 0 0<br />
6 5 0 0<br />
6 0 0 0<br />
5 5 0 0<br />
5 0 0 0<br />
Figure 4. Room Occupancy <strong>in</strong> Desa Utara, 1996–2000<br />
1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0<br />
Y e a r<br />
R o o m O c c u p a n c y
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
3.3.1.2 Adventure Tours and Local Capacity<br />
High Adventure Travel (HAT) (Kedah) was established <strong>in</strong> 2001 and started br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g<br />
groups to Ulu Muda <strong>in</strong> February 2002. These trips depend solely on visitor transfers<br />
by catamaran or outboard eng<strong>in</strong>e boats to the sites. Due to low water levels, tours had<br />
been stopped s<strong>in</strong>ce June 2002. HAT is presently focus<strong>in</strong>g rigorously on their efforts <strong>in</strong><br />
market<strong>in</strong>g and promotional activities and has recommended various alternative routes<br />
<strong>in</strong> order to ensure cont<strong>in</strong>uation <strong>of</strong> the packages <strong>in</strong>dependent <strong>of</strong> reservoir water levels.<br />
Approximately 150 visitors visited Ulu Muda through HAT packages with<strong>in</strong> the four<br />
months that they were operat<strong>in</strong>g between February and May 2002. In terms <strong>of</strong> future<br />
projections, HAT is optimistic <strong>of</strong> achiev<strong>in</strong>g 5,000 visitors for the year 2003, 15,000<br />
for 2005 and 30,000 for 2010 based on additional tie-ups, confirmed packages and<br />
strategic market<strong>in</strong>g efforts (HAT, personal communication).<br />
Figure 5 provides a prelim<strong>in</strong>ary breakdown <strong>of</strong> the visitor groups that experienced<br />
HAT’ s services. School groups make up the majority at 62% followed by media<br />
groups at 29%, and foreign groups at 9%. This trend is expected to be similar <strong>in</strong> the<br />
next few years (HAT, personal communication).<br />
Figure 5. Composition <strong>of</strong> Visitors by Groups (HAT, Feb – May 2002)<br />
29%<br />
9%<br />
Sc hool c hildren Foreign v is itors Media groups<br />
At the KOPAM jetty, approximately 400 boats were rented from January to<br />
September 2002. Based on this figure, the estimated number <strong>of</strong> boats rented out <strong>in</strong> a<br />
year is approximately 530. These boats can take four to five persons per boat. Over<br />
the past three years (2000 to 2002), KOPAM received approximately 4,000 visitors,<br />
which makes up an average figure <strong>of</strong> approximately 1,330 visitors per year (En.<br />
Razak b<strong>in</strong> Che Teh, KOPAM Head, personal communication).<br />
Presently, KOPAM has 280 members, <strong>of</strong> which 30 are active. The committee<br />
members <strong>of</strong> KOPAM meet once every one or two months. The activities <strong>of</strong> KOPAM<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 23<br />
62%
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
are still at <strong>in</strong>itial stages hav<strong>in</strong>g been set up only three years ago <strong>in</strong> 1999 (En. Razak<br />
b<strong>in</strong> Che Teh, KOPAM Head, personal communication) Amongst the activities<br />
planned <strong>in</strong>clude provid<strong>in</strong>g assistance to members <strong>in</strong> market<strong>in</strong>g traditional products.<br />
The types <strong>of</strong> fish that have been caught by fishermen <strong>in</strong> the area <strong>in</strong>clude talapia,<br />
baung, subarau, tengas, kelah and haruan.<br />
3.3.1.3 Tourism Projections (Short, Medium and Long Term)<br />
Short, medium and long-term projections are estimated based on the PTKM 2010<br />
projection <strong>of</strong> 12% annual growth <strong>in</strong> tourist numbers and <strong>in</strong>terviews with HAT (Table<br />
8). It is important to note that these projections do not <strong>in</strong>clude visitors to Anjung<br />
Pedu.<br />
It is also important to note that the projections need careful assessments based on<br />
local conditions and status <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda. As the PTKM 2010<br />
estimate <strong>of</strong> 12% growth is applied to the whole <strong>of</strong> Kedah, the projected figures for the<br />
Pedu and Muda area may be different. It is also important to consider the carry<strong>in</strong>g<br />
capacity <strong>of</strong> support<strong>in</strong>g the projected figures <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda. These issues are discussed<br />
further <strong>in</strong> this report.<br />
Table 8. Tourist Projections for Pedu Lake Area, Muda Resort and HAT<br />
Year Pedu Lake<br />
Resorts<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 24<br />
HAT Muda Resort KOPAM Total<br />
Present, 2001 19,382 19,987 3,300 1,300 43,969<br />
Short term, 2003 49,000 5,000 3,600 1,400 59,000<br />
Medium term, 2005 61,000 15,000 4,000 1,600 81,600<br />
Long term, 2010 109,000 30,000 5,000 2000 146,000<br />
Notes:<br />
1. Pedu Lake Resorts based on PTKM 2010 estimate <strong>of</strong> 12% annual growth.<br />
2. HAT projections are based on personal communication, HAT.<br />
3. Muda and KOPAM projections are based on a conservative estimate <strong>of</strong> 5% annual<br />
growth.<br />
3.3.1.4 Economic Benefits <strong>of</strong> Tourism <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda<br />
In order to understand the exact <strong>nature</strong> and magnitude <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> benefits on the<br />
Kedah economy, the relevant data portrayed <strong>in</strong> Figure 6 need to be analysed. In view<br />
<strong>of</strong> the scope and resources <strong>of</strong> this study, <strong>tourism</strong> expenditure and receipts are<br />
estimated based on secondary data. This is to provide an <strong>in</strong>dication <strong>of</strong> the magnitude<br />
<strong>of</strong> economic benefits <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong> the Ulu Muda area. In addition it is also important<br />
to highlight the potential costs <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> such as social and environmental impacts.<br />
The issue <strong>of</strong> social impacts is beyond the scope <strong>of</strong> this study and would benefit from<br />
further studies.
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Figure 6. Framework for Measur<strong>in</strong>g Economic Benefits <strong>of</strong> Tourism<br />
Expenditure<br />
and Receipts<br />
L<strong>in</strong>kages with other<br />
sectors and extent to<br />
which <strong>tourism</strong><br />
stimulates growth and<br />
production <strong>in</strong> the<br />
economy<br />
Contribution to<br />
GDP<br />
Economic Benefits<br />
Of Tourism<br />
Employment<br />
generated<br />
Tourism receipts are estimated based on a breakdown <strong>of</strong> relevant expenditure <strong>of</strong><br />
visitors at the Pedu and Muda Lake areas. The start<strong>in</strong>g po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> the analysis is Alor<br />
Setar. This means that travell<strong>in</strong>g expenditure to Alor Setar (by air or land transport)<br />
have not been taken <strong>in</strong>to account. Therefore, the actual <strong>tourism</strong> receipts may be higher<br />
if items such as airport tax and fuel costs are <strong>in</strong>corporated. Table 9 shows an estimate<br />
<strong>of</strong> the expenditure <strong>in</strong>curred by visitors to the resorts <strong>in</strong> Pedu and Muda Lake. The<br />
major cost items <strong>in</strong>clude accommodation, travel, food and beverage and facilities.<br />
This <strong>in</strong>formation is based on published prices and <strong>in</strong>terviews with tour and resort<br />
operators.<br />
The total expenditure by a tourist at the Pedu Lake resorts is estimated at RM340 (see<br />
Table 9). Accommodation cost per person is obta<strong>in</strong>ed by averag<strong>in</strong>g the room charges<br />
(rang<strong>in</strong>g from RM150 to RM300) and divid<strong>in</strong>g by two to reflect cost per person.<br />
Travel expenditure is obta<strong>in</strong>ed from a survey <strong>of</strong> taxi fares from Alor Setar to Pedu<br />
Lake. RM80 reflects a return journey per person. Based on <strong>in</strong>terviews with the resort<br />
operators, the average number <strong>of</strong> days spent by visitors is 1.5 days. Food and<br />
beverage as well as expenditure on relevant facilities at the resorts are estimated at<br />
RM50 and RM15 respectively.<br />
The same applies to visitor expenditure <strong>in</strong> Muda Resort. As most <strong>of</strong> the visitors to<br />
Muda Resort attend tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g courses, the common mode <strong>of</strong> transport is by bus. Based<br />
on <strong>in</strong>terviews with two bus companies <strong>in</strong> Alor Setar, the average price for a return<br />
journey per person is estimated at RM30. HAT expenditures are based on packages<br />
and cost <strong>of</strong> travell<strong>in</strong>g. The average cost <strong>of</strong> HAT packages is RM305. Discounts <strong>of</strong><br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 25<br />
Leakages <strong>of</strong><br />
foreign exchange<br />
from imports <strong>of</strong><br />
goods and<br />
services.<br />
Contribution to<br />
foreign exchange<br />
earn<strong>in</strong>gs
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
between 35% and 45% are provided for school trips. Based on a discount <strong>of</strong> 35%, the<br />
average package price for school children is approximately RM200. The cost <strong>of</strong><br />
travell<strong>in</strong>g by bus per person is RM30. For HAT, this yields an estimated expenditure<br />
<strong>of</strong> RM335 for adults and RM230 for school children. Most <strong>of</strong> the visitors at KOPAM<br />
are local communities from nearby towns. The estimated expenditure at KOPAM per<br />
person is RM25 (see Table 9).<br />
Table 9. Breakdown <strong>of</strong> Visitor Expenditure (RM) at Pedu and Muda Areas<br />
Accommodation/<br />
Package<br />
Pedu<br />
Lake<br />
Muda<br />
Resort<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 26<br />
HAT<br />
Adult<br />
HAT<br />
School<br />
KOPAM Anjung<br />
Pedu<br />
113 60 305 200 - NA<br />
Travel 80 30 30 30 10 NA<br />
Nights 1.5 1.5 Inclusive Inclusive NA NA<br />
Food and Beverage 50 30 Inclusive Inclusive 5 NA<br />
Facilities, Boat 15 Inclusive Inclusive 10 NA<br />
Expenditure/Tourist<br />
(RM)<br />
340 165 335 230 25 NA<br />
Based on the expenditure per tourist, the total <strong>tourism</strong> receipts at Pedu and Muda<br />
Lake areas is estimated at RM14 million (see Table 10). This only <strong>in</strong>cludes <strong>tourism</strong><br />
receipts at the resorts at Pedu and Muda Lake. HAT only started operat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> 2002<br />
and Anjung Pedu has yet to start operations at time <strong>of</strong> writ<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Table 10. Estimated Tourist Expenditure at Pedu and Muda Areas <strong>in</strong> 2001<br />
Pedu Lake Muda<br />
Resort<br />
KOPAM HAT Anjung<br />
Pedu<br />
Tourist numbers 39,400 3,300 1,333 NA NA<br />
Expenditure/Tourist<br />
(RM)<br />
340 165 25 NA NA<br />
Total (RM) 13,396,000 544,500 33,300 NA NA<br />
Grand total (RM) 13,973,800
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
3.3.1.5 Economic Benefits <strong>of</strong> Water Recreation<br />
A major attraction <strong>of</strong> the Pedu and Muda areas is due to the lake area, <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> its<br />
tranquility and potential for relaxation. Visitors derive enjoyment from the lake<br />
through activities such as water sports, sightsee<strong>in</strong>g and angl<strong>in</strong>g. The enjoyment<br />
derived due to the lake area may be represented through two types <strong>of</strong> values. The first<br />
is reflected <strong>in</strong> the expenditure spent by tourists to travel to the site. The second is the<br />
quality <strong>of</strong> the enjoyment, i.e., tourists derive more benefits over its costs. This is<br />
known as the consumer surplus. Due to the scope <strong>of</strong> this study, primary data<br />
collection <strong>of</strong> the benefits <strong>of</strong> water recreation has not been estimated. Nevertheless,<br />
examples <strong>of</strong> studies have shown that the consumer surplus from water recreation can<br />
be significant. For example, a study on the East Lake <strong>in</strong> Wuhan, Ch<strong>in</strong>a found that the<br />
economic benefits <strong>of</strong> recreational pursuits amounted to RMB 41.62 million per annum<br />
(US$5 million) 23 .<br />
3.3.1.6 Nature Tourists’ Perception<br />
The above discussion has demonstrated the potential and benefits <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong>. While<br />
that deals with benefit flows, it is important to have an idea <strong>of</strong> the attributes that<br />
attracts and promotes the susta<strong>in</strong>ability <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> benefits. Results from the survey<br />
carried out by the NEP (1996) <strong>of</strong> foreign ecotourists may provide some <strong>in</strong>itial<br />
<strong>in</strong>dication. As the pr<strong>of</strong>iles <strong>of</strong> tourists to Sabah, Sarawak and Kedah are different, these<br />
results can only contribute as learn<strong>in</strong>g experiences. Based on 358 questionnaires<br />
collected from Sabah, the top three features that ecotourists liked were <strong>nature</strong>,<br />
friendl<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>of</strong> people and food. The top three features <strong>in</strong> Sarawak were almost similar<br />
<strong>in</strong> Sabah (Table 11). Fifty-three questionnaires were analysed from Sarawak.<br />
Table 11. Features Which Foreign Nature Tourists Particularly Liked <strong>in</strong> Sabah<br />
and Sarawak<br />
Praise Sabah Sarawak<br />
Top Nature Nature<br />
Second Friendl<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>of</strong> people Friendl<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>of</strong> People<br />
Third Food Caves<br />
Fourth Climate Food<br />
Source: The National Eco<strong>tourism</strong> Plan, 1996<br />
The highest compla<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> ecotourists <strong>in</strong> Sabah was litter, followed by costs <strong>of</strong><br />
transport and logg<strong>in</strong>g effects. In Sarawak however, tourists were sensitive to logg<strong>in</strong>g<br />
effects followed by litter and costs <strong>of</strong> transport (see Table 12). The study did not<br />
analyse further the reasons for their dislike <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> costs <strong>of</strong> transport.<br />
23 Du, Yap<strong>in</strong>g. 1998.<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 27
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Table 12. Features Which Foreign Ecotourists Particularly Disliked <strong>in</strong> Sabah<br />
and Sarawak<br />
Compla<strong>in</strong>t Sabah Sarawak<br />
Top Litter Logg<strong>in</strong>g and its effects<br />
Second Costs <strong>of</strong> Transport Litter<br />
Third Logg<strong>in</strong>g and its effects Costs <strong>of</strong> Transport<br />
Source: The National Eco<strong>tourism</strong> Plan, 1996<br />
Interest<strong>in</strong>gly, the top three recommendations for improvements <strong>in</strong> Sabah and Sarawak<br />
were similar (Table 12). The top priority was guidebooks followed by maps.<br />
Table 13. Top Three Recommendations by Foreign Nature Tourists for<br />
Improvements <strong>in</strong> Sabah and Sarawak<br />
Suggestion Sabah Sarawak<br />
Top Guidebooks Guidebooks<br />
Second Maps Maps<br />
Third General Information General Information<br />
Source: The National Eco<strong>tourism</strong> Plan, 1996<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 28
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
3.4 Proposed Development Plans and Implications for Nature<br />
Tourism Developments<br />
In analys<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>tourism</strong> potential <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests, an attempt was made to<br />
understand the patterns <strong>of</strong> <strong>development</strong> with<strong>in</strong> the surround<strong>in</strong>g landscape. Thus, we<br />
beg<strong>in</strong> with a regional overview followed by an exam<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> the three primary<br />
districts <strong>of</strong> concern, namely: Padang Terap, Sik and Bal<strong>in</strong>g. Firstly, at a regional level,<br />
the northwestern region <strong>of</strong> Pen<strong>in</strong>sular Malaysia has a number <strong>of</strong> important <strong>nature</strong><br />
<strong>tourism</strong> sites (see Map 4, Major Tourism Sites <strong>in</strong> Northern Pen<strong>in</strong>sular Malaysia).<br />
These <strong>in</strong>clude the limestone caves and formations protected with<strong>in</strong> the Perlis State<br />
Park, the islands and reefs <strong>of</strong> Langkawi, the beach and lowland forests <strong>of</strong> Pantai<br />
Acheh <strong>in</strong> Penang and the montane forests high up on Gunung Jerai. Apart from<br />
natural areas, this region is also the seat <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> the oldest civilisations <strong>in</strong> the history<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Pen<strong>in</strong>sula and has a rich cultural history that dates back to those early days <strong>in</strong><br />
folk traditions, myths and archaeological artefacts.<br />
At the district level, the most current data available as to the proposed <strong>development</strong>s<br />
<strong>in</strong> the area can be summarised from the District Structure Plans, which were approved<br />
by the Kedah State Government <strong>in</strong> 1997. Of importance are the areas <strong>of</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>uous<br />
forest cover to the Ulu Muda forests, which will be one <strong>of</strong> the key ecological criteria<br />
<strong>in</strong> assess<strong>in</strong>g the potential <strong>of</strong> <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong> this region.<br />
In addition to the District Structural Plans, we will also consider three additional<br />
<strong>development</strong>s which we consider to be directly relevant to this present study: the<br />
proposed Trans-Eastern H<strong>in</strong>terland Highway, the proposed helicopter logg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the<br />
wider Ulu Muda forests and also exist<strong>in</strong>g proposals for an Ulu Muda State Park.<br />
Some <strong>of</strong> the key <strong>development</strong> considerations are highlighted <strong>in</strong> Map 5 (Proposed<br />
Developments <strong>in</strong> the Greater Ulu Muda Area).<br />
3.4.1 Trans-Eastern H<strong>in</strong>terland Highway<br />
This proposed road will eventually l<strong>in</strong>k Durian Burong (a new <strong>in</strong>ternational border<br />
cross<strong>in</strong>g) and Kupang <strong>in</strong> the Bal<strong>in</strong>g district. This will be a highway that will follow, to<br />
a large extent, the exist<strong>in</strong>g national road system.<br />
The highway will essentially divide the forests <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda (<strong>in</strong> its broad sense) <strong>in</strong>to<br />
eastern and western flanks <strong>of</strong> the highway (Map 5). From an ecological perspective,<br />
the highway will be a major barrier to wildlife movement and may pose a threat to<br />
animals that attempt to cross this road (e.g. civets, primates, snakes and other<br />
reptiles). Mitigation measures should be developed where there are significant forests<br />
on either side <strong>of</strong> the road (e.g. Kuala Nerang-Gulau). It will also be advantageous to<br />
ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> forest stretches along the old road between Kuala Nerang to Gubir as<br />
“ forests roads” as this adds to the charm <strong>of</strong> the area for visit<strong>in</strong>g tourists.<br />
3.4.2 Helicopter-logg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests<br />
Details <strong>of</strong> this proposal have not been forthcom<strong>in</strong>g, but the project is undergo<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
full EIA study at the time <strong>of</strong> writ<strong>in</strong>g and further <strong>in</strong>formation will be made public soon.<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 29
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
From the early proposal, it is likely that an area <strong>of</strong> 121,406 ha will be logged over a<br />
10-year period with<strong>in</strong> the follow<strong>in</strong>g forest reserves: Ulu Muda, Bukit Saiong, Bukit<br />
Keramat, Chebar Besar, Padang Terap and Pedu.<br />
The benefit <strong>of</strong> logg<strong>in</strong>g is assessed based on available prelim<strong>in</strong>ary <strong>in</strong>formation. The<br />
estimated timber volume to be harvested per hectare is 35 m 3 . This is obta<strong>in</strong>ed by<br />
apply<strong>in</strong>g the average volume per tree from an exist<strong>in</strong>g experimental plot <strong>of</strong> the Sg.<br />
Weng study and multiply<strong>in</strong>g by seven trees per ha 24, 25 (Table 14). The Sg. Weng<br />
study, which started <strong>in</strong> 1994, is located with<strong>in</strong> the Ulu Muda Forest Reserve and is cocoord<strong>in</strong>ated<br />
by Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran (JPS).<br />
The premium, cess and royalty rates are obta<strong>in</strong>ed from Forestry Statistics, Pen<strong>in</strong>sular<br />
Malaysia, 2000, while the composition <strong>of</strong> wood type is based on Kedah Forestry<br />
Department’ s past timber production (Appendix ). It should be noted that royalty rates<br />
might vary based on the tender<strong>in</strong>g exercise practised <strong>in</strong> Kedah. However, <strong>in</strong> this case,<br />
the concession has been appo<strong>in</strong>ted and the uniform royalty rate for Kedah is applied.<br />
The cutt<strong>in</strong>g cycle is assessed based on the Selective Management System <strong>of</strong> 30 years<br />
adopted by the Kedah Forestry Department. This reflects a susta<strong>in</strong>able forest<br />
management as an approach adopted at the national level. It should be noted that the<br />
heli-logg<strong>in</strong>g concession is proposed on a 10-year cycle. Based on the 30-year cutt<strong>in</strong>g<br />
cycle, the study estimated that the collection <strong>of</strong> premium and royalty to the State is<br />
approximately RM1.8 million while the collection <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g cess is about RM2.6<br />
million.<br />
24 A guidel<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> three trees per acre is suggested (pers. comms., Forestry Dept). This translates to<br />
approximately seven trees per hectare.<br />
25 NST, 18 May, 2002.<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 30
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Table 14. Collection <strong>of</strong> Royalty, Cess and Premium<br />
Volume/tree 4.7<br />
Volume/ha (cu.m/ha) 35<br />
Total Area for Logg<strong>in</strong>g (ha) 26 72,840<br />
Annual Coupe (ha/year) 2,428<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 31<br />
Unit RM/ha<br />
Premium (RM/ha) 375 375<br />
Cess (RM/cu.m) 10 353<br />
Average Royalty (RM/cu.m) 364<br />
Collection from Premium, Cess and Royalty (RM/ha) 1,098<br />
Collection without Cess (RM/ha) 744<br />
Total from Premium, Cess and Royalty (RM/year) 2,665,216<br />
Total without Cess (RM/Year) (to the State) 1,805,704<br />
Multiply<strong>in</strong>g the average volume <strong>of</strong> timber harvested by log prices <strong>in</strong> 2000 would yield<br />
a gross revenue <strong>of</strong> approximately RM20 million per hectare which br<strong>in</strong>gs to a total <strong>of</strong><br />
RM50 million per year (Table 15). Incorporat<strong>in</strong>g the annual collection from royalty,<br />
cess and premium, the total value <strong>of</strong> the proposed helicopter logg<strong>in</strong>g is approximately<br />
RM52 million per year. A further breakdown <strong>of</strong> the revenue and collection shows that<br />
the benefit ratio from the concession is approximately: State (3% from premium and<br />
royalty), Federal (2% from cess), Islamic Foundation (19%) and WTK (76%) (Table<br />
16).<br />
Table 15. Gross Timber Revenues<br />
Gross<br />
Revenue<br />
(RM/ha)<br />
Annual Gross<br />
Revenue<br />
(RM/year)<br />
Annual collection<br />
(RM) (royalty, cess,<br />
premium)<br />
Total Value<br />
(RM)<br />
Revenue/Collection 20,651 50,143,106 2,650,293 52,793,399<br />
26 Based on 60% loggable areas accord<strong>in</strong>g to slope and terra<strong>in</strong> limitations.
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Table 16. Breakdown <strong>of</strong> Revenue/Collection Distribution from Timber<br />
Concession<br />
Revenue/Collection<br />
(RM)<br />
WTK Islamic<br />
Foundation<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 32<br />
State<br />
Forestry<br />
Department<br />
Federal<br />
Forestry<br />
Department<br />
(Cess)<br />
Total<br />
40,112,502 10,028,126 1,805,704 859,512 52,805,844<br />
Ratio 76% 19% 3% 2% 100%<br />
Note: Estimation based on ratio <strong>of</strong> proposed logg<strong>in</strong>g concession.<br />
While it is recognised that these estimates are based on prelim<strong>in</strong>ary data and averages<br />
<strong>of</strong> past timber production patterns <strong>in</strong> Kedah, the results provide an <strong>in</strong>dication <strong>of</strong> the<br />
magnitude <strong>of</strong> timber benefits from the proposed helicopter logg<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
3.4.2.1 Impacts <strong>of</strong> logg<strong>in</strong>g<br />
The Sg. Weng study was developed to provide lessons learnt <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> the impacts<br />
<strong>of</strong> logg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a water catchment area. Based on prelim<strong>in</strong>ary results <strong>of</strong> the experimental<br />
logg<strong>in</strong>g study <strong>in</strong> the Waduk and Wakil catchment areas <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda, the sediment<br />
yield was found to be 18 times over pre-logg<strong>in</strong>g conditions dur<strong>in</strong>g a low ra<strong>in</strong>fall year<br />
<strong>in</strong> 1998. This observation has been attributed to the construction <strong>of</strong> roads, skid trails<br />
and land<strong>in</strong>gs 27 . Whilst the results are prelim<strong>in</strong>ary <strong>in</strong> <strong>nature</strong>, it shows the l<strong>in</strong>kages <strong>of</strong><br />
how an activity could impact upon another, therefore would warrant careful<br />
consideration to m<strong>in</strong>imise irreversible damages. Hence, it is critical to exam<strong>in</strong>e the<br />
impacts <strong>of</strong> logg<strong>in</strong>g on the other functions <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests especially as a<br />
water catchment for water supply and irrigation. The economic analysis <strong>of</strong> these<br />
benefits and potential impacts are discussed further below.<br />
The follow<strong>in</strong>g heli-logg<strong>in</strong>g implications on exist<strong>in</strong>g use need to be considered:<br />
x Potential impacts on water catchment areas;<br />
x Potential impacts on <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>development</strong> and wildlife roam<strong>in</strong>g areas;<br />
x Implications <strong>of</strong> the Malaysian effort towards timber certification;<br />
x The annual allowable cut for Kedah was 2,312 ha <strong>in</strong> 2000 and 2,163 ha <strong>in</strong><br />
1999 as set by the National Forestry Council. With<strong>in</strong> the heli-logg<strong>in</strong>g project,<br />
an approximate 12,000 ha will be logged annually. The large area <strong>of</strong> the<br />
annual allowable cut compared to annual allowable cut needs to be reconsidered.<br />
27 Lai, 2000.
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
It is also relevant to bear <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d that the credibility <strong>of</strong> WTK as a responsible logg<strong>in</strong>g<br />
company has been questioned repeatedly by the <strong>in</strong>ternational NGO community (see<br />
Appendix , http://www.forestmonitor.org/reports/vanimo/vanimo.rtf. It will be<br />
difficult to beg<strong>in</strong> a campaign to market the Ulu Muda region as a premier <strong>nature</strong><br />
<strong>tourism</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ation, whilst at the same time there may be similar <strong>in</strong>ternational<br />
campaigns aga<strong>in</strong>st WTK and the proposal to log a nationally important watershed.<br />
3.4.3 Proposed State Park<br />
There have been several attempts at propos<strong>in</strong>g parts <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests as a<br />
potential National or State Park and Wildlife Sanctuaries. More recently, Kedah<br />
UPEN has been develop<strong>in</strong>g ideas for a State “ Eco” Park. The proposed boundary <strong>of</strong><br />
the State “ Eco” Park is given <strong>in</strong> Map 5 (see above) and the area proposed by the<br />
Kedah Forestry Department covers approximately 34,902 ha. The recommendation<br />
for the proposed State Park <strong>in</strong> ths study is 53,904 ha. Section 4.4 discusses the criteria<br />
for selection and justification <strong>in</strong> detail. Table 17 highlights major parks <strong>in</strong> Malaysia <strong>in</strong><br />
terms <strong>of</strong> their areas and establishment years. Taman Negara has the largest area<br />
(443,300 ha), followed by Endau-Romp<strong>in</strong> (Johor and Pahang) and K<strong>in</strong>abalu Park. The<br />
establishment <strong>of</strong> the proposed Kedah State Park would strengthen the network <strong>of</strong> park<br />
areas <strong>in</strong> the northern region.<br />
The State “ Eco” Park had been designed to buffer the Ulu Muda lake area and some<br />
<strong>of</strong> the major tributaries. The Sira Hangat area was one focus for <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong><br />
activities and an <strong>in</strong>formation centre has also been proposed at the exist<strong>in</strong>g KOPAM<br />
village jetty area. Access <strong>in</strong>to the area may be by boat (via the KOPAM jetty) or by<br />
open<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>of</strong> several proposed 4WD tracks (i.e. old logg<strong>in</strong>g routes).<br />
Apart from management issues that we will raise <strong>in</strong> the follow<strong>in</strong>g sections, it is<br />
probably important here to highlight the unsuitability <strong>of</strong> expand<strong>in</strong>g the exist<strong>in</strong>g<br />
KOPAM jetty to accommodate tourist and other facilities. Firstly, this contradicts<br />
exist<strong>in</strong>g plann<strong>in</strong>g guidel<strong>in</strong>es for <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> lakeshore activities around a dam 28 .<br />
Secondly, the area is a security- and environmentally-sensitive zone <strong>of</strong> the lake<br />
(proximity to the dam structure and possess<strong>in</strong>g steep banks). As a site for future<br />
expansion, this will not be a suitable zone for <strong>development</strong>. We will take this issue up<br />
<strong>in</strong> the preced<strong>in</strong>g sections below.<br />
28 JPBD, 2000.<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 33
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Taman Negara, total<br />
Pahang<br />
Kelantan<br />
Trengganu<br />
Endau Romp<strong>in</strong><br />
Johor<br />
Table 17. Selected Park Areas and Establishment Years<br />
Park Area (ha) Year Established<br />
Pahang (reserve)<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 34<br />
443,300<br />
247,700<br />
110,300<br />
85,300<br />
89,214<br />
48,905<br />
40,309<br />
1939<br />
1939<br />
1938<br />
1939<br />
1993<br />
1986<br />
Perlis State Park 5,000 1997<br />
Sabah, total<br />
(Terrestrial)<br />
K<strong>in</strong>abalu<br />
Tawau Hills<br />
Crocker Range<br />
Sarawak, total<br />
Bako<br />
Gunung M<strong>ulu</strong><br />
Niah<br />
Lambir Hills<br />
Similajau<br />
Gunung Gad<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Kubah<br />
Batang Ai<br />
Loagan Bunut<br />
Tanjung Duta<br />
Talang Salang<br />
243,261<br />
75,370<br />
27,972<br />
139,919<br />
134,648<br />
2,727<br />
52,865<br />
3,138<br />
6,949<br />
7,064<br />
4,106<br />
2,230<br />
24,040<br />
10,736<br />
1,379<br />
19,414<br />
1964<br />
1979<br />
1984<br />
1957<br />
1974<br />
1974<br />
1975<br />
1976<br />
1983<br />
1988<br />
1990<br />
1990<br />
1994<br />
1999<br />
Various sources: Kasim, O. et. al (eds)., 2000, http://www.wwfmalaysia.org/projects/forests.htm#perlis,<br />
http://www.perlis.gov.my/national_park.htm, MNS, 1995.
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
3.5 Wider Values <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda<br />
In order to provide a comprehensive analysis <strong>of</strong> the functions <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests,<br />
wider economic values such as water supply and irrigation components need to be<br />
taken <strong>in</strong>to consideration. This is due to the significance <strong>of</strong> the area not only at the<br />
state level but also to the northern region and national level. A breakdown <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong>,<br />
water supply, irrigation and timber were calculated. These values are <strong>in</strong>tegrated<br />
with<strong>in</strong> a framework <strong>in</strong> Figure 7 as primary, secondary and tertiary values. Primary<br />
values are direct and extractive costs while secondary values are obta<strong>in</strong>ed from<br />
receipts from environmental services <strong>of</strong> the forest. F<strong>in</strong>ally, tertiary values reflect the<br />
value <strong>of</strong> activities <strong>in</strong> which water is a primary <strong>in</strong>put.<br />
3.5.1 Water Supply<br />
The Muda and Kedah rivers play a significant role <strong>in</strong> provid<strong>in</strong>g water supplies (both<br />
irrigation and potable water) to the States <strong>of</strong> Kedah, Perlis and Penang. This section<br />
discusses water supply <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> potable water for domestic and commercial uses.<br />
The Muda and related rivers <strong>of</strong> the water catchment provide 80% <strong>of</strong> the water supply<br />
for Kedah 29 (see Appendix 4), 80% for Penang 30 and 60% for Perlis 31 . The Ulu Muda<br />
forests are closely l<strong>in</strong>ked as it provides protection for the water catchment areas <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Muda and Pedu rivers. For a wider perspective <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests, this study<br />
<strong>in</strong>corporates water production from rivers that are located downstream <strong>of</strong> the Muda,<br />
Pedu and Ahn<strong>in</strong>g dams. These <strong>in</strong>clude the follow<strong>in</strong>g rivers and areas: Sg. Muda, Sg.<br />
Padang Terap, Sg. Ahn<strong>in</strong>g, Sg. Chepir, Terusan Mada Utara and Kuala Nerang.<br />
Whilst the supply <strong>of</strong> water provides a comfortable day-to-day lifestyle for domestic<br />
households, the cont<strong>in</strong>uous and reliable supplies to <strong>in</strong>dustrial areas are particularly<br />
critical. For example, the <strong>in</strong>dustries at Kulim High-Tech Park (KHTP) depend on the<br />
KHTP Treatment Plant that obta<strong>in</strong>s raw water from Sg. Muda. This demonstrates the<br />
significance <strong>of</strong> protect<strong>in</strong>g Sg. Muda from upstream disturbances, as disruption to the<br />
water supply to the KHTP could lead to disruptions to <strong>in</strong>dustrial operations and result<br />
<strong>in</strong> considerable economic losses. The magnitude <strong>of</strong> the economic activities <strong>of</strong> KHTP<br />
is significant— RM13 billion was <strong>in</strong>vested <strong>in</strong> develop<strong>in</strong>g the area <strong>of</strong> which<br />
approximately RM10 billion are from foreign <strong>in</strong>vestors 32 . In addition, critical<br />
<strong>in</strong>dustrial areas <strong>in</strong> Penang such as Bayan Lepas and Seberang Perai are also located<br />
downstream <strong>of</strong> Sg. Muda. Based on domestic and commercial consumption <strong>of</strong> water<br />
<strong>in</strong> 1999 from the Malaysia Water Industry Report, 2001, the proportion <strong>of</strong> water<br />
derived from the Muda and Kedah rivers for domestic and <strong>in</strong>dustrial consumption is<br />
estimated (Appendix 5) and the gross revenue <strong>of</strong> water supply is calculated. The<br />
29 JKR Kedah data, 2001 pers. comm.s.<br />
30 SERI, 2000.<br />
31 This figure reflects the proportion prior to May 2002, JKR Perlis, pers. comms.<br />
32 British High Commission, Kuala Lumpur, www.brita<strong>in</strong>.org.my/trade/state_summaries/<strong>kedah</strong>.htm.<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 35
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
values demonstrate a l<strong>in</strong>k to Ulu Muda forests <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> water catchment protection<br />
and m<strong>in</strong>imis<strong>in</strong>g the risk <strong>of</strong> water disruption.<br />
From the calculations, the gross water revenue for the Kedah is RM80 million,<br />
Penang at RM100 million, and Perlis at RM6.2 million; while the total production<br />
cost is approximately RM142 million 33 (Table 18). These reflect Ulu Muda forests’<br />
significant contribution <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> hydrological values. The <strong>in</strong>stitutional capacity <strong>in</strong><br />
Kedah and Perlis are ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed with the State JKR while the Penang water supply<br />
body has been corporatised as Perbadanan Bekalan Air Pulau P<strong>in</strong>ang (PBA Hold<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Berhad).<br />
PBA was <strong>in</strong>corporated on 25 May, 2000, and its turnover <strong>in</strong> 2001 was<br />
RM100,993,000, yield<strong>in</strong>g a net pr<strong>of</strong>it <strong>of</strong> RM41,424,000 34 . This figure is expected to<br />
<strong>in</strong>crease with <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g projections <strong>of</strong> water demand.<br />
Table 18. Expenditure and Revenue <strong>of</strong> Water Treatment - 1999<br />
Total<br />
Expenditure<br />
(RM)<br />
Total Revenue<br />
(RM)<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 36<br />
Proportion<br />
from Muda<br />
and related<br />
rivers<br />
Expenditure<br />
(from Muda<br />
and related<br />
rivers)<br />
Revenue (RM)<br />
(from Muda and<br />
related rivers)<br />
Kedah 93,486,319 99,774,150 0.8 74,789,055 79,819,320<br />
Penang 75,308,141 125,821,660 0.8 60,246,513 100,657,328<br />
Perlis 11,332,879 10,467,582 0.6 6,799,727 6,280,549<br />
Total 180,127,339 236,063,392 141,835,295 186,757,197<br />
Notes:<br />
1. Total Expenditure and Total Revenue Figures from the Malaysian Water Industry Report,<br />
2001.<br />
2. Proportion from Muda and relevant rivers based on JKR Kedah data, SERI paper and<br />
<strong>in</strong>terview with JKR Perlis.<br />
3. Relevant rivers and areas <strong>in</strong>clude Sg. Muda.<br />
3.5.2 Irrigation<br />
The Malaysian rice <strong>in</strong>dustry has always been accorded special treatment based on the<br />
strategic importance <strong>of</strong> rice as a staple food commodity 35 . The Muda scheme is the<br />
most significant <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> paddy production <strong>in</strong> Malaysia. It contributes about 40%<br />
33 Malaysia Water Industry Guide, 2001<br />
34 Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange, http://klse.com.my<br />
35 MOA, 1999.
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
<strong>of</strong> the total paddy production <strong>in</strong> the country <strong>in</strong> 1995 36 . In addition, the Muda scheme<br />
also provides a crucial source <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>come for 63,000 families <strong>in</strong> the northern region 37 .<br />
Overall, irrigation from the Muda and Kedah rivers are supplied to 60 schemes. The<br />
Muda irrigation scheme occupies the largest area at 97,000 ha over the State <strong>of</strong> Kedah<br />
to the State <strong>of</strong> Perlis. The Seberang Perai irrigation scheme <strong>of</strong> 8,000 ha <strong>in</strong> Penang 38 is<br />
the second largest. In addition to the above two major granary areas, there are 58<br />
secondary and m<strong>in</strong>or irrigation schemes <strong>of</strong> 18,800 ha (8,400 ha) <strong>in</strong> the Muda river<br />
bas<strong>in</strong> and 24 schemes (10,400 ha) <strong>in</strong> the Kedah river bas<strong>in</strong> 39 . This section estimates<br />
agricultural values for the Muda scheme.<br />
Irrigation water is an <strong>in</strong>termediate good as it is an <strong>in</strong>put used to produce a f<strong>in</strong>al<br />
product. The primary values <strong>of</strong> irrigation are estimated based on the total operat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
and ma<strong>in</strong>tenance cost <strong>of</strong> the water <strong>in</strong>frastructure for irrigation. The secondary values<br />
are reflected <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> the gross expenditure from the State (from farmers and the<br />
State Government) for ma<strong>in</strong>tenance and operat<strong>in</strong>g costs. F<strong>in</strong>ally, the tertiary values<br />
encompass the value <strong>of</strong> the product (paddy production).<br />
The operat<strong>in</strong>g and ma<strong>in</strong>tenance cost <strong>of</strong> MADA was approximately RM49 million<br />
annually. The Kedah State Government contributes RM1 million while Perlis<br />
contributes RM0.5 million annually 40 . The rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g costs are met by the Federal<br />
Government (around RM447.5 million annually). Farmers pay RM15 per acre per<br />
year yield<strong>in</strong>g approximately RM3.5 million towards the state tax system. The<br />
operations and ma<strong>in</strong>tenance costs for irrigation and dra<strong>in</strong>age facilities are estimated at<br />
approximately RM80 per acre (MADA, personal communication). This yields an<br />
estimated primary value <strong>of</strong> RM19 million for the total scheme (Table 19).<br />
Incorporat<strong>in</strong>g the contribution by the state and water fee collected from farmers, the<br />
exist<strong>in</strong>g secondary value <strong>of</strong> water is reflected atRM4.5 million. The secondary value<br />
may not reflect its true values as irrigation are highly subsidised.<br />
As mentioned, the tertiary values <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda forests <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> irrigation are based<br />
on the value <strong>of</strong> paddy production. The total area under paddy production under the<br />
MADA scheme <strong>in</strong> 1999 was estimated to be 96,233 ha 41 . The gross average yield was<br />
4.5 tonnes per hectare for the ma<strong>in</strong> season and 5.0 tonnes per hectare for the <strong>of</strong>fseason<br />
crop. Off-season commences dur<strong>in</strong>g the dry season around February/March<br />
and ends <strong>in</strong> July/August (first season <strong>of</strong> the year) whilst the ma<strong>in</strong> season is the second<br />
season that beg<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> August/September and ends <strong>in</strong> January/February the follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
year 42 .<br />
36 MOA, 1999<br />
37 MADA, 2001.<br />
38 JICA, 1995.<br />
39 Ibid<br />
40 MADA, 2001.<br />
41 Ibid<br />
42 Ho, 1996.<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 37
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Table 19. Estimation <strong>of</strong> Operat<strong>in</strong>g and Ma<strong>in</strong>tenance Cost <strong>of</strong> Irrigation Water<br />
(RM/m 3 )<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 38<br />
Pedu Discharge (Average <strong>of</strong> 1992 to 2001)<br />
Discharge (acre feet/year) 576,370<br />
Discharge (m 3 /year) 709,603,689<br />
Operat<strong>in</strong>g and ma<strong>in</strong>tenance cost<br />
(RM/acre/year)<br />
Total area (acre) 238,000<br />
Total operat<strong>in</strong>g and ma<strong>in</strong>tenance cost<br />
(RM/year)<br />
80<br />
19,040,000<br />
Based on MADA statistics (2001), the net rice production <strong>in</strong> 1999 was 403,815 tonnes<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f-season and 376,559 tonnes dur<strong>in</strong>g the ma<strong>in</strong> season. This br<strong>in</strong>gs a total<br />
value <strong>of</strong> RM622 million per year based on the price <strong>of</strong> RM798 per tonne compris<strong>in</strong>g<br />
guaranteed m<strong>in</strong>imum price and subsidy from the Government (Table 20). This is<br />
reflected as tertiary values <strong>in</strong> this study. There is a significant difference between<br />
secondary and tertiary values as the secondary values reflect subsidised prices.<br />
Table 20. MADA Paddy Production<br />
1999<br />
1999 1999 (Total)<br />
(Off-season) (Ma<strong>in</strong> Season)<br />
Cropped area 96,307 96,159 192,466<br />
Unit yield (t/ha) 5 5 10<br />
NET Production (t) 403,815 376,559 780,374<br />
Price (RM/t) 798 798 798<br />
Total Agricultural value (RM) 322,284,752 300,531,738 622,816,489<br />
Agro-hydrological value 145,028,138 135,239,282 280,267,420<br />
In addition to the direct water values highlighted above, there are also other<br />
‘downstream’ values or costs <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> water utilisation. For example, irrigation<br />
water supports double cropp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the Muda paddy schemes. It has been estimated<br />
that the cancellation <strong>of</strong> a cropp<strong>in</strong>g season could lead to a loss <strong>of</strong> RM200 million<br />
(MADA, personal communication) <strong>in</strong> a year.
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
3.5.3 Summary <strong>of</strong> Economic Values<br />
The benefits presented as primary, secondary and tertiary values are reiterated as:<br />
x Primary values are direct and extractive costs.<br />
x Secondary values are obta<strong>in</strong>ed from receipts from environmental services <strong>of</strong><br />
the forest.<br />
x Tertiary values reflect the value <strong>of</strong> activities <strong>in</strong> which water is a primary<br />
<strong>in</strong>put.<br />
While these values are <strong>in</strong>dicative <strong>in</strong> <strong>nature</strong>, it provides an important overview <strong>in</strong> terms<br />
<strong>of</strong> the magnitude <strong>of</strong> values to guide policy options for the area. The values highlight<br />
the significance and also stress the need for careful protection <strong>of</strong> present sources <strong>in</strong><br />
order to m<strong>in</strong>imise the impacts <strong>of</strong> potential costs <strong>in</strong> light <strong>of</strong> the risks <strong>in</strong>volved.<br />
Based on calculations <strong>of</strong> the various benefits <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests, the primary<br />
value (<strong>tourism</strong>, water supply and irrigation) is RM161 million while the secondary<br />
value is estimated at RM205 million. The tertiary value <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests is<br />
estimated at approximately RM2.5 billion (see detailed breakdown, Appendix 6). The<br />
tertiary figure reflects the significance to the Kedah economy as it contributes<br />
approximately one-third to the State GDP.<br />
The benefit estimates are <strong>in</strong>tegrated <strong>in</strong> Figure 7 based on the framework <strong>of</strong> the Total<br />
Economic Value highlighted earlier. As discussed, the Ulu Muda forests provide a<br />
variety <strong>of</strong> resources. For the purpose <strong>of</strong> this study only four components <strong>of</strong> direct<br />
values are analysed (timber, water supply, irrigation and <strong>tourism</strong>). The figures<br />
highlighted are secondary values for comparison at the same level. Benefit <strong>of</strong> water<br />
supply is RM187 million, irrigation RM5 million (tertiary values <strong>of</strong> irrigation is<br />
RM622 million), and <strong>tourism</strong> RM13 million. Whilst these benefits are<br />
complementary, extractive activities such as logg<strong>in</strong>g may pose a conflict depend<strong>in</strong>g<br />
on the method <strong>of</strong> logg<strong>in</strong>g and considerable changes may occur. Logg<strong>in</strong>g benefits are<br />
estimated at RM53 million. In total, the benefits from water supply, irrigation and<br />
<strong>tourism</strong> are approximately RM205 million compared to timber benefits <strong>of</strong> RM53<br />
million. It is also important to consider the other values that have not been accounted<br />
<strong>in</strong> this study, such as the pharmaceutical potentials <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests. As the<br />
present benefits <strong>of</strong> utilisation depend upon the management <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests,<br />
the potential impacts and changes to the forest processes needs to be critically<br />
assessed.<br />
In addition, to ensure the susta<strong>in</strong>ability <strong>of</strong> the economic benefits <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda<br />
forests, it is important that a cost-effectiveness calculation be undertaken to establish<br />
which <strong>development</strong> option is most beneficial. Therefore it is important to identify<br />
who benefits and who pays for the services <strong>of</strong> the forest ecosystems <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda.<br />
Appendix 6 illustrates a possible way <strong>of</strong> highlight<strong>in</strong>g the distribution <strong>of</strong> the benefit<br />
flows. As an example, the State <strong>of</strong> Penang ga<strong>in</strong>s approximately RM100 million<br />
(1999) <strong>in</strong> gross water revenue every year. This figure is expected to <strong>in</strong>crease as water<br />
demand <strong>in</strong>creases. S<strong>in</strong>ce the <strong>in</strong>corporation <strong>of</strong> PBA Hold<strong>in</strong>gs Berhad as a public-listed<br />
firm, the turnover for year 2001 was RM100,993,000.<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 39
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
In addition to the water supply from Muda and Kedah rivers, the Muda Reservoir also<br />
plays an important role <strong>in</strong> provid<strong>in</strong>g a source <strong>of</strong> water dur<strong>in</strong>g extreme drought. This<br />
scenario occurred <strong>in</strong> 1998 when extreme drought required water to be released from<br />
the Muda Reservoir to supplement water needs <strong>in</strong> Penang. This illustrates the<br />
importance <strong>of</strong> the <strong>in</strong>ter-relationships between the management <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda forests<br />
upstream and implications on users downstream. The analysis <strong>of</strong> benefit distribution<br />
shows that there are significant opportunities for w<strong>in</strong>-w<strong>in</strong> strategies <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> cost<br />
shar<strong>in</strong>g for ensur<strong>in</strong>g the long-term susta<strong>in</strong>ability <strong>of</strong> the benefit flows from the Ulu<br />
Muda forests.<br />
Figure 7. Estimation <strong>of</strong> Components <strong>of</strong> Economic Values <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda Forest<br />
Areas (Reflected as Annual Secondary Values) 43<br />
DIRECT USE VALUES<br />
Extractive<br />
- Irrigation, RM 5 mil.<br />
- Water supply, RM 187 mil.<br />
- Timber harvest<strong>in</strong>g, RM53 mil.<br />
- Non-timber forest products<br />
Non-extractive<br />
- Tourism, RM13 mil<br />
(e.g. trekk<strong>in</strong>g, birdwatch<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
- Scientific & educational<br />
purposes<br />
43 Secondary values reflect direct receipts from environmental services <strong>of</strong> the forest.<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 40<br />
ECONOMIC<br />
BENEFITS OF ULU<br />
MUDA FORESTS<br />
INDIRECT USE<br />
VALUES<br />
Ecological services<br />
- Watershed protection<br />
- Flood mitigation<br />
- Climatic and temperature<br />
Biological support<br />
- Habitat for flora and<br />
wildlife.<br />
- Food sources for wildlife<br />
NON USE VALUES<br />
Existence Values<br />
- Globally and nationally<br />
unique biodiversity heritage<br />
(dist<strong>in</strong>ct Northern Forest<br />
element, unique species<br />
such as wild elephants,<br />
Rafflesia)<br />
- Traditional/cultural<br />
appreciation<br />
Option Values<br />
- Pharmaceutical &<br />
Medic<strong>in</strong>al values
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
4 Fundamental Aspects <strong>of</strong> Nature Tourism Development <strong>in</strong><br />
Ulu Muda<br />
4.1 Def<strong>in</strong>ition <strong>of</strong> “Nature” and “Eco<strong>tourism</strong>”<br />
The two def<strong>in</strong>itions that have been accepted by the Malaysian Government for Nature<br />
Tourism and Eco<strong>tourism</strong> are:<br />
Nature Tourism is essentially all <strong>tourism</strong> directly dependent on the use <strong>of</strong> natural<br />
resources <strong>in</strong> a relatively undeveloped state, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g scenery, topography, water<br />
features, vegetation and wildlife 44 .<br />
Eco<strong>tourism</strong> is environmentally responsible travel and visitation <strong>in</strong> relatively<br />
undisturbed natural areas, <strong>in</strong> order to enjoy and appreciate <strong>nature</strong> (and any<br />
accompany<strong>in</strong>g cultural features, both past and present) that promotes conservation,<br />
has low visitor impacts, and provides for beneficially active socio-economic<br />
<strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>of</strong> local populations 45 .<br />
What dist<strong>in</strong>guishes Ulu Muda from many other places is its natural attractions. The<br />
opportunity to experience adventures <strong>in</strong> a primary ra<strong>in</strong>forest and view wildlife such as<br />
elephants and gibbons <strong>in</strong> their natural sett<strong>in</strong>gs is <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly rare <strong>in</strong> today’ s world,<br />
and a grow<strong>in</strong>g number <strong>of</strong> people are will<strong>in</strong>g to pay larger amounts <strong>of</strong> money for the<br />
experience. With proper management and plann<strong>in</strong>g, there is no reason why Ulu Muda<br />
cannot generate the same amount <strong>of</strong> revenue as Masai Mara (Africa) or Yellowstone<br />
(USA). The key is to develop a niche market <strong>in</strong> which Ulu Muda stands out. That<br />
niche market is tropical wilderness.<br />
4.2 Def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the Nature Tourism Dest<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
4.2.1 Justification<br />
The essential condition for Ulu Muda to be established as an <strong>in</strong>ternational <strong>nature</strong><br />
<strong>tourism</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ation, thereby develop<strong>in</strong>g <strong>tourism</strong> as a significant part <strong>of</strong> the State<br />
economy, is def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g its <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ation. This is a fundamental and<br />
essential condition.<br />
A “ <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ation” , <strong>in</strong> this context, is a specific area that is legally<br />
gazetted as a natural <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> area, and with the full range <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>stitutional<br />
arrangements implemented as necessary to support and manage it. The presence <strong>of</strong><br />
such an area will not only provide the critical component needed to attract tourists and<br />
ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> both nationally and <strong>in</strong>ternationally, but will also ensure that<br />
<strong>in</strong>vestments <strong>in</strong> <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong>frastructure, facilities, promotions and etc., are<br />
safeguarded.<br />
44 NEP, 1996.<br />
45 Ceballos-Lascura<strong>in</strong>, 1993, cited <strong>in</strong> the NEP, 1996.<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 41
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
There are many secondary benefits to the presence <strong>of</strong> such an area <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda. The<br />
fact that Ulu Muda represents a relatively special opportunity to create a<br />
transboundary-protected area (with adjacent parks <strong>in</strong> Thailand) means that a protected<br />
<strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> site will <strong>in</strong>stantly ga<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational recognition. As po<strong>in</strong>ted out the<br />
Ulu Muda forests also provide important benefits such as water catchment protection,<br />
<strong>in</strong>creased economic activity for the local community and micro-climatic regulation.<br />
4.2.2 Criteria for Area Selection<br />
The <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ation must be selected under rigorous ecological criteria.<br />
This is the most practical approach when consider<strong>in</strong>g long-term susta<strong>in</strong>ability and<br />
management. If the <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ation area is essentially convergent with a<br />
basic ecological unit, ecosystem processes and dynamics should be sufficiently selfsusta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
to require m<strong>in</strong>imal management <strong>in</strong>tervention. Any other situation will<br />
<strong>in</strong>evitably result <strong>in</strong> severe problems <strong>in</strong> the long run, as management authorities<br />
eventually f<strong>in</strong>d themselves fac<strong>in</strong>g problems that arise from outside their management<br />
area but that have major impacts with<strong>in</strong>. Ideally, the Greater Ulu Muda area should be<br />
analysed <strong>in</strong> detail at the landscape level, tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to account the criteria specified<br />
below to develop a proposed <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> area.<br />
4.2.2.1 Water Conservation<br />
Hydrology is an essential high-conservation value aspect <strong>of</strong> forests, and many forest<br />
ecosystem components critically depend on the quality and quantity <strong>of</strong> water. Thus, at<br />
the very least, the <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ation should encompass a full watershed or<br />
river bas<strong>in</strong>. Similarly, river valleys fall<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the protected area must be protected up<br />
to the ridges.<br />
4.2.2.2 Wildlife Habitats<br />
In addition, specific components <strong>of</strong> the ecosystem may need to be separately<br />
considered, to take <strong>in</strong>to account special requirements. For example, elephants may<br />
need a larger land area to support their population. Suitable corridors must be<br />
ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed to allow movements <strong>of</strong> larger animals to and from critical areas. Special<br />
habitat types, such as saltlicks, need to be protected, with suitable-sized buffer zones<br />
established. Past studies have <strong>in</strong>dicated that there are no more than 150 elephants<br />
roam<strong>in</strong>g the northern forest areas.<br />
4.2.2.3 Ecotones<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>uous natural habitat that extends from lowlands to uplands (e.g. hillslopes up to<br />
crests and ridges)— i.e. a cont<strong>in</strong>uum <strong>of</strong> altitud<strong>in</strong>al cl<strong>in</strong>es— should be ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
where possible. Many studies po<strong>in</strong>t toward altitud<strong>in</strong>al ecotones as be<strong>in</strong>g biodiversity<br />
hotspots. Moreover, a recent study <strong>of</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong> amphibian fauna found that it is not<br />
only the presence <strong>of</strong> such ecotones, but the cont<strong>in</strong>uous natural cover extend<strong>in</strong>g across<br />
the ecotones that is essential <strong>in</strong> promot<strong>in</strong>g a wide diversity.<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 42
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
4.2.2.4 Buffer zones<br />
Just as important as the designation <strong>of</strong> a <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> area, is the formulation and<br />
implementation <strong>of</strong> management prescriptions for the surround<strong>in</strong>g areas, i.e. the<br />
management <strong>of</strong> a buffer zone around the <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> area. These should support<br />
the management <strong>of</strong> the actual <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> area itself.<br />
In addition to the ecological criteria for selection, the carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity framework is<br />
discussed to <strong>in</strong>corporate potential visitor impacts <strong>in</strong> the plann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong><br />
<strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda.<br />
4.3 Carry<strong>in</strong>g Capacity Concept<br />
4.3.1 Def<strong>in</strong>ition <strong>of</strong> Carry<strong>in</strong>g Capacity<br />
Tourism <strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda poses specific challenges because the quality and<br />
biological diversity <strong>of</strong> the natural life and ecosystem needs to be strictly ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed to<br />
ensure <strong>tourism</strong> is susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>in</strong> the long run. The concept <strong>of</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity used <strong>in</strong><br />
recreational and <strong>tourism</strong> plann<strong>in</strong>g arose out <strong>of</strong> ecological studies based on the<br />
maximum numbers <strong>of</strong> animals that the environment can support on a long-term<br />
basis 46 .<br />
There are various def<strong>in</strong>itions <strong>of</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity. For the purposes <strong>of</strong> this study,<br />
carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity can be def<strong>in</strong>ed as:<br />
“The maximum number <strong>of</strong> people who can use a site without an unacceptable<br />
alteration <strong>in</strong> the physical environment, without an unacceptable decl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> the quality<br />
<strong>of</strong> experience ga<strong>in</strong>ed by visitors, and without an unacceptable impact on the society,<br />
economy, and culture <strong>of</strong> the <strong>tourism</strong> area”. 47<br />
The concept <strong>of</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity is important because it helps to determ<strong>in</strong>e the range<br />
where the “ level <strong>of</strong> <strong>development</strong> and use that will not result <strong>in</strong> serious environmental<br />
deterioration, social and cultural or economic problems” 48 . Tourist arrivals that<br />
exceed the carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity <strong>of</strong> a place will ultimately translate <strong>in</strong>to a reduction <strong>in</strong> the<br />
number <strong>of</strong> tourists.<br />
The natural environment should be managed to ensure that <strong>tourism</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ations are<br />
able to compete <strong>in</strong> the long run to attract tourists for many generations to come. This<br />
approach to <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>development</strong> ensures long-term benefits to the economy and local<br />
<strong>development</strong>. Competition among eco<strong>tourism</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ations is <strong>in</strong>tense— environmental<br />
considerations and susta<strong>in</strong>ability practices are fast becom<strong>in</strong>g important promotional<br />
and market<strong>in</strong>g requirements, as these are driven by customer demands and<br />
expectations.<br />
46 Miller, 1998.<br />
47 Inskeep, 1991.<br />
48 WTO, 1994.<br />
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4.3.2 Determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Carry<strong>in</strong>g Capacity<br />
In practice, it is difficult to determ<strong>in</strong>e the actual carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity <strong>of</strong> a dest<strong>in</strong>ation,<br />
even though there is general agreement on the def<strong>in</strong>ition <strong>of</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity for<br />
eco<strong>tourism</strong>.<br />
It is difficult to establish with certa<strong>in</strong>ty the carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda because <strong>of</strong><br />
natural variations. The pressure on some locations with<strong>in</strong> the area compared to the<br />
rest; the degree <strong>of</strong> environmental, biological and social impacts; ma<strong>in</strong>tenance <strong>of</strong><br />
tourist facilities and services; tourist safety; and other specific situations 49 for Ulu<br />
Muda needs to be taken <strong>in</strong>to account. A long-term carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity study based on<br />
research and monitor<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity <strong>in</strong>dicators will ascerta<strong>in</strong> with greater<br />
accuracy the carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda. If such monitor<strong>in</strong>g data is not available,<br />
planners should make decisions based on prelim<strong>in</strong>ary carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity studies, rather<br />
than on no <strong>in</strong>formation at all. As a short-term solution, a prelim<strong>in</strong>ary carry<strong>in</strong>g<br />
capacity study would <strong>in</strong>dicate the approximate carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity based on <strong>in</strong>formation<br />
available. In the long-term, carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity would need to be revised based on<br />
monitor<strong>in</strong>g data.<br />
The “ limits <strong>of</strong> acceptable change” approach is commonly used to assess if carry<strong>in</strong>g<br />
capacity has been exceeded. It determ<strong>in</strong>es carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity based on changes <strong>in</strong><br />
environmental or resource conditions. When certa<strong>in</strong> limits are reached or exceeded, it<br />
would result <strong>in</strong>, and be reflected by, unacceptable changes <strong>in</strong> social, biological,<br />
environmental, physical or economic conditions. The first step to determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the<br />
limits <strong>of</strong> acceptable change is to decide whether the level <strong>of</strong> damage or change is<br />
acceptable or unacceptable. The second step is to rectify the unacceptable change<br />
accord<strong>in</strong>g to the type <strong>of</strong> damage be<strong>in</strong>g caused, and to use the most cost-effective and<br />
environmentally friendly way <strong>of</strong> halt<strong>in</strong>g it 50 . Actions should then be taken to address<br />
the issues and the causes <strong>of</strong> the change (e.g. limit or reduce number <strong>of</strong> tourists to the<br />
degraded area <strong>of</strong> the park, upgrade tourist facilities such as trails, chang<strong>in</strong>g rooms,<br />
<strong>in</strong>troduce environmental management practices, etc.).<br />
4.3.2.1 Factors Affect<strong>in</strong>g Carry<strong>in</strong>g Capacity<br />
Human activities impact the forest physically, ecologically, and the surround<strong>in</strong>g<br />
towns socially and economically. These impacts <strong>in</strong>fluence the overall carry<strong>in</strong>g<br />
capacity, hence are referred to as factors affect<strong>in</strong>g the carry<strong>in</strong>g capacities <strong>of</strong> the<br />
environment. These factors, described below, are dependent on each other. The<br />
overall carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda would be determ<strong>in</strong>ed by the lowest number <strong>of</strong><br />
tourists that each factor can support.<br />
x Physical: There are physical limitations on the facilities available at Ulu<br />
Muda, such as number <strong>of</strong> rooms for tourists stay<strong>in</strong>g overnight, or boats<br />
available to ferry tourists <strong>in</strong>to the park.<br />
49 Chamberla<strong>in</strong>, 1997.<br />
50 MOCAT, 1997.<br />
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x Ecological: These are the results <strong>of</strong> direct and <strong>in</strong>direct impacts <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong><br />
activities on natural systems. Suitable biological <strong>in</strong>dicators need to be<br />
identified to reflect degradation <strong>of</strong> ecological quality.<br />
x Social: This is based on the perception <strong>of</strong> visitors <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> comfort with<br />
various levels <strong>of</strong> crowds, and associated levels <strong>of</strong> satisfaction with regards to<br />
their experience at Ulu Muda.<br />
x Economic: Economic limitations are based on <strong>tourism</strong> receipts to cover the<br />
costs to manage and ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> the park, as well as to cover the operat<strong>in</strong>g costs<br />
<strong>of</strong> resorts, and also other services.<br />
Table 21 below describes the factors affect<strong>in</strong>g the carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda.<br />
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Table 21. Factors Affect<strong>in</strong>g Carry<strong>in</strong>g Capacity<br />
Factors Description / Examples Response when carry<strong>in</strong>g<br />
capacity is exceeded<br />
Physical Man-made <strong>in</strong>frastructures: Deterioration such as:<br />
environment x Roads<br />
x Badly ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed trails, visitor<br />
x Jetty<br />
x Boats<br />
x View<strong>in</strong>g hides<br />
x Trails<br />
x Rest<strong>in</strong>g / Picnic Huts<br />
x Water supply<br />
x Wastewater treatment<br />
x Other <strong>in</strong>frastructure/tourist<br />
facilities such as solid waste<br />
management system, toilets,<br />
etc.<br />
centres & tourist facilities (e.g.<br />
toilets).<br />
x Pollution: Litter, solid waste<br />
and poor water quality<br />
Ecological Ecosystem:<br />
Deterioration such as:<br />
environment x Fish life <strong>in</strong> lake<br />
x Reduced sight<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> mammals<br />
x Birds<br />
/ birds / fishes.<br />
x Mammals<br />
x Forests<br />
x Biodiversity<br />
x Increase <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>dicator species<br />
that reflect deterioration.<br />
Psychological Perception by tourists <strong>of</strong> the x Reduction <strong>in</strong> tourists.<br />
level <strong>of</strong> crowdedness and<br />
satisfaction <strong>of</strong> experience.<br />
x Reduction <strong>in</strong> repeated tourists.<br />
x Tourists start to seek other<br />
dest<strong>in</strong>ations.<br />
Social Tolerance <strong>of</strong> local communities Outward response–hostility<br />
and fishermen towards tourists<br />
and <strong>tourism</strong> activities.<br />
among town / kampung folks.<br />
Economic Cost effectiveness <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> x Unable to recover operational<br />
operat<strong>in</strong>g tourist resort.<br />
costs <strong>in</strong> the long run.<br />
x Poor ma<strong>in</strong>tenance <strong>of</strong> park /<br />
resort facilities.<br />
Source: Adapted from Lee (1999)<br />
Carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity can be <strong>in</strong>creased or decreased, to a certa<strong>in</strong> extent, by <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>vestment and improv<strong>in</strong>g environment management practices. In addition to<br />
manag<strong>in</strong>g people’ s conduct, <strong>in</strong>frastructure and facilities will address the deterioration<br />
<strong>of</strong> environmental quality (e.g. proper waste management and disposal, and sewage<br />
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system). Hence if the factors above could be effectively managed, carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity<br />
could be managed.<br />
4.4 Spatial Analysis <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda<br />
4.4.1 Specific Criteria Considered<br />
The follow<strong>in</strong>g criteria have been used to analyse the Ulu Muda forest landscape.<br />
These criteria were used to identify specific zones or areas that needs to be conserved<br />
or where strict management guidel<strong>in</strong>es will need to be enforced. The criteria used are:<br />
x Buffers around saltlick areas (1 km radius);<br />
x Buffers around water-channels and lakes (10 km on either side <strong>of</strong> Sg. Teliang<br />
and Muda and around lake perimeter; 100 m around other water channels);<br />
x Macro-forest landscapes (ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g connectivity to large stands <strong>of</strong> forests);<br />
x Ma<strong>in</strong>tenance <strong>of</strong> altitud<strong>in</strong>al range from key lowland ecotone (150 m contour up<br />
to peaks);<br />
x Ma<strong>in</strong>tenance <strong>of</strong> natural topography between river-valleys and ridges (an<br />
important animal corridor);<br />
x Security zones (e.g. security camps, dam area, tunnel, and water <strong>in</strong>take<br />
po<strong>in</strong>ts);<br />
x Special unique habitat areas (e.g. presence <strong>of</strong> swampy areas, unique floristic<br />
zones, etc).<br />
4.4.2 Results <strong>of</strong> Analysis<br />
The criteria and considerations briefly outl<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> the previous sections had been<br />
analysed over the larger Ulu Muda forest landscape. Three broad regions have been<br />
identified that appear to be the most important natural areas for conservation. They<br />
are areas identified as: Thailand, Trans-border and Muda (see Map 7, Topography and<br />
Other Important Landmarks).<br />
4.4.2.1 Thailand<br />
This forested area appears to be important as it appears to be relatively undisturbed<br />
(LANDSAT remote sens<strong>in</strong>g image, 1999) and captures the important ecological zone<br />
between the 150 m contour level and the higher peaks towards the common Thai-<br />
Malaysian border.<br />
4.4.2.2 Trans-border<br />
The trans-border area is basically an extension <strong>of</strong> the Thai forests identified above,<br />
and cont<strong>in</strong>ues from the ridges along the common Thai-Malaysian border all the way<br />
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to the eastern perimeter <strong>of</strong> Pedu Lake, the northwestern perimeter <strong>of</strong> Muda Lake and<br />
the river valley <strong>of</strong> Sg. Teliang. This forested area appears to be predom<strong>in</strong>antly<br />
undisturbed forests and forms a natural cont<strong>in</strong>uum from the Thai forests. The<br />
effective size <strong>of</strong> the protected area is significantly larger consider<strong>in</strong>g the potential for<br />
the creation <strong>of</strong> a trans-boundary protected area.<br />
4.4.2.3 Muda<br />
The Muda segment cont<strong>in</strong>ues along the eastern and southern perimeter <strong>of</strong> the lake and<br />
extends to provide a significant buffer around Sg. Muda up to its upper stretches<br />
(Kuala Lasor) and also the major concentration <strong>of</strong> saltlicks.<br />
4.5 Recommendations for a State Park<br />
It is recommended that the boundary <strong>of</strong> a State Park for the Ulu Muda area should at<br />
least <strong>in</strong>corporate the conservation zones proposed above. These areas should be<br />
considered strict conservation areas. It is further recommended that the boundary <strong>of</strong><br />
the State Park be extended as much as possible to encompass the entire catchment<br />
forest <strong>of</strong> Ahn<strong>in</strong>g and Pedu Lake. Map 8 (Proposed Kedah State Park) highlights the<br />
concept <strong>of</strong> a State Park that the project recommends. Based on the available digital<br />
data (Forest Reserve compartment numbers and area and proposed crude boundary <strong>of</strong><br />
the State Park), the total area proposed as a State Park is approximately 53,903 ha.<br />
The recommended compartments are provided <strong>in</strong> Appendix 7.<br />
4.5.1 Proposed Conceptual Management Zones<br />
Due to the sensitivities <strong>of</strong> <strong>development</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the area (e.g. dam security, environmental<br />
protection and reduc<strong>in</strong>g wildlife disturbances <strong>in</strong> critical areas), three key management<br />
zones have been identified (these zones are illustrated <strong>in</strong> Map 9, Proposed Conceptual<br />
Management Zones) and described <strong>in</strong> Table 22):<br />
a) Restricted Areas,<br />
b) Nature Reserves, and<br />
c) Tourism Centres.<br />
The Restricted Areas identified <strong>in</strong>clude the immediate areas close to the dams <strong>of</strong><br />
Ahn<strong>in</strong>g, Pedu and Muda, areas surround<strong>in</strong>g the Saiong tunnel and its <strong>in</strong>let and outlet.<br />
It is recommended that any <strong>development</strong>s should be prohibited where they may pose a<br />
threat to the <strong>in</strong>tegrity <strong>of</strong> the dam structures, impact on dam hydrology or pose a<br />
security risk.<br />
Nature Reserves generally encompass areas that are either environmentally sensitive<br />
or may be important areas for wildlife conservation. Areas that have been identified<br />
<strong>in</strong>clude the Sg. Muda and Sg. Teliang area, and areas around river courses and the<br />
lake perimeter. These areas should not be developed with any permanent physical<br />
structure. An exception might be around the Sira Hangat area, where it may be<br />
developed as a key focal tourist area. Here, hides and canopy walkways might pose<br />
short-term environmental impacts but may <strong>in</strong> the long run, reduce human impacts on<br />
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the areas surround<strong>in</strong>g the saltlicks. It must be stressed that with these structures <strong>in</strong><br />
place, there should be no need for anyone to enter the saltlick areas. A further note,<br />
the Sg. Teliang area has already been identified under the Kedah Fisheries Act as a<br />
no-fish<strong>in</strong>g zone for fish conservation.<br />
Given that the immediate future <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong> this region will be largely group-based,<br />
the Tourism Centres identified are strategically located as po<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>of</strong> access or are<br />
areas that may be suitable for accommodat<strong>in</strong>g large-scale <strong>tourism</strong>. The four centres<br />
identified <strong>in</strong>clude: Kuala Nerang, Pedu resort area, Gubir and Gulau. At present, Pedu<br />
is the ma<strong>in</strong> centre for <strong>tourism</strong> activities with at least two major resorts <strong>in</strong> operation.<br />
Gubir is the ma<strong>in</strong> centre for settlements <strong>in</strong> the immediate Ulu Muda area; and with the<br />
<strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Trans-H<strong>in</strong>terland Highway, it will play an <strong>in</strong>tegral role as a ma<strong>in</strong><br />
po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> access. This will be an ideal location for any proposals for establish<strong>in</strong>g an<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation centre or village-centred services (e.g. secure car parks, transport shuttle<br />
between village and KOPAM jetty area, and other amenities).<br />
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Management<br />
Zone<br />
RESTRICTE<br />
D AREAS<br />
NATURE<br />
RESERVES<br />
Table 22. Summary <strong>of</strong> Management Zones<br />
Location Feature Management<br />
Considerations/Guidel<strong>in</strong>es<br />
Ahn<strong>in</strong>g dam area Dam structure x No <strong>development</strong>s due to<br />
security risks<br />
Pedu dam area Dam structure x No <strong>development</strong>s due to<br />
security risks<br />
Muda dam area Dam structure x No further <strong>development</strong>s due<br />
to security risks<br />
Saiong tunnelarea<br />
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Water tunnel<br />
and <strong>in</strong>let/outlets<br />
x Expansion <strong>of</strong> exist<strong>in</strong>g jetty<br />
needs to be controlled<br />
x Jetty facility could be<br />
upgraded<br />
x Site cannot accommodate<br />
large-scale <strong>tourism</strong> (if need<br />
be, shuttle-buses from Gubir<br />
could be provided)<br />
x No physical <strong>development</strong>s<br />
due to security risks<br />
x Area could be developed as<br />
an access po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>in</strong>to the<br />
forest (4WD trails or forest<br />
trails)<br />
Sg. Muda Saltlicks x Sensitive wildlife area for<br />
<strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong><br />
Sg. Teliang Restricted<br />
fish<strong>in</strong>g zone<br />
River and lake<br />
channels<br />
Low-impact<br />
zones<br />
x No physical structures to be<br />
considered<br />
x Exceptions are wildlife<br />
observation hides or<br />
walkways that could reduce<br />
human impacts at saltlicks<br />
x Sensitive wildlife area for<br />
<strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong><br />
x Conservation area for<br />
freshwater game fish<br />
x Environmentally sensitive<br />
areas<br />
x No physical <strong>development</strong>al<br />
structures<br />
x Important wildlife corridor
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Management<br />
Zone<br />
TOURISM<br />
CENTRES<br />
Table 22 (cont<strong>in</strong>ued). Summary <strong>of</strong> Management Zones<br />
Location Feature Management<br />
Considerations/Guidel<strong>in</strong>es<br />
Kuala Nerang Major town x Possible site for tourist<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation centre<br />
Pedu Resort centre x Ma<strong>in</strong> centre for resort<br />
facilities<br />
Gubir Village centre x Key tourist <strong>in</strong>formation<br />
centre<br />
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x Possible site for manag<strong>in</strong>g<br />
mass-tourist activities<br />
Gulau Village centre x Possible access route <strong>in</strong>to<br />
Muda forest<br />
x Possible site for tourist<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation centre<br />
4.6 Institutional Framework for Manag<strong>in</strong>g Nature Tourism<br />
Currently, the <strong>in</strong>stitutional framework for the management <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda area and<br />
activities with<strong>in</strong> the area are fragmented and dispersed.<br />
The Forest Department has jurisdiction over the forests around the greater Ulu Muda<br />
area. The Department <strong>of</strong> Fisheries has jurisdiction over fish<strong>in</strong>g activities <strong>in</strong> the lakes<br />
and streams <strong>of</strong> the area. Other departments, agencies, authorities and bodies also play<br />
a role (e.g. PERHILITAN, MADA, Security Forces, etc).<br />
These numerous agencies with their overlapp<strong>in</strong>g areas <strong>of</strong> jurisdiction and <strong>in</strong>terest<br />
make it very challeng<strong>in</strong>g to manage <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong> the area, as well as to manage<br />
the area for <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong>. Just as important, it creates an <strong>in</strong>stitutional context<br />
unconducive to the expansion <strong>of</strong> the <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> market sector through a number<br />
<strong>of</strong> ways; e.g., by creat<strong>in</strong>g many layers <strong>of</strong> bureaucracy that has to be negotiated just to<br />
atta<strong>in</strong> permission for a jungle fish<strong>in</strong>g trip.<br />
4.6.1 The Nature Tourism Area<br />
Ideally, a s<strong>in</strong>gle central authority should have full jurisdiction over the area,<br />
responsible for both the management <strong>of</strong> the area as well as the activities with<strong>in</strong> the<br />
area. With<strong>in</strong> the Malaysian context, there are two very successful models for this: the<br />
Forest Department State Park Model and the Park Corporation Model (see Table<br />
23).<br />
4.6.1.1 The Forest Department State Park Model<br />
The first Forest Department State Park Model has been implemented <strong>in</strong> Perlis (i.e. the<br />
Perlis State Park). In this system, the Forest Department cont<strong>in</strong>ues to be the primary
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manag<strong>in</strong>g authority for the forests <strong>in</strong> the area, but with the management responsibility<br />
transformed from timber resource management to biodiversity management. Under<br />
Section 10 <strong>of</strong> the National Forestry Act 1984, forest areas may be classified <strong>in</strong>to 11<br />
categories 51 . A new classification can be added to these categories to enable the<br />
establishment <strong>of</strong> a State Park and accorded protection under exist<strong>in</strong>g forestry laws and<br />
management.<br />
Three essential steps are required to implement this system:<br />
(1) The State Forestry laws must be amended to <strong>in</strong>clude a new classification <strong>of</strong><br />
forest.<br />
(2) The relevant forest reserves or other land area to be designated as a State Park<br />
must be gazetted under the legal <strong>in</strong>strument above.<br />
(3) The Park Rules must be legally gazetted and published.<br />
4.6.1.2 The Park Corporation Model<br />
This is the system used <strong>in</strong> Johor, with the Endau-Romp<strong>in</strong> National Park. An<br />
<strong>in</strong>dependent corporation is established and tasked with the management <strong>of</strong> the park<br />
area and activities with<strong>in</strong> the park area. Table 23 discusses the various differences <strong>of</strong><br />
the two models.<br />
4.6.1.3 Recommendations <strong>of</strong> a State Park Institution<br />
Table 23 discusses the pros and cons <strong>of</strong> the two models. The fund<strong>in</strong>g sources between<br />
the two models may be similar. However, the State forestry fund<strong>in</strong>g provides a<br />
consistent source <strong>of</strong> fund<strong>in</strong>g for the Forestry State Park model. The Parks Corporation<br />
model is more flexible <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> human resource capacity. It is easier to ga<strong>in</strong> and<br />
reta<strong>in</strong> human resources and required expertise (direct contract recruitment to specific<br />
posts that are <strong>in</strong> turn easily created as needed). Nevertheless, with exist<strong>in</strong>g legislation<br />
and staff under the forestry department, this would facilitate a less costly and faster<br />
adoption <strong>of</strong> a State Park.<br />
Approximately 37% <strong>of</strong> the Kedah total land areas are ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed as Permanent Forest<br />
Reserves 52 . The National Forestry Council recommends that the total Permanent<br />
Forest Reserves should not be reduced. However, should there be a critical need to<br />
degazette an area, a replacement area <strong>of</strong> similar size and quality needs to be provided.<br />
In view <strong>of</strong> the limited forest areas, f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g a suitable area <strong>of</strong> similar size and quality<br />
may prove to be difficult 53 .<br />
Based on the assessment <strong>of</strong> the two models <strong>in</strong> relation to the exist<strong>in</strong>g scenario <strong>in</strong><br />
Kedah and consultation with relevant agencies, this study proposes the Forestry<br />
Department State Park model.<br />
51 Department <strong>of</strong> Forestry, Kedah, pers. comms.<br />
52 Ibid<br />
53 Ibid<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 52
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
A s<strong>in</strong>gle authority tak<strong>in</strong>g responsibility for supervis<strong>in</strong>g <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> activities<br />
with<strong>in</strong> the Ulu Muda area provides for the best approach <strong>in</strong> ensur<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>nature</strong><br />
<strong>tourism</strong> <strong>of</strong> the area is safe and susta<strong>in</strong>able. This body will serve to coord<strong>in</strong>ate <strong>nature</strong><br />
<strong>tourism</strong> activities, keep tourist loads with<strong>in</strong> the designated carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity <strong>of</strong> the<br />
various zones, tra<strong>in</strong> <strong>nature</strong> guides, etc. Based on the Perlis State Park and Johor Parks<br />
staff structure, Figure 8 outl<strong>in</strong>es a conceptual <strong>in</strong>stitutional framework for Ulu Muda.<br />
This conceptual framework will be used to analyse the staff costs <strong>in</strong> the Action Plan<br />
(see below). The State Park Unit would comprise <strong>of</strong> representatives from relevant<br />
agencies <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests. Aga<strong>in</strong>, it should be stressed that a collective<br />
discussion and consultation process <strong>of</strong> all agencies <strong>in</strong>volved is required for the actual<br />
<strong>in</strong>stitutional structure.<br />
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Table 23. Comparisons Between the Two Contrast<strong>in</strong>g Malaysian Protected Area<br />
Models<br />
Management<br />
Authority<br />
Fund<strong>in</strong>g Sources and<br />
F<strong>in</strong>anc<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Mechanisms<br />
Forest Department State<br />
Park Model<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 54<br />
Park Corporation Model<br />
State Forest Department Independent State-established<br />
Corporation<br />
State FD budget, Federal<br />
(MOSTE, MOCAT), special<br />
State allocation,<br />
<strong>in</strong>dependent donors,<br />
<strong>in</strong>dividual collection, etc.<br />
Examples Perlis Johor, Sabah<br />
Pros x Many fund<strong>in</strong>g sources:<br />
Federal (MOSTE,<br />
MOCAT), State (FD) as<br />
well as third-party (aid<br />
agencies such as<br />
DANIDA etc.)<br />
x However, exist<strong>in</strong>g staff<br />
could be <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong><br />
enforcement and<br />
management roles.<br />
x Less costly and less<br />
time-consum<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Cons x Human resources: Staff<br />
can easily be transferred<br />
<strong>in</strong>to entirely different<br />
departments, or even<br />
States, as they rema<strong>in</strong><br />
under the <strong>in</strong>stitutional<br />
arrangements <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Forest Department. This<br />
makes it difficult to<br />
build up capacity and<br />
reta<strong>in</strong> core, experienced<br />
staff.<br />
Federal (MOSTE, MOCAT),<br />
special State allocation,<br />
<strong>in</strong>dependent donors,<br />
<strong>in</strong>dividual collection, etc.<br />
x Easier to ga<strong>in</strong> and reta<strong>in</strong><br />
human resources and<br />
required expertise (direct<br />
contract recruitment to<br />
specific posts, that are <strong>in</strong><br />
turn easily created as<br />
needed)<br />
x Fewer fund<strong>in</strong>g sources<br />
(e.g. no allocation from<br />
State FD budget)<br />
x State FD does not have<br />
direct control over the<br />
land any more
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Figure 8. A Possible Institutional Structure for the Management <strong>of</strong> a State Park<br />
V isito r<br />
S erv ices (3 )<br />
A ssista n t D irecto r<br />
(D evelo p m en t)<br />
S T A T E P A R K U N IT<br />
U n it H ead<br />
R esearch O fficer<br />
4.6.1.4 Institutional Arrangements for Control <strong>of</strong> Access<br />
Access to the <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ation needs to be controlled, for the safety <strong>of</strong><br />
visitors, residents as well as wildlife. Due to the current <strong>in</strong>stitutional arrangements for<br />
the management <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda area, the controll<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> access to the area falls under<br />
several different agencies, primarily the Forest Department, the Wildlife Department,<br />
the Department <strong>of</strong> Fisheries and the military. If <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> levels are to <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong><br />
the Ulu Muda area, not only will these multiple jurisdictions be cumbersome, it may<br />
also be difficult to effectively enforce. The ideal situation is a s<strong>in</strong>gle authority<br />
responsible for grant<strong>in</strong>g permission to the area, i.e., the <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> authority, with<br />
enforcement support provided for by various other bodies.<br />
4.6.1.5 Control <strong>of</strong> Access and Illegal Harvest<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Illegal harvest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> forest products— animals, plants, m<strong>in</strong>erals (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
“ medic<strong>in</strong>al” rocks)— can have a serious impact on the <strong>in</strong>tegrity <strong>of</strong> the area if<br />
unchecked. Furthermore, poachers or illegal harvesters themselves may pose a threat<br />
to visitors who stumble upon them and their activities. Illegal harvest<strong>in</strong>g can be<br />
controlled by strict enforcement <strong>of</strong> access, and access itself can be controlled through<br />
ensur<strong>in</strong>g that access to the forest is channelled through a few supervised entry<br />
checkpo<strong>in</strong>ts.<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 55<br />
M a <strong>in</strong> ten a n ce (2 ) P a tro ls (3 )
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4.6.1.6 Wildlife Disturbances<br />
Apart from poach<strong>in</strong>g, wildlife may be disturbed through a number <strong>of</strong> activities that<br />
may <strong>in</strong>crease as tourist levels <strong>in</strong>crease. The simple presence <strong>of</strong> too many people <strong>in</strong> an<br />
area for too long periods <strong>of</strong> time, or too <strong>of</strong>ten, may be enough to discourage animals<br />
from visit<strong>in</strong>g the area. The key to m<strong>in</strong>imis<strong>in</strong>g the impact <strong>of</strong> visitors on animals is to<br />
balance visitor loads with carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity, together with a zonation plan that limits<br />
and distributes visitor loads to sites.<br />
4.7 Develop<strong>in</strong>g Local Capacity for Nature Tourism<br />
For successful <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>development</strong>, local capacity needs to be <strong>in</strong>volved, not<br />
only with the <strong>tourism</strong> sector (as guides, etc.), but also <strong>in</strong> manag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
the long term. Human resource <strong>development</strong> must thus address the follow<strong>in</strong>g sectors:<br />
x Nature tour guides;<br />
x Nature tour operators (local and regional);<br />
x District/State adm<strong>in</strong>istrators (managers <strong>of</strong> the larger adm<strong>in</strong>istrative landscape);<br />
x State enforcement <strong>of</strong>ficers (e.g. fisheries, wildlife, forestry);<br />
x Village community (multiple-levels).<br />
4.7.1 Local Community Involvement<br />
Nature <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> this region must be sensitive to the needs and<br />
aspirations <strong>of</strong> the wider local community. Tourism centres identified at Kuala Nerang,<br />
Gubir and Gulau are major concentrations <strong>of</strong> settlements <strong>in</strong> this region. Furthermore,<br />
the KOPAM village jetty is currently managed by the local village co-operative.<br />
Some <strong>of</strong> the areas where we can see strong local village participation <strong>in</strong>clude:<br />
x Nature tour guides;<br />
x Voluntary or paid local enforcement (wildlife, fisheries, etc.);<br />
x Entrepreneur <strong>development</strong>s (amenities, shuttle-services, car park facilities and<br />
other services).<br />
Skills and levels <strong>of</strong> awareness will probably be the immediate limit<strong>in</strong>g factor for local<br />
community <strong>development</strong>, although other factors such as access to capital might also<br />
be important. However, three avenues are open for creat<strong>in</strong>g opportunities for local<br />
communities: enhanc<strong>in</strong>g skill levels through apprenticeship; participation <strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g centres and courses; and <strong>in</strong>ternships with established companies.<br />
4.8 Market<strong>in</strong>g and Promot<strong>in</strong>g Nature Tourism<br />
The number <strong>of</strong> visitors to Malaysia that are <strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> Malaysian <strong>nature</strong> has been on<br />
the rise s<strong>in</strong>ce the 1980s (Table 24). It appears however that more and more people are<br />
beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g to see Pen<strong>in</strong>sular Malaysia as a “ developed” country and prefer <strong>in</strong>stead to<br />
visit Borneo, which has more to <strong>of</strong>fer <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> prist<strong>in</strong>e wilderness. For example, the<br />
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NEP estimated that 10% <strong>of</strong> tourists to the Pen<strong>in</strong>sula are ecotourists whilst the<br />
percentages <strong>in</strong> Sabah and Sarawak may be <strong>in</strong> the vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> 50%. Nonetheless, it is<br />
this very market that tourist operators <strong>in</strong> Kedah would like to tap <strong>in</strong>to. The question is<br />
how?<br />
One way is to develop different strategies for target<strong>in</strong>g local, national and<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternational tourists. However, it should be cautioned that the strategies developed<br />
should be compatible with one another. Table 25, for example, outl<strong>in</strong>es at least one<br />
way <strong>of</strong> sector<strong>in</strong>g the market<strong>in</strong>g and promotional activities.<br />
Table 24. Trends <strong>in</strong> Visitor Numbers to Parks and Protected Areas <strong>in</strong> Malaysia<br />
Taman Negara<br />
Site Period Mean rate <strong>of</strong> change,<br />
% per annum<br />
1989–1994 (5 years)<br />
1984–1994 (10 years)<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 57<br />
+23%<br />
+14%<br />
Cameron Highlands 1985–1989 (4 years) +4%<br />
Gunung M<strong>ulu</strong> NP 1987–1994 (8 years) +18%<br />
Sepilok WS (Foreigners) 1988–1994 (7 years) +40%<br />
Gomantong/Sukau 1989–1994 (5years) +134%<br />
Adapted from: National Eco<strong>tourism</strong> Plan 1996.<br />
Types <strong>of</strong> Tourist Tourism<br />
Category<br />
Table 25. Sectoral Market<strong>in</strong>g Matrix<br />
Corporate groups Mass X<br />
Domestic package<br />
holidays<br />
Foreign package<br />
holidays<br />
Independent domestic<br />
tourist<br />
Independent foreign<br />
tourist<br />
Local clubs and<br />
societies<br />
Level <strong>of</strong> Market<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Local National International<br />
Mass X<br />
Eco, Mass X<br />
Eco, Local X X<br />
Eco X X<br />
Eco, Mass X X
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School/university<br />
groups<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 58<br />
Mass X X<br />
Note: Locals are essentially domestic tourists but reside with<strong>in</strong> the State and do not usually<br />
book package holidays. Recreational fishermen from nearby villages or from Alor Star could<br />
be categorised as a “local” tourist.<br />
The feedback from ground operators is that national and local domestic tourists<br />
dom<strong>in</strong>ate much <strong>of</strong> the present level <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> (Table 26). It is the <strong>in</strong>ternational <strong>nature</strong><br />
tourists that the operators are hav<strong>in</strong>g difficulty market<strong>in</strong>g to. Further discussions<br />
especially on market<strong>in</strong>g strategies are <strong>in</strong>corporated <strong>in</strong> the Action Plan <strong>in</strong> Chapter 5.<br />
Table 26. Percentage Distribution <strong>of</strong> Type <strong>of</strong> Tourists at Pedu and Muda Areas<br />
Domestic<br />
Tourists (%)<br />
International<br />
Tourist (%)<br />
Total (%)<br />
Desa Utara 80 20 100<br />
Mutiara Pedu Lake 90 10 100<br />
Muda Resort 100 0 100<br />
Anjung Pedu N.A. N.A. N.A.<br />
Source: Desa Utara Pedu Lake Resort and Mutiara Pedu Lake Resort.
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5 Conceptual Framework for the Development for Ulu Muda<br />
The <strong>in</strong>itial sections <strong>of</strong> the report discussed the <strong>tourism</strong> potential <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda<br />
encompass<strong>in</strong>g Langkawi-Penang-Alor Setar and Thailand while Chapter 4 presented<br />
proposed spatial recommendations <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests. This chapter will present<br />
the conceptual framework and guidel<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests as a <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong><br />
dest<strong>in</strong>ation (and potential eco<strong>tourism</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ation).<br />
These proposals are aimed at facilitat<strong>in</strong>g further discussions and the detail<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> more<br />
specific implementation plans. However, it is important to note that more specific<br />
studies and detailed site-assessments will help f<strong>in</strong>e-tune the management<br />
considerations <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> plann<strong>in</strong>g at Ulu Muda.<br />
The conceptual framework has been developed based on the central attraction <strong>of</strong> Ulu<br />
Muda, which is its natural environment. Plann<strong>in</strong>g and careful management <strong>of</strong> this<br />
fragile natural environment will be the key to a susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry for<br />
Kedah. Based on our understand<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the region, we have developed a concept for<br />
susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>tourism</strong> that is based on its carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity. This carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity will<br />
depend greatly on the quality and scale <strong>of</strong> exist<strong>in</strong>g facilities that balances itself with<br />
the natural environment. Our contention is that all activities <strong>in</strong> the forest areas,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g visitations by larger groups <strong>of</strong> tourists should be managed so that it does not<br />
br<strong>in</strong>g about unacceptable change to the natural environment. In so do<strong>in</strong>g, these<br />
<strong>development</strong>s will also provide a catalyst for growth to the surround<strong>in</strong>g village<br />
economies. This vision is presented <strong>in</strong> Figure 9. This vision is based on an<br />
understand<strong>in</strong>g that the natural environment will need to be managed to ensure that<br />
multiple-use <strong>of</strong> its resources can occur without negatively impact<strong>in</strong>g on any one<br />
particular resource. The central components <strong>of</strong> this vision are addressed <strong>in</strong> the<br />
previous chapters and <strong>in</strong>clude the follow<strong>in</strong>g:<br />
x Park Establishment<br />
x Management Interventions<br />
x Development Opportunities<br />
As discussed above, the central attraction <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests are its natural<br />
attributes. The <strong>in</strong>side-outside park concept is proposed to <strong>in</strong>corporate the sensitivity<br />
<strong>of</strong> the environment and balanc<strong>in</strong>g the needs for <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the area (this concept<br />
is illustrated <strong>in</strong> Figure 9).<br />
The concept essentially <strong>in</strong>corporates the follow<strong>in</strong>g considerations:<br />
x Low impact activities with<strong>in</strong> the park area, and closer contact with the<br />
environment and wildlife is targeted at specific <strong>tourism</strong> markets that would be<br />
will<strong>in</strong>g to pay higher fees and spend more money on-site;<br />
x Higher impact, mass <strong>tourism</strong>, focused outside the park area;<br />
x Development <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>frastructure, facilities and attractions planned to meet<br />
<strong>tourism</strong> demand and based on the carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity <strong>of</strong> the area.<br />
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Figure 9. Visualisation <strong>of</strong> the “Inside-Outside Park” Concept<br />
Outside Park Area Inside Park Area<br />
Potential Protected Area <strong>in</strong> Thailand<br />
Potential Protected Area <strong>in</strong> Thailand<br />
Kuala<br />
Nerang<br />
Dumpsite<br />
Safari<br />
entrance<br />
Gubir<br />
Pedu<br />
KOPAM<br />
Gulau<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 60<br />
Carok<br />
Tera<br />
Bukit<br />
Saiong<br />
Sira<br />
Hangat<br />
Kalir<br />
Kuala<br />
Labua<br />
Kuala<br />
Lasor
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5.1 Development Concept for “Inside areas”<br />
The areas identified with<strong>in</strong> the park <strong>of</strong>fer a variety <strong>of</strong> attractions to visitors to the area<br />
(see Map 11, Conceptual Plan for “Inside Park” Nature Tourism Development).<br />
Based on the uniqueness <strong>of</strong> the areas, proposed capacity and <strong>in</strong>frastructure<br />
<strong>development</strong> are presented to encompass <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> plann<strong>in</strong>g up to year 2010.<br />
The ma<strong>in</strong> concept is to <strong>in</strong>tegrate environmental considerations with<strong>in</strong> <strong>development</strong><br />
plann<strong>in</strong>g to ensure that the very attractions that draw visitors are not compromised.<br />
1. Kuala Tera: The waterfall area and surround<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong>fer an attractive area for<br />
develop<strong>in</strong>g as a recreational centre. Other potential activities <strong>in</strong>clude fish<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
other river-based activities, bird watch<strong>in</strong>g and elephant track<strong>in</strong>g. Kuala Tera is<br />
a potential site identified for support<strong>in</strong>g a relatively higher number <strong>of</strong> tourist<br />
numbers with overnight facilities and amenities sufficient for not more than 80<br />
people a day. It can be reached by catamaran or by upgrad<strong>in</strong>g the exist<strong>in</strong>g<br />
logg<strong>in</strong>g track. The riverbank needs to be assessed to determ<strong>in</strong>e if sufficient<br />
dock<strong>in</strong>g space is available for boats and catamaran.<br />
2. Sira Hangat: This is a saltlick area represent<strong>in</strong>g the focal wildlife arena.<br />
Hence it is a valuable resource for attract<strong>in</strong>g visitors for wildlife view<strong>in</strong>g. Due<br />
to the sensitivity <strong>of</strong> this area, visitors need to be managed to ensure that visitor<br />
activities would not affect the number <strong>of</strong> animal visits. There is an exist<strong>in</strong>g<br />
hide that accommodates 15 people. The number <strong>of</strong> visitors to the hide needs to<br />
be controlled and areas <strong>of</strong> the saltlick should be identified as be<strong>in</strong>g out-<strong>of</strong>bounds<br />
to m<strong>in</strong>imise disturbances to the saltlick.<br />
3. Kuala Labua: Presently PERHILITAN ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>s a campsite at this site that<br />
is be<strong>in</strong>g used by HAT as a base camp. Due to the proximity <strong>of</strong> this area to the<br />
saltlicks, it is proposed that an alternative site be identified, such as the Kaji<br />
Cuaca Station to accommodate a higher number <strong>of</strong> people (maximum 30).<br />
HAT has proposed a canopy walkway over the river/lake to Sira Hangat to<br />
provide the unique experience <strong>of</strong> a bird’ s eye view <strong>of</strong> the river. It is<br />
recommended that a detailed assessment be carried out on the potential visitor<br />
numbers who would use the canopy walkway and the potential to reduce<br />
impact <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> on the saltlick areas. Kuala Labua can be reached via the<br />
reservoir when the water level is sufficiently high and on land via a jungle<br />
trail. The reservoir banks need to be assessed to determ<strong>in</strong>e if sufficient<br />
dock<strong>in</strong>g space is available for boats and catamaran.<br />
4. Kaji Cuaca Station: This ‘island’ is presently ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed by MADA. The<br />
area can be developed to accommodate higher visitor groups <strong>of</strong> up to 30<br />
people per day <strong>in</strong> order to reduce disturbances to the saltlick areas <strong>in</strong> Kuala<br />
Labua.<br />
5. Kuala Lasor: An exist<strong>in</strong>g old logg<strong>in</strong>g track connects Kg. Gulau and Kuala<br />
Lasor. Presently, this is the route some locals are us<strong>in</strong>g to access the upper<br />
reaches <strong>of</strong> Sg. Muda. This track can be upgraded to transport visitors to Kuala<br />
Lasor via 4WD vehicles from licensed tour operators. A permanent camp<strong>in</strong>g<br />
ground has been proposed to support a maximum <strong>of</strong> 10 people a day. The<br />
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attractions <strong>of</strong> this area <strong>in</strong>clude river-based activities such as fish<strong>in</strong>g. This is an<br />
area that will be best developed for tented-camps by small groups.<br />
6. Kuala Kalir: It is proposed that this area be packaged as an adventure-type<br />
package to attract visitors who would prefer the option <strong>of</strong> trekk<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
camp<strong>in</strong>g. Potentially, this could <strong>in</strong>clude niche <strong>nature</strong> tourists who are will<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to pay higher rates for such experiences.<br />
7. Bukit Saiong: Bukit Saiong can be seen from the KOPAM jetty and is<br />
accessible from the abandoned Safari Park entrance. A jungle trail needs to be<br />
developed and ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed. The steep terra<strong>in</strong> and unique shape at the peak<br />
beckons adventure seekers. Besides scal<strong>in</strong>g the hill, the potential <strong>of</strong> other<br />
adventure-type activities such as rock climb<strong>in</strong>g and abseil<strong>in</strong>g needs to be<br />
explored. Due to its accessibility, self-guided treks for <strong>nature</strong> enthusiasts are<br />
another strong possibility.<br />
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5.2 Development Concept for Outside Areas<br />
The idyllic and serene environment surrounded by rich tropical forests outside the<br />
park areas also has high potential for attract<strong>in</strong>g larger groups <strong>of</strong> visitors. These areas<br />
may cater largely for leisure visitors and corporate tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g packages and would<br />
demand less contact with the natural environment. Nevertheless, the environment at<br />
the periphery <strong>of</strong> the park area could be packaged and enhanced to attract these visitors<br />
as part <strong>of</strong> their activity on the trip. The next sections highlight various locations l<strong>in</strong>ked<br />
to <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>development</strong> (see Map 12, Conceptual Plan for “Outside Park”<br />
Nature Tourism Development).<br />
1. Gubir. To develop Gubir as a key gateway <strong>in</strong>to Ulu Muda entails expansion<br />
<strong>of</strong> an <strong>of</strong>fice adm<strong>in</strong>istration build<strong>in</strong>g with telecommunications access. This is<br />
also an ideal centre for develop<strong>in</strong>g an <strong>in</strong>formation booth or education centre<br />
to provide <strong>in</strong>formation about the facilities <strong>in</strong> the region (both Pedu and Muda),<br />
about possible tours available and whom to contact for more <strong>in</strong>formation,<br />
access to local guides and fishermen, and also to direct them to the KOPAM<br />
jetty prior to enter<strong>in</strong>g the forest area. Secondly, secure car park facilities<br />
could be provided for long-term park<strong>in</strong>g or for large coaches, this will reduce<br />
the need for expand<strong>in</strong>g the present car park at the KOPAM jetty area. A<br />
shuttle-service for ferry passengers between Gubir and KOPAM jetty is a<br />
possible sp<strong>in</strong>-<strong>of</strong>f for entrepreneurs. The recognition <strong>of</strong> Gubir as a focal po<strong>in</strong>t<br />
for <strong>tourism</strong> will also ensure that further entrepreneurial <strong>in</strong>itiatives could result<br />
(e.g. provid<strong>in</strong>g facilities such as eateries). The position will be further<br />
enhanced with the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Trans-H<strong>in</strong>terland Highway from Durian<br />
Burong.<br />
2. KOPAM jetty area. The KOPAM jetty area will not be a suitable place for<br />
further <strong>development</strong> expansion <strong>in</strong> the long-term. This is due to its proximity to<br />
the dam structure and the security risk posed if large numbers <strong>of</strong> visitors are<br />
to use this area. However, the jetty would be a suitable area to upgrade to<br />
accommodate small numbers <strong>of</strong> tourists. Furthermore, the present <strong>of</strong>fice could<br />
be upgraded to act as a 24-hour control and monitor<strong>in</strong>g station. A<br />
communication system could also be established to allow for efficient<br />
communication between Pedu, Gubir and the jetty area.<br />
3. Kg. Gulau. Kg. Gulau could be developed as second gateway <strong>in</strong>to Kuala<br />
Lasor. This could potentially <strong>in</strong>volve develop<strong>in</strong>g community homestay<br />
programmes or other small-scale facilities such as food stalls and handicraft<br />
centres. The location <strong>of</strong> this gateway is, however, a control gateway for<br />
overland access to Kuala Lasor.<br />
4. Pedu area. Presently the two resorts at the Pedu Lake area organises events<br />
such as cultural shows and activities such as fish<strong>in</strong>g, canoe<strong>in</strong>g and other water<br />
sports with<strong>in</strong> the vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> the resort. These resorts also promote jungle<br />
trekk<strong>in</strong>g packages to Bukit Batu T<strong>in</strong>ggi and Bukit Batu Fakir especially on<br />
school holidays. A golf course situated <strong>in</strong> Mutiara resort caters to golf<br />
enthusiasts. The Pedu area is also a haven for bird watchers. The attractions <strong>in</strong><br />
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A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
the area could be enhanced by market<strong>in</strong>g the wider Ulu Muda area as a <strong>nature</strong><br />
<strong>tourism</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ation.<br />
5.3 Action Plan Framework for Conservation and Development<br />
The <strong>tourism</strong> action plan framework (Figure 10) <strong>in</strong>corporates a timel<strong>in</strong>e for plann<strong>in</strong>g<br />
(<strong>in</strong> this case to 2010), potential and projections <strong>of</strong> <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> and wider economic<br />
importance <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests. The framework reflects the ultimate goal <strong>of</strong> a<br />
<strong>tourism</strong> action plan towards:<br />
a) Achiev<strong>in</strong>g a managed State Park;<br />
b) Socio-economic improvements and spill-overs around population centres; and<br />
c) Ensur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>tegration <strong>of</strong> environmental considerations and capacity for<br />
susta<strong>in</strong>ed long-term <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> benefits.<br />
Realis<strong>in</strong>g the significance <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests for its natural resources and<br />
economic benefits, careful plann<strong>in</strong>g and commitment <strong>of</strong> relevant<br />
<strong>in</strong>stitutional/legal requirements would be the first step to ensure that the enabl<strong>in</strong>g<br />
environment for a successful State Park is secured. Management and regulation<br />
considerations need to be <strong>in</strong>corporated at the onset <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>development</strong> to<br />
ensure that the impacts <strong>of</strong> <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> activities are carefully monitored and steered<br />
to susta<strong>in</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>uous ecosystem health and <strong>tourism</strong> benefits. The discussion above<br />
has highlighted various components <strong>of</strong> the proposed <strong>tourism</strong> plan framework. These<br />
will be elaborated further <strong>in</strong> the follow<strong>in</strong>g sections.<br />
In order to become a managed State Park, concerted effort <strong>in</strong> implement<strong>in</strong>g various<br />
components <strong>of</strong> the action plans is needed (Figure 10). Based on the plans and<br />
recommendations, <strong>in</strong>vestment and appropriate <strong>in</strong>frastructure, as <strong>in</strong> the necessary<br />
facilities and services for a <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ation will be required. These facilities<br />
also play an important role <strong>in</strong> reduc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>tourism</strong> impacts to the natural environment.<br />
A key feature <strong>of</strong> a successful <strong>tourism</strong> attraction <strong>in</strong>volves <strong>tourism</strong> product<br />
<strong>development</strong>. The knowledge and the uniqueness <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda’ s natural attributes<br />
can only be shared with the local communities and visitors if these resources are<br />
<strong>in</strong>novatively packaged accord<strong>in</strong>g to various market niches to draw the <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>of</strong><br />
potential visitors. In addition, these <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> products also need to be marketed<br />
and promoted <strong>in</strong> order to reach targeted market groups.<br />
In order to meet the expectations <strong>of</strong> various visitor groups to the area, sufficient<br />
skilled human resource is critical. This <strong>in</strong>volves appropriate tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g and capacity<br />
build<strong>in</strong>g programmes <strong>in</strong> meet<strong>in</strong>g the desired requirements. In essence, experiences<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ations elsewhere have shown that the role and participation <strong>of</strong> local<br />
communities is <strong>of</strong> utmost importance if a <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ation were to achieve<br />
mean<strong>in</strong>gful local relevance and to meet the goals <strong>of</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>tourism</strong>.<br />
The action plan framework also highlights some assessments <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> potential and<br />
benefits <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests. Based on the analysis <strong>of</strong> present <strong>tourism</strong> figures,<br />
visitors to the Pedu and Muda areas are estimated to be <strong>in</strong> the region <strong>of</strong> 44,000 <strong>in</strong><br />
2001 while the capacity to receive tourist numbers is approximately 262,800. A<br />
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prelim<strong>in</strong>ary assessment showed that <strong>tourism</strong> receipts received <strong>in</strong> 2001 was around<br />
RM13 million and hence on average a visitor spends approximately RM300 on a visit.<br />
Incorporat<strong>in</strong>g the projection estimate from the Pelan T<strong>in</strong>dakan Kedah Maju 2010 <strong>of</strong><br />
12% per annum and <strong>in</strong>terviews with various tour operators, the estimated visitor<br />
numbers to Pedu and Muda area will reach around 90,000 <strong>in</strong> 2005 and 150,000 <strong>in</strong><br />
2010 with the implementation <strong>of</strong> the <strong>tourism</strong> plan. Assum<strong>in</strong>g that expenditure per<br />
tourist <strong>in</strong>creases to around RM500, <strong>tourism</strong> receipts <strong>in</strong> 2005 is estimated at RM54<br />
million and RM150 million if expenditure per tourist <strong>in</strong>creases to RM1,000 <strong>in</strong> 2010<br />
(Figure 10).<br />
While these are prelim<strong>in</strong>ary assessments <strong>of</strong> projected figures, the discussion provides<br />
an <strong>in</strong>sight <strong>in</strong>to the potential benefits from <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests.<br />
Another critical feature is the potential <strong>of</strong> socio-economic spill-overs at nearby towns<br />
and centres such as Gulau, Gubir and Kuala Nerang. Besides benefit<strong>in</strong>g the local<br />
communities, the process also contributes to the policies <strong>of</strong> the Kedah State<br />
Government <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> provid<strong>in</strong>g more opportunities and rais<strong>in</strong>g the liv<strong>in</strong>g standards<br />
<strong>of</strong> rural communities. Beyond the <strong>tourism</strong> potential, it is also important to highlight<br />
the wider values <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests. A rapid assessment <strong>of</strong> the tertiary values <strong>of</strong><br />
Ulu Muda <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong>, water supply and irrigation yielded an annual benefit<br />
<strong>of</strong> RM2.5 billion which is approximately one-third <strong>of</strong> the Kedah GDP (1978 prices).<br />
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Figure 10. Conceptual Tourism Action Plan Framework<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 66<br />
Investment Cost Environment and<br />
Ecology<br />
Year 2001 2005 2010<br />
Plann<strong>in</strong>g & Institutional Needs<br />
Investment & Infrastructure<br />
O+M<br />
Product Development<br />
Market<strong>in</strong>g & Promotions<br />
Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g and Capacity Build<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Management and Regulation<br />
Items/Year 2001 2005 2010<br />
Socio-economic spillovers at nearby town centres<br />
Managed<br />
State<br />
Park<br />
Tourist numbers 44,000 90,000 150,000<br />
Capacity (Pax/Year) 262,800 262,800 300,000<br />
Tourism Receipts<br />
(RM)<br />
Average Tourist<br />
Spend<strong>in</strong>g (RM/Pax)<br />
Annual Growth Rate<br />
(%), Kedah Maju 2010<br />
13,400,000 54,000,000 150,000,000<br />
312 500 1,000<br />
12 12 12
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5.3.1 Institutional and Legal Requirements<br />
It will be imperative that the Kedah State Government endorses the gazettement and<br />
<strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> a Kedah State Park. This Kedah State Park should encompass the<br />
m<strong>in</strong>imum area as proposed <strong>in</strong> Map 13 (Proposed Ulu Muda State Park). It is also<br />
recommended that <strong>in</strong> addition to this, the entire catchment <strong>of</strong> Pedu and Ahn<strong>in</strong>g be<br />
<strong>in</strong>cluded with<strong>in</strong> this proposed park.<br />
It is also recommended that the Kedah State Government raise the possibility <strong>of</strong><br />
develop<strong>in</strong>g a transfrontier boundary park with Thailand <strong>in</strong> any upcom<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMTGT) discussions or at any other<br />
regional forum. The area that should be highlighted is identified <strong>in</strong> Map 13. It should<br />
also be stressed that the Kedah State Government is committed to this process and is<br />
hop<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>in</strong>itiate the formulation <strong>of</strong> a Kedah State Park.<br />
An <strong>in</strong>stitutional entity needs to be identified to carry out management and<br />
<strong>development</strong> objectives <strong>of</strong> the proposed State Park. The organisational body and<br />
structure needs to be adapted to the characteristics and circumstances <strong>of</strong> the Kedah<br />
State Government. In order to decide on a suitable organisational structure, it is<br />
important to determ<strong>in</strong>e the respective roles <strong>of</strong> the Government and private sector <strong>in</strong><br />
the <strong>development</strong> and management <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>of</strong> the area. A multi-stakeholder<br />
dialogue would facilitate discussions amongst various Government bodies on the most<br />
suitable <strong>in</strong>stitution for govern<strong>in</strong>g the proposed State Park. For the purpose <strong>of</strong><br />
develop<strong>in</strong>g a conceptual management plan framework, the <strong>in</strong>stitution would generally<br />
be identified as the “ park authorities” . With<strong>in</strong> the proposed park authority structure,<br />
mechanisms for <strong>in</strong>ter-agency cooperation, local community <strong>in</strong>volvement and private<br />
sector participation also needs to be identified. The <strong>in</strong>stitutional structure<br />
recommended <strong>in</strong> this study is the Forestry Park Model as discussed <strong>in</strong> Section 4.6.<br />
With the establishment <strong>of</strong> a State Park, visions and objectives <strong>of</strong> the park need to be<br />
put <strong>in</strong> place to drive the management needs and considerations for the area. As an<br />
example, the Endau Romp<strong>in</strong> Park <strong>in</strong> Johor was established with the objective towards<br />
“ the preservation and protection <strong>of</strong> wildlife, plant life and objects <strong>of</strong> geological,<br />
archaeological, historical and ethnological and other scientific and scenic <strong>in</strong>terest and<br />
through their conservation and utilization to promote the education, health, aesthetic<br />
values and recreation <strong>of</strong> the people” 54 .<br />
Ideally the objectives <strong>of</strong> a park can be developed collectively together with relevant<br />
stakeholders such as the local communities and Government agencies <strong>in</strong> order to<br />
enhance ownership and susta<strong>in</strong>ability <strong>of</strong> the park. This is proposed as a future step for<br />
the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> a more comprehensive management plan <strong>of</strong> the proposed State<br />
Park.<br />
54 http://www.johorpark.com/Endau/about.htm.<br />
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5.3.1.1 Proposed Infrastructure Requirements<br />
In consider<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>development</strong> opportunities, it is recognised that:<br />
x We need to maximise the use <strong>of</strong> exist<strong>in</strong>g facilities;<br />
x We need to focus on a key natural attraction and ensure that adequate control<br />
and management can be set <strong>in</strong> place;<br />
x We need to consider that large-group <strong>tourism</strong> as well as small-group <strong>nature</strong><br />
tourists need to be accommodated.<br />
This section discusses a conceptual plan <strong>of</strong> proposed <strong>in</strong>frastructure and <strong>tourism</strong><br />
<strong>development</strong> needs <strong>in</strong> the Ulu Muda forests based on the “ <strong>in</strong>side and outside” park<br />
concept. Zon<strong>in</strong>g guidel<strong>in</strong>es have also been identified that will assist <strong>in</strong> develop<strong>in</strong>g this<br />
plan (see Map 14, Proposed Management Zones <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda State Park). It<br />
should be emphasised that these conceptual plans provide an <strong>in</strong>dication <strong>of</strong> a potential<br />
scenario based on the certa<strong>in</strong> assumptions (see below). The study recommends an <strong>in</strong>depth<br />
analysis and field surveys <strong>in</strong> order to create a more comprehensive plan.<br />
5.3.1.2 Assumptions <strong>of</strong> the concept plan<br />
1) Proposed <strong>development</strong> plan is compatible with the surround<strong>in</strong>g environment and<br />
do not adversely impact upon the natural heritage <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests.<br />
2) Attractions <strong>in</strong>side and outside park areas are sufficient to disperse visitor numbers.<br />
3) Proposed <strong>development</strong> is compatible with the activities <strong>of</strong> various Government<br />
agencies manag<strong>in</strong>g the area. Careful consultations with relevant Government<br />
agencies is critical to ensure that proposals <strong>of</strong> the park do not conflict with<br />
exist<strong>in</strong>g management schemes <strong>in</strong> the area and that partnerships with exist<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Government agencies can be enhanced.<br />
Table 27 and Table 28 propose maximum visitor capacity and <strong>in</strong>frastructure<br />
requirements for accommodat<strong>in</strong>g projected visitor numbers. Based on a conceptual<br />
assessment, the study estimates a maximum capacity <strong>of</strong> 24,000 visitors per annum<br />
with<strong>in</strong> the park area up towards year 2010. This leaves the rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g 126,000 visitors<br />
outside park areas from the total estimated <strong>of</strong> 150,000 visitors. The overall estimation<br />
is based upon projections from HAT and 12% annual growth from the PTKM 2010. It<br />
is important to note that visitors who are reflected as visit<strong>in</strong>g the outside park areas<br />
may also <strong>in</strong>clude visitors who will visit the <strong>in</strong>side park areas. This is because some<br />
visitors may be stay<strong>in</strong>g at the resorts <strong>in</strong> Pedu and Muda but also visit the <strong>in</strong>side park<br />
areas on a one-day trip or stay overnight for a proportion <strong>of</strong> their visit to Ulu Muda.<br />
Hence, the overall projected visitor numbers to Pedu and Muda areas may be less than<br />
150,000.<br />
The capacity based on <strong>in</strong>frastructure provisions with<strong>in</strong> the park shows that 24,000<br />
visitors would be the maximum that the park would accommodate. This is less than<br />
the projections from HAT to attract 30,000 visitors by year 2010. Hence, it is<br />
important to consider that the implications <strong>of</strong> high visitor numbers to a sensitive area<br />
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need to be assessed carefully so as to ensure that the resources attract<strong>in</strong>g visitors are<br />
not destroyed.<br />
A 12% projected growth is adopted based on the PTKM 2010 for Pedu areas. While<br />
12% may be an estimate to reflect projected <strong>in</strong>crease for Kedah as a whole, the<br />
projection rate may need to be scaled down to adapt to the sensitive environments <strong>of</strong><br />
Ulu Muda.<br />
Accommodation: The areas identified for <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> overnight facilities with<strong>in</strong><br />
the park areas <strong>in</strong>clude Charok Tera, Kaji Cuaca Station, Kuala Lasor and Kuala Kalir.<br />
Facilities such as basic campsites at highly sensitive centres are proposed whereas<br />
small scale youth hostels and chalets are proposed for higher capacity areas such as<br />
Charok Tera and Kaji Cuaca Station. Outside park areas, it is proposed that the<br />
present resort areas be extended to accommodate projected visitor numbers.<br />
Tourism Centres and Gateway: The Gubir area is proposed as the ma<strong>in</strong> <strong>tourism</strong><br />
centre to provide <strong>in</strong>formation and directions for tourist flow <strong>in</strong>to Pedu and Muda<br />
areas. Other facilities such as car parks, stalls, handicraft centres are proposed to<br />
promote local community participation. It is also proposed that a park adm<strong>in</strong>istration<br />
build<strong>in</strong>g and staff quarters be located at Gubir. Other <strong>tourism</strong> gateways <strong>in</strong>clude the<br />
KOPAM Jetty, Kuala Gulau and Gubir “ Dump-Site” area. Support facilities such as<br />
car parks and sufficient amenities have also been proposed at these areas.<br />
Access routes: The plan proposes upgrad<strong>in</strong>g two exist<strong>in</strong>g old logg<strong>in</strong>g tracks to<br />
accommodate 4WD vehicles at:<br />
x The rubbish dump (Gubir)-Charok Terau- Sira Hangat, and<br />
x Kg. Gulau-Lasor.<br />
Other po<strong>in</strong>ts to consider <strong>in</strong>clude controll<strong>in</strong>g access and road ma<strong>in</strong>tenance.<br />
Canopy and hides: One hide has been established at Sira Hangat. It is proposed that<br />
the hide be ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed for low impacts and m<strong>in</strong>imal disturbances to the area. A<br />
suggestion was made by HAT to build a canopy walkway over the sira. If the effect<br />
will be to m<strong>in</strong>imise human impact on the ground around the sira, then this is a<br />
workable idea. Visitors could arrive by boat and take the canopy walkway to the hide.<br />
Visit<strong>in</strong>g the sira by foot could then be entirely forbidden.<br />
Jungle trail: The Pedu and Muda areas <strong>of</strong>fers <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g jungle treks such as scal<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Bukit Saiong, Bukit Fakir Terbang and Bukit Batu Tajam. Various jungle trials have<br />
been proposed <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g:<br />
x Sira Hangat-Kuala Lasor,<br />
x Charok Tera route–Sira Hangat,<br />
x Trail up Bukit Saiong,<br />
x Trail up Bukit Batu Tajam, and<br />
x Trail up Bukit Fakir Terbang.<br />
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Muda Charok<br />
Tera<br />
Table 27. Inside Park Area by Proposed Capacity, Attractions and Proposed Infrastructure Requirements<br />
Site Attractions Proposed<br />
Max<br />
(visitors/day)<br />
Kaji Cuaca<br />
Station<br />
- Water falls<br />
- Trekk<strong>in</strong>g<br />
- Elephant<br />
Track<strong>in</strong>g<br />
- River<br />
activities<br />
- Fish<strong>in</strong>g<br />
- Bird watch<strong>in</strong>g<br />
- Bird<br />
Watch<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Proposed<br />
Max<br />
(Visitors/year)<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 70<br />
Infrastructure requirements Notes<br />
80 8,000 - Overnight facilities near waterfall area<br />
- 15 simple (e.g. A-frame) chalets (2<br />
pax/chalet)<br />
- 2 Youth hostel type dormitories<br />
(25pax/domitory)<br />
- Waste treatment facilities (septic tanks)<br />
- Water pipes<br />
- Upgrade exist<strong>in</strong>g logg<strong>in</strong>g track to<br />
accommodate 4WD vehicles to an area<br />
close to Sira Hangat<br />
30 3,000 - Overnight facilities<br />
- Basic amenity facilities<br />
- Assess possibility <strong>of</strong> develop<strong>in</strong>g<br />
night safari concept with a<br />
connect<strong>in</strong>g 4WD track towards<br />
Sira Hangat, leav<strong>in</strong>g at least the<br />
last 1 km as a jungle trail.<br />
- Explore potential <strong>of</strong> us<strong>in</strong>g this<br />
site as an overnight facility (max.<br />
30 per night) to replace Kuala<br />
Labua as an overnight facility.
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Table 27 (cont<strong>in</strong>ued). Inside Park Area by Proposed Capacity, Attractions and Proposed Infrastructure Requirements<br />
Muda Kuala<br />
Labua<br />
Site Attractions Proposed<br />
Max<br />
(visitors/day)<br />
- Trekk<strong>in</strong>g<br />
- Canopy<br />
Walkway<br />
- River<br />
activities<br />
- Wildlife<br />
view<strong>in</strong>g<br />
- Fish<strong>in</strong>g<br />
- Bird<br />
Watch<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Sira Hangat - Wildlife<br />
view<strong>in</strong>g<br />
- Canopy<br />
Walkway<br />
Lasor - River<br />
activities<br />
- Fish<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Proposed<br />
Max<br />
(Visitors/year)<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 71<br />
Infrastructure requirements Notes<br />
- Exist<strong>in</strong>g campsite (PERHILITAN site)<br />
- Canopy walkway to Sira Hangat<br />
- Overnight activities to be<br />
supervised.<br />
- Assess need for establish<strong>in</strong>g<br />
canopy walkway based on<br />
<strong>tourism</strong> numbers and impacts on<br />
saltlick area.<br />
- No accommodation to be<br />
allowed due to the potential<br />
impacts on the high-animal use<br />
area (visitors to stay at Pulau<br />
Kaji Cuaca).<br />
15 1,500 - Animal hide to accommodate 15 people - Sensitive saltlick area, overnight<br />
<strong>in</strong> existence.<br />
activities needs to be supervised.<br />
- 1km jungle trail south to connect to route - Need to reduce movement with<strong>in</strong><br />
from Charok Tera.<br />
the saltlick by visitors as human<br />
scent might reduce animal<br />
movement to the saltlick.<br />
10 1,000 - Upgrade and ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> present logg<strong>in</strong>g<br />
track from Kg. Gulau (20 km)<br />
Overnight campsite to accommodate 10<br />
pax/day<br />
- Attract <strong>in</strong>ternational tourists with<br />
option <strong>of</strong> trekk<strong>in</strong>g and camp<strong>in</strong>g.
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Table 27 (cont<strong>in</strong>ued). Inside Park Area by Proposed Capacity, Attractions and Proposed Infrastructure Requirements<br />
Site Attractions Proposed<br />
Max<br />
(visitors/day)<br />
Muda Kalir - Bird watch<strong>in</strong>g<br />
- Elephant<br />
track<strong>in</strong>g<br />
- Fish<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Proposed<br />
Max<br />
(Visitors/year)<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 72<br />
Infrastructure requirements Notes<br />
10 1,000 - Overnight campsites to accommodate 10<br />
pax/day<br />
- Jungle trail<br />
Bkt. Saiong - Trekk<strong>in</strong>g 15 1,500 - Jungle trail<br />
KOPAM<br />
Area<br />
Control<br />
Gateway<br />
100 5,000 - Upgrade exist<strong>in</strong>g jetty<br />
- Upgrade pathway to boats<br />
- Upgrade stalls (simple kampung style)<br />
- Upgrade exist<strong>in</strong>g ‘<strong>of</strong>fice’ <strong>in</strong>to a 24-hour<br />
monitor<strong>in</strong>g station<br />
- Basic amenities (2 rest rooms)<br />
- Attract <strong>in</strong>ternational tourists with<br />
option <strong>of</strong> trekk<strong>in</strong>g and camp<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
- Adventure and educational<br />
<strong>tourism</strong>.<br />
- Space for campsite to be<br />
identified for visitors to set up<br />
tents.<br />
- A plan had been submitted to<br />
develop a resort <strong>in</strong> the area.<br />
S<strong>in</strong>ce it is a sensitive dam area<br />
and due to the lack <strong>of</strong> space, it is<br />
recommended that the proposal<br />
should be abandoned.
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Table 27 (cont<strong>in</strong>ued). Inside Park Area by Proposed Capacity, Attractions and Proposed Infrastructure Requirements<br />
Muda Muda Lake<br />
and Sg.<br />
Muda<br />
Pedu Bkt. Fakir<br />
Terbang<br />
Site Attractions Proposed<br />
Max<br />
(visitors/day)<br />
Bkt. Batu<br />
Tajam<br />
- Recreational<br />
freshwater<br />
fish<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Proposed<br />
Max<br />
(Visitors/year)<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 73<br />
Infrastructure requirements Notes<br />
30 3,000 - Subsistence fish<strong>in</strong>g by local fishermen - Fish stocks are one <strong>of</strong> the most<br />
pressured resources with<strong>in</strong> the<br />
Muda region. The <strong>development</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> recreational fish<strong>in</strong>g activities<br />
will depend upon careful and<br />
controlled management <strong>of</strong><br />
fishermen and their catch.<br />
- Trekk<strong>in</strong>g 15 1,500 - Jungle trail<br />
- Trekk<strong>in</strong>g 15 1,500 - Jungle trail<br />
TOTAL 305 27,000<br />
- Adventure and educational<br />
<strong>tourism</strong>.<br />
- Space for campsite to be<br />
identified for visitors to set up<br />
tents.<br />
- Adventure and educational<br />
<strong>tourism</strong>.<br />
- Space for campsite to be<br />
identified for visitors to set up<br />
tents.
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Muda Gubir<br />
“ Dump<br />
Site”<br />
(Control<br />
Gateway)<br />
Site Potential<br />
Activities/Centre<br />
Gubir<br />
(Tourism<br />
Centre)<br />
- Control<br />
Gateway<br />
- Tourism Centre<br />
- Muda Resort<br />
Table 28. Outside and Periphery <strong>of</strong> Park Area<br />
Proposed<br />
Max<br />
(visitors/day)<br />
Proposed<br />
Max<br />
(Visitors/year)<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 74<br />
Infrastructure Requirements Notes<br />
- Control gatepost<br />
- 4WD Road Track to Charok Tera (10<br />
km)<br />
200 20,000 - Office adm<strong>in</strong>istration build<strong>in</strong>g with<br />
telecommunications access (e.g. shortwave<br />
radio)<br />
- Park rangers staff quarters<br />
- 1 Information and education booth<br />
- Car park facilities (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g coaches)<br />
- Food stalls & handicraft centre<br />
- 1 Rest and recreation centre<br />
- Basic amenities<br />
- Expand present Muda resort to reach<br />
max 200 persons/day<br />
- The gatepost is to control and<br />
monitor access.<br />
- Possible entry fee collection area.<br />
- Focus facilities as a <strong>tourism</strong><br />
centre.<br />
- Organise a shuttle-service to ferry<br />
passengers between Gubir-<br />
Dumpsite entrance-KOPAM jetty.<br />
- Possible entry fee collection area.
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Site Potential<br />
Activities/Centre<br />
Kg. Gulau<br />
(Control<br />
Gateway)<br />
Kg.<br />
Belantik<br />
Pedu Mutiara,<br />
Desa<br />
Utara,<br />
Anjung<br />
Pedu<br />
- Potential <strong>of</strong><br />
homestay<br />
programmes<br />
- Potential <strong>of</strong><br />
homestay<br />
programmes<br />
Kg. Batu - Potential <strong>of</strong><br />
homestay<br />
programmes<br />
- Resort,<br />
corporate<br />
tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
Table 28 (cont<strong>in</strong>ued). Outside and Periphery <strong>of</strong> Park Area<br />
Proposed<br />
Max<br />
(visitors/day)<br />
Proposed<br />
Max<br />
(Visitors/year)<br />
TOTAL 1,230 123,000<br />
10 1,000 - 1 control gatepost<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 75<br />
Infrastructure Requirements Notes<br />
- Car park area<br />
- Need to control and monitor<br />
access.<br />
- Potential area for fee collection.<br />
- Assess homestay programmes<br />
after 2005 for implementation<br />
10 1,000 - Assess homestay programmes<br />
after 2005 for implementation<br />
10 1,000 - Assess homestay programmes<br />
after 2005 for implementation<br />
1,000 100,000 - Expand exist<strong>in</strong>g capacity (1000/day)<br />
- Develop <strong>nature</strong> education centre that<br />
conta<strong>in</strong>s boardwalks, tree climbs, and<br />
fly<strong>in</strong>g fox facilities to raise <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>of</strong><br />
visitors at the outside park areas.<br />
- Market<strong>in</strong>g both Pedu and Muda as<br />
a dest<strong>in</strong>ation would help diversify<br />
the attraction <strong>of</strong> Pedu resorts.
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Based on the above assessment, the conceptual estimation <strong>of</strong> visitor numbers based on<br />
the concept <strong>of</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity are summarised below (Table 29 and Table 30). The<br />
conceptual estimates show that <strong>in</strong> order to manage the potential impacts to the park, it<br />
is proposed that approximately 300 visitors are allowed <strong>in</strong>to the park each day. On the<br />
other hand, the outside park areas would be able to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> a higher number at<br />
approximately 1,230 visitors per day. This is to ensure that the potential <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> at<br />
Ulu Muda is tapped but at the same time measures are set <strong>in</strong> to mitigate potential<br />
damages especially to sensitive areas.<br />
Table 29. Estimated Visitor Numbers Inside Park Area<br />
Overnight Accommodation<br />
Sira Hangat<br />
Carok Tera<br />
Kalir<br />
Kaji Cuaca Station<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 76<br />
Inside Park, Pax/day<br />
145<br />
Fish<strong>in</strong>g 100<br />
Track<strong>in</strong>g 45<br />
Local fishermen 30<br />
Total 320<br />
Table 30. Estimated Visitor Numbers Outside Park Area<br />
Pedu Resorts (Mutiara, Anjung<br />
Pedu, Desa Utara)<br />
15<br />
80<br />
10<br />
30<br />
Outside Park, Pax/day<br />
1,000<br />
Gubir (Muda Resort) 200<br />
Nearby villages (Kg. Batu,<br />
Gulau and Belantik)<br />
Total 1,230<br />
30
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5.3.1.3 Product Development<br />
Potential Tourism Product Development<br />
Tourism <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda should be packaged around the attractions available. Tourism<br />
products could be developed around the follow<strong>in</strong>g themes:<br />
x Nature <strong>tourism</strong>,<br />
x Recreation and outdoor <strong>tourism</strong>,<br />
x Education <strong>tourism</strong>,<br />
x Rural <strong>tourism</strong>.<br />
It is possible for <strong>tourism</strong> products <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda to have components from different<br />
themes. The follow<strong>in</strong>g sections provide some tours and activities that could be<br />
developed to attract tourists to the area. In addition to the packag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the various<br />
<strong>tourism</strong> products, relat<strong>in</strong>g the products to local knowledge, stories and historical<br />
perspectives would add value to the <strong>tourism</strong> products.<br />
1) Nature Tours<br />
Nature tours would focus on activities <strong>in</strong> <strong>nature</strong> or which <strong>in</strong>teracts with <strong>nature</strong>.<br />
Such products rely on the natural endowment <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda. Although <strong>nature</strong><br />
<strong>tourism</strong> is based on natural resources, it is necessary that physical facilities are<br />
developed for safe and easy access; and management systems be established and<br />
implemented to ensure proper management <strong>of</strong> natural resources.<br />
For <strong>in</strong>stance hides need to be built and ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed, boats to be serviced regularly,<br />
and guidel<strong>in</strong>es developed for waste management, maximum passenger on boats,<br />
etc.<br />
Examples <strong>of</strong> potential <strong>tourism</strong> activities <strong>in</strong>clude the follow<strong>in</strong>g:<br />
x Bird watch<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
x Elephant watch<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
x River and lake cruises, and<br />
x Raft<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
It is desirable that such tours be led by experience guides, or conducted by tour<br />
operators. This is to ensure that such activities are regulated <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> safety and<br />
impacts on the environment.<br />
2) Recreational Activities<br />
Tourists also require a venue for recreation and outdoor activities. Lakes,<br />
waterfalls, and rivers provide opportunities for recreational activities all year<br />
round. Some locations <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda could be developed as venues for such<br />
activities to attract locals <strong>in</strong> Kedah, as well as weekend tourists. For <strong>in</strong>stance,<br />
Malaysians enjoys picnics dur<strong>in</strong>g weekends. The availability <strong>of</strong> picnic areas may<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 77
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
also be sufficient for other travellers to make a detour from their journey. In<br />
addition, other tourists could also enjoy such facilities.<br />
Examples <strong>of</strong> recreational facilities that could be promoted <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda <strong>in</strong>clude:<br />
x Canopy walk for tourists <strong>in</strong> the park to appreciate the vastness <strong>of</strong> the park,<br />
and also the heights <strong>of</strong> the trees and forests.<br />
x Fish<strong>in</strong>g and angl<strong>in</strong>g to tap the rich freshwater resources or simply a quiet<br />
way to enjoy Ulu Muda.<br />
x Trails and treks with<strong>in</strong> the park to experience flora and fauna on the<br />
ground.<br />
x Trails for orienteer<strong>in</strong>g and hash runs.<br />
x Waterfalls for a fun time <strong>in</strong> the water.<br />
x Mounta<strong>in</strong> bik<strong>in</strong>g trails.<br />
x Picnic areas to share food.<br />
Tourism <strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> this area requires facilities such roads, jetty, chang<strong>in</strong>g<br />
rooms, paths, etc., to be built and ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed.<br />
3) Educational Tours<br />
Educational tours comb<strong>in</strong>e education and <strong>nature</strong>. Ulu Muda should be developed<br />
as a convenient dest<strong>in</strong>ation for schools to organise trips (either day trips or<br />
overnight trips) for students to learn about <strong>nature</strong>, biology, ecology, the role <strong>of</strong><br />
Ulu Muda as a water catchment and <strong>nature</strong> reserve, as well as the need for its<br />
conservation. Other technical educational topics that could be developed <strong>in</strong> the<br />
near future are susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>tourism</strong>, eco<strong>tourism</strong>, dam management, etc. These will<br />
depend on how successfully Ulu Muda creates a reputation for itself <strong>in</strong> such areas.<br />
Develop<strong>in</strong>g educational tours would create a flow <strong>of</strong> tourists dur<strong>in</strong>g school terms<br />
and weekdays. However, it necessary for the park to have facilities such as a hall,<br />
exhibition corner, displays and <strong>in</strong>terpretation which schools could easily use as<br />
teach<strong>in</strong>g aid or tools to facilitate learn<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
As a complement to educational tours, tourists can enjoy and experience <strong>nature</strong><br />
and activities that are available <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda.<br />
4) Rural Tourism and Other Tourism<br />
Rural <strong>tourism</strong> is a theme that needs to be further explored and developed. It is<br />
def<strong>in</strong>ed as activities <strong>of</strong> a person travell<strong>in</strong>g and stay<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> rural areas (without mass<br />
<strong>tourism</strong>) other than those <strong>of</strong> their usual environment for leisure, bus<strong>in</strong>ess and other<br />
purposes 55 . Towns <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda have the potential to develop this form <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong>.<br />
This would cater to the demands <strong>of</strong> tourists wish<strong>in</strong>g to experience liv<strong>in</strong>g a simple<br />
55 Modified from the def<strong>in</strong>ition <strong>of</strong> European Environmental Agency<br />
http://glossary.eea.eu.<strong>in</strong>t/EEAGlossary/R/rural_<strong>tourism</strong><br />
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A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
kampung life <strong>in</strong> Kedah, with the opportunity to visit Ulu Muda for recreation and<br />
<strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong>. Tours and accommodation could be developed as homestay<br />
programmes.<br />
It is possible to package <strong>nature</strong> tours and educational tours with homestay<br />
programmes. At this po<strong>in</strong>t activities for rural <strong>tourism</strong> need to be identified. These<br />
could be based on agricultural activities, processes or products (if agricultural<br />
activities are focused upon, then it is likely to be termed as agricultural <strong>tourism</strong> 56 ,<br />
e.g., paddy and sugar cane plantations), arts and crafts (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g products from<br />
orang asli communities), local cultures and the way <strong>of</strong> life <strong>in</strong> such kampung areas.<br />
In addition to identify<strong>in</strong>g such activities, it is necessary to develop a programme<br />
for locals to carry out rural <strong>tourism</strong>. The <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> rural <strong>tourism</strong> requires<br />
accommodation and basic tourist facilities to be constructed, <strong>in</strong>terpretation tools<br />
for participat<strong>in</strong>g tourists and <strong>tourism</strong> management tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g for the locals.<br />
Sett<strong>in</strong>g Goals and Objectives<br />
Although Ulu Muda <strong>of</strong>fers various <strong>tourism</strong> potentials, it is crucial that eco<strong>tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
Ulu Muda develop competitively. Nature <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda needs to have a very<br />
clear direction on where it wants to head, with clear objectives.<br />
Based on the objectives, the type <strong>of</strong> preferred <strong>tourism</strong> activities could be specified,<br />
and targeted tourist arrivals could be set. The targets then become performance<br />
<strong>in</strong>dicators aga<strong>in</strong>st which success can be assessed, e.g., targets <strong>of</strong> 3 million visitors a<br />
year, each stay<strong>in</strong>g an average <strong>of</strong> 10 days, spend<strong>in</strong>g on average RM1,000, and with<br />
more than half be<strong>in</strong>g under 30 years <strong>of</strong> age 57 .<br />
Market<strong>in</strong>g and Promotions<br />
The market<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda needs to be targeted at market segments that would<br />
appreciate the attractions available. Marketers <strong>of</strong> travel and <strong>tourism</strong> products need to<br />
have a good understand<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> their customers and must be able to develop strategies<br />
that recognise and take <strong>in</strong>to account the likely response <strong>of</strong> different consumer<br />
groups 58 . Rather than try<strong>in</strong>g to compete with<strong>in</strong> an entire market <strong>in</strong> a broad, unfocused<br />
way, organisations have to recognise and identify those market segments that they can<br />
best serve.<br />
For each attraction or <strong>tourism</strong> product, the market<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> should target the<br />
market segments identified. The position<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda should also be made to<br />
attract the market segments.<br />
56 Def<strong>in</strong>ed as visit<strong>in</strong>g a work<strong>in</strong>g farm or any agricultural, horticultural or agribus<strong>in</strong>ess operation for the<br />
purpose <strong>of</strong> enjoyment, education, or active <strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>in</strong> the activities <strong>of</strong> the farm or operation –<br />
http://www.sfc.ucdavis.edu/agri<strong>tourism</strong>/def<strong>in</strong>ition.html<br />
57 Example taken from the Australian Tourism Commission<br />
http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/document.asp?HeaderID=24&SectionID=422<br />
58 Australian Tourism Commission<br />
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A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Tourist Market Segments<br />
The follow<strong>in</strong>g are the market segments for <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda:<br />
x Nature tourists<br />
x Leisure tourists and tour package tourists<br />
x Day-trip tourists<br />
x School children and students<br />
x Corporate and <strong>in</strong>stitutional tourists<br />
1) Nature tourists<br />
This market segment is rather specialized. They are likely to more educated,<br />
expect<strong>in</strong>g to see <strong>in</strong> greater detail the flora and fauna that is <strong>in</strong> the park. They are<br />
also very critical <strong>of</strong> how susta<strong>in</strong>ably the park is managed. It is foreseen that this<br />
market segment would contribute significantly to the <strong>tourism</strong> economy <strong>of</strong> Ulu<br />
Muda. This market segment is likely to be will<strong>in</strong>g to pay for guides and services<br />
to get <strong>in</strong>to the park.<br />
The activities <strong>of</strong> this segment <strong>of</strong> tourists will likely to be <strong>in</strong>side the park.<br />
Attractions to be promoted are highly specialised— such as elephant view<strong>in</strong>g from<br />
a hide, bird watch<strong>in</strong>g and jungle trekk<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
2) Leisure Tourists and Tour Package Tourists<br />
This segment consists <strong>of</strong> tourists who are travell<strong>in</strong>g from other states <strong>in</strong> Malaysia.<br />
These could either be an <strong>in</strong>dependent family holiday on a package tour or simply<br />
mak<strong>in</strong>g a weekend trip. This segment <strong>in</strong>cludes <strong>in</strong>ternational as well as Malaysian<br />
tourists. It <strong>in</strong>cludes backpackers and other <strong>in</strong>dependent travellers.<br />
Although these groups may consider Ulu Muda as a dest<strong>in</strong>ation, it is also possible<br />
that these tourists have made plans to visit Penang, Alor Setar, or Langkawi. In<br />
this case, Ulu Muda could be marketed as one <strong>of</strong> the dest<strong>in</strong>ations where tourists<br />
can also enjoy with<strong>in</strong> the region.<br />
Attractions that could be promoted to this group <strong>of</strong> tourists <strong>in</strong>clude short treks,<br />
fish<strong>in</strong>g, waterfalls, canopy walks, rural <strong>tourism</strong>, rustic Malaysia, etc. This also<br />
<strong>in</strong>cludes promot<strong>in</strong>g Ulu Muda as a Cuti-Cuti Malaysia dest<strong>in</strong>ation. They are less<br />
demand<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> expectations to see wildlife. The activities <strong>of</strong> this segment<br />
<strong>of</strong> tourists will likely be with<strong>in</strong> the fr<strong>in</strong>ge (periphery) <strong>of</strong> the park.<br />
3) Day-trip Tourists<br />
Tourists from this segment are likely to live around Ulu Muda, with<strong>in</strong> a two-hour<br />
drive from Ulu Muda. These are likely to be families, workers or young adults<br />
look<strong>in</strong>g forward to get away from the rout<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> daily life.<br />
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A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Ulu Muda should be promoted as a dest<strong>in</strong>ation as a weekend getaway for<br />
recreational activities. Ulu Muda should be positioned as an ideal place for<br />
weekend picnics for tired workers want<strong>in</strong>g some time away from work and the<br />
city to be occupied with recreational activities for a change. This group is likely to<br />
be frequent or repeat visitors. The activities <strong>of</strong> this segment <strong>of</strong> tourists will likely<br />
be with<strong>in</strong> the fr<strong>in</strong>ge (periphery) <strong>of</strong> the park.<br />
4) School Children and Students<br />
This segment consists <strong>of</strong> students from primary and secondary schools as well as<br />
other <strong>in</strong>stitutions <strong>of</strong> higher learn<strong>in</strong>g. They will be attracted by the opportunities<br />
that Ulu Muda can provide as an outdoor classroom, with support<strong>in</strong>g learn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
facilities.<br />
Tours to Ulu Muda should be promoted as part <strong>of</strong> school trips to learn about<br />
<strong>nature</strong>, biology, geography, and even eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g. This would ensure cont<strong>in</strong>ual<br />
flow <strong>of</strong> tourists outside the peak periods dur<strong>in</strong>g school holidays or weekends. In<br />
addition, the need for wildlife and <strong>nature</strong> conservation can also be highlighted.<br />
This is where the importance <strong>of</strong> the role <strong>of</strong> the park and park management could<br />
better be appreciated. The activities <strong>of</strong> this segment <strong>of</strong> tourists will likely be<br />
with<strong>in</strong> the fr<strong>in</strong>ge (periphery) <strong>of</strong> the park, with limited access to the <strong>in</strong>side <strong>of</strong> the<br />
park, depend<strong>in</strong>g on the <strong>nature</strong> <strong>of</strong> the tours that are conducted.<br />
5) Corporate and Institutional Tourists<br />
This segment is ma<strong>in</strong>ly from corporations or governmental <strong>in</strong>stitutions. It is rather<br />
common to organise meet<strong>in</strong>gs and conferences <strong>in</strong> venues that are “ out <strong>of</strong> the<br />
corporate environment” . Some <strong>of</strong> the tourist facilities <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda would be able<br />
to cater for such needs such as company retreats, annual trips, tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g sem<strong>in</strong>ars or<br />
workshops, etc.<br />
Ulu Muda should be promoted as a location for meet<strong>in</strong>gs and company trips, etc.<br />
These are likely to be for corporate functions, corporate tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, and teambuild<strong>in</strong>g<br />
activities or for activities <strong>of</strong> governmental agencies. Depend<strong>in</strong>g on the<br />
objectives <strong>of</strong> this market segment, activities could be conducted outside (such as<br />
an annual trip) or <strong>in</strong>side the park area (such as survival tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g).<br />
Market<strong>in</strong>g Strategies<br />
Market<strong>in</strong>g strategies need to be formulated to meet the objectives <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong><br />
<strong>development</strong>, although proper market research needs to be conducted to better<br />
determ<strong>in</strong>e the strategic approach to market<strong>in</strong>g Ulu Muda. The follow<strong>in</strong>g are examples<br />
<strong>of</strong> common market<strong>in</strong>g strategies that could be considered at this stage (Table 31).<br />
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A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Regional<br />
market<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Penetrat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
niche markets<br />
Info-base <strong>of</strong><br />
the local<br />
natural history<br />
Table 31. Market<strong>in</strong>g Strategies<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 82<br />
Private-sector Government-sector<br />
ƒ Promote Ulu Muda as a<br />
dest<strong>in</strong>ation for <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong>.<br />
ƒ Encourage tour operators to<br />
develop packages that either<br />
<strong>in</strong>cludes Ulu Muda as a<br />
dest<strong>in</strong>ation or part <strong>of</strong> a tour<br />
package (especially for tour<br />
operators that serve Kedah,<br />
Penang and Perlis State).<br />
ƒ Partner with specialised tour<br />
operators (bird watchers, etc.).<br />
ƒ Partner with conservation<br />
organisations such as WWF<br />
and MNS to promote (<strong>in</strong>ner)<br />
Ulu Muda as dest<strong>in</strong>ations for<br />
<strong>nature</strong>-based activities such as<br />
birdwatch<strong>in</strong>g and elephant<br />
view<strong>in</strong>g. These are <strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e<br />
with activities that<br />
conservation groups organise<br />
and appreciate. Partner<strong>in</strong>g<br />
with these organisations will<br />
create demand for such<br />
activities <strong>in</strong> the area. It will<br />
also help establish Ulu Muda<br />
as a base for their eco<strong>tourism</strong><br />
activities (e.g. WWF has<br />
education centres <strong>in</strong> Cameron<br />
Highlands, and Fraser’ s Hill).<br />
ƒ Tie-up with local and<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternational websites<br />
promot<strong>in</strong>g <strong>nature</strong> and <strong>nature</strong><br />
travel (e.g. wildmalaysia.net,<br />
frogweb.org).<br />
ƒ Develop<strong>in</strong>g local guides <strong>of</strong> the flora and fauna.<br />
ƒ Market Ulu Muda through<br />
Tourism Malaysia as the next<br />
upcom<strong>in</strong>g <strong>tourism</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
<strong>in</strong> the northwestern region.<br />
ƒ Tie-up with local and<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternational websites that<br />
promotes <strong>nature</strong> and <strong>nature</strong><br />
travel (e.g. wildmalaysia.net).<br />
ƒ Develop<strong>in</strong>g more feature<br />
stories written by naturalists on<br />
various niche activities (e.g.<br />
birdwatch<strong>in</strong>g, mounta<strong>in</strong> bike<br />
groups, etc).<br />
ƒ Encourag<strong>in</strong>g more natural<br />
history producers to consider<br />
us<strong>in</strong>g Ulu Muda as a location<br />
for movies or documentaries.<br />
ƒ Encourag<strong>in</strong>g natural history writers to contribute to the local<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation base.<br />
ƒ Encourag<strong>in</strong>g local <strong>nature</strong> groups to write about the local natural<br />
history.
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Market<strong>in</strong>g Tools<br />
The follow<strong>in</strong>g are examples <strong>of</strong> typical market<strong>in</strong>g tools that Ulu Muda can explore to<br />
implement its market<strong>in</strong>g strategy.<br />
x Create <strong>of</strong>ficial websites (e.g. www.<strong>ulu</strong><strong>muda</strong>.com) to promote the attractions,<br />
products and facilities that are available. It should also provide <strong>in</strong>formation on<br />
how to get there, etc. This website needs to be ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed regularly and could<br />
be used as a communication portal between the park, tour operators, and<br />
groups or tourists <strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> the Ulu Muda area. L<strong>in</strong>ks should be made to<br />
partner organisations, as well as other eco<strong>tourism</strong> and travel websites— such<br />
as wildmalaysia.net or www.cuti.com.my.<br />
x Produce brochures and guides. It is necessary to produce a tourist map<br />
<strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g places to visit <strong>in</strong> the Ulu Muda area. This should be left<br />
at all tourist attractions <strong>in</strong> Ulu Muda to encourage tourists to visit other<br />
attractions nearby. At the same time Ulu Muda should be <strong>in</strong>cluded as a<br />
dest<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>in</strong> brochures <strong>of</strong> tourist places <strong>in</strong> Kedah.<br />
x Include <strong>in</strong> guidebooks and travel publications. In order to establish the area<br />
as a dest<strong>in</strong>ation for travellers, it is crucial to have media coverage <strong>of</strong> Ulu<br />
Muda to highlight its attractions, uniqueness and facilities. Media coverage<br />
should <strong>in</strong>clude newspapers, travel magaz<strong>in</strong>es and guides, travel programmes<br />
(local and <strong>in</strong>ternational), (photo) books, and other publications. Hence it is<br />
necessary to work closely with the media as well as travel writers.<br />
Promot<strong>in</strong>g Ulu Muda as a Nature Dest<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
In terms <strong>of</strong> market<strong>in</strong>g and position<strong>in</strong>g Ulu Muda as a prime eco<strong>tourism</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ation, it<br />
is very important for Ulu Muda to host a series <strong>of</strong> events at the state, national,<br />
regional and <strong>in</strong>ternational levels. These events will provide a platform to convey to<br />
the audiences the <strong>tourism</strong> attractions <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda.<br />
Ulu Muda has to be very selective <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> which events to host, to position itself<br />
strategically to identified market segments. The follow<strong>in</strong>g events could be organised:<br />
x Bird watch<strong>in</strong>g competitions,<br />
x Orienteer<strong>in</strong>g and cross-country races,<br />
x Academic conferences, e.g., on <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong>, biodiversity, dam<br />
management, etc.,<br />
x Fish<strong>in</strong>g and angl<strong>in</strong>g competitions, and<br />
x Other festivals:<br />
Some <strong>of</strong> the festivals or events that Ulu Muda could host <strong>in</strong>clude the<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g:<br />
o World Day for Water, 22 March,<br />
o Malaysia Water Festival, 13 April–12 May,<br />
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A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
o World Environment Day, 5 June,<br />
o International Youth Day, 12 August,<br />
o World Habitat Day, 7 October,<br />
o Malaysian Environment Week, 21-27 October, and<br />
o International Day for Biological Diversity, 29 December.<br />
5.3.2 Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g and Capacity Build<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Human resources is the key element <strong>in</strong> ensur<strong>in</strong>g the success <strong>of</strong> the conceptual <strong>tourism</strong><br />
action plans. Hence, <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g a pool <strong>of</strong> people with match<strong>in</strong>g skills and equipp<strong>in</strong>g<br />
them with sufficient capacity would be required for the implementation <strong>of</strong> these plans.<br />
Manpower plann<strong>in</strong>g could be elaborated <strong>in</strong> four steps 59 :<br />
1) Survey<strong>in</strong>g and evaluat<strong>in</strong>g the present utilisation <strong>of</strong> manpower <strong>in</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> and<br />
identify<strong>in</strong>g any exist<strong>in</strong>g problems and needs.<br />
2) Project<strong>in</strong>g the future manpower needed. Projections are made for the number<br />
<strong>of</strong> personnel required <strong>in</strong> each category <strong>of</strong> employment. Then the qualifications<br />
for each category <strong>of</strong> job are determ<strong>in</strong>ed.<br />
3) Evaluat<strong>in</strong>g the total human resources that will be available <strong>in</strong> the future.<br />
4) Determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g needs and formulat<strong>in</strong>g the education and tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
programmes required to provide the qualified manpower.<br />
Based on the conceptual plans <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests, the follow<strong>in</strong>g categories have<br />
been identified as key focus areas for tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g and capacity build<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>itiatives:<br />
x Resort operators: <strong>in</strong>volves standard manpower needs such as general<br />
management, specialist management, food preparation and kitchen, food and<br />
beverage services, reception and adm<strong>in</strong>istrative services and housekeep<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
x Nature guides: This is an important skill to be developed, as guides with<br />
sufficient knowledge <strong>of</strong> the natural characteristics <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda would enrich<br />
the visitors’ experience and hence enhance the <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> packages.<br />
x Homestay support and programmes: These programmes require wellplanned<br />
packages and suitable families that are equipped for hav<strong>in</strong>g visitors<br />
stay with them. The suitability <strong>of</strong> homestay programmes need to be assessed<br />
and possibly developed dur<strong>in</strong>g the second phase <strong>of</strong> the action plan.<br />
Management and regulation: In addition to the conceptual plann<strong>in</strong>g based on carry<strong>in</strong>g<br />
capacity, it is also crucial to ensure that management and regulations are <strong>in</strong>corporated<br />
to monitor and enforce the proposed plans for <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>development</strong>. This section<br />
highlights four recommendations as management and regulation measures:<br />
59 World Tourism Organisation, 1994<br />
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1. The first consideration will be on an understand<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the key elements <strong>of</strong> the<br />
natural biodiversity <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda, which will help the future managers <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Park and also contribute to the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong>. These <strong>in</strong>clude:<br />
x Long-term monitor<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> wildlife movement us<strong>in</strong>g camera-traps at the<br />
saltlick areas (e.g. Sira Hangat);<br />
x Population assessment <strong>of</strong> the elephant herds <strong>in</strong> the region and monitor<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>of</strong> the homeranges <strong>of</strong> selected herds; and<br />
x Periodic bird surveys by pr<strong>of</strong>essional ornithologists to understand the<br />
patterns <strong>of</strong> bird diversity <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda region.<br />
2. The second consideration focuses on enforcement. In particular, it will be<br />
important to beg<strong>in</strong> to enforce the “ <strong>of</strong>f-limits” zones proposed (see Map 14).<br />
This could be undertaken by enforc<strong>in</strong>g the Fisheries Act, which prohibits<br />
fish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> certa<strong>in</strong> zones, e.g., Sungai Teliang. Regular presence <strong>of</strong> the<br />
different authorities (or organis<strong>in</strong>g jo<strong>in</strong>t enforcement activities) on top <strong>of</strong><br />
regular monitor<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> people <strong>in</strong> and out <strong>of</strong> the area (as proposed below, see<br />
No. 5) will help to reduce any illegal activities and beg<strong>in</strong> to assert a<br />
management presence <strong>in</strong> the area.<br />
3. The third consideration is on the <strong>development</strong> and ma<strong>in</strong>tenance <strong>of</strong> <strong>nature</strong><br />
trails. Nature trails are a key feature <strong>of</strong> any park, and it will be important at<br />
this early phase to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> at least a selection <strong>of</strong> <strong>nature</strong> trails on a regular<br />
basis. The key trails to focus on <strong>in</strong>clude:<br />
x Bukit Fakir Terbang,<br />
x Bukit Batu Tajam, and<br />
x Kuala Kalir.<br />
4. Lastly, the movement <strong>of</strong> people <strong>in</strong>to the Ulu Muda area need to be controlled<br />
and monitored and any possible illegal activity needs to be restricted. It is<br />
recommended that a management presence be established at the KOPAM<br />
jetty area (Map 13) immediately. This presence should ensure that:<br />
x Movement <strong>of</strong> people <strong>in</strong>to and out <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda area are recorded,<br />
x Movement <strong>of</strong> fishermen (local and outsiders) are recorded, and<br />
x The fish catch for each boat at the end <strong>of</strong> their trip is weighed and<br />
documented.<br />
It is possible that this activity could be assigned to local cooperative members,<br />
provided a suitable allowance scheme is proposed. Where 4WD road access is<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g considered 60 (e.g. Gulau and Gubir, see Map 13), a control gate will<br />
need to be established at the onset to prevent any illegal harvest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the<br />
forest and to restrict entry <strong>in</strong>to the forest area.<br />
60 Note: It is also recommended that a 4WD track should not be considered from the old Safari Park<br />
area (see Map 13). This is largely due to security considerations and <strong>in</strong> the long term, as it is not an<br />
area suitable for <strong>development</strong>.<br />
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5.3.3 F<strong>in</strong>ancial Resources and Schedule<br />
This section provides a snapshot <strong>of</strong> possible f<strong>in</strong>ancial flows from the proposals made<br />
<strong>in</strong> this study. The f<strong>in</strong>ancial analysis has been developed based on cost estimates <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Johor Parks Corporation. The analysis rely on a number <strong>of</strong> assumptions discussed<br />
below and provide only <strong>in</strong>dicative figures as the exact costs can only be determ<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
with a more detailed cost<strong>in</strong>g study.<br />
5.3.3.1 Scope <strong>of</strong> analysis and def<strong>in</strong>itions<br />
The conceptual analysis is conducted from the po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> view <strong>of</strong> the proposed park<br />
management authority. The proposed scope for this analysis encompasses <strong>tourism</strong><br />
plans with<strong>in</strong> the park areas (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g proposed accommodation such as youth hostels,<br />
campsites and chalets), <strong>tourism</strong> centres and gateways at the park peripheries and<br />
outside areas. Various attractions outside the park area such as the proposed education<br />
and <strong>in</strong>terpretative centre and other facilities such as tree house and fly<strong>in</strong>g fox<br />
equipment are <strong>in</strong>corporated with<strong>in</strong> the management <strong>of</strong> the park authority.<br />
It is important to make a clear dist<strong>in</strong>ction that the components <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g the private<br />
sector such as resorts <strong>in</strong> Pedu area, Muda resort, packages run by HAT and KOPAM<br />
are not <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> the cost and benefit estimates <strong>of</strong> the exercise.<br />
5.3.3.2 Development Schedule<br />
The <strong>development</strong> schedule for Ulu Muda State Park outl<strong>in</strong>es <strong>in</strong>frastructure<br />
requirements and proposed construction timel<strong>in</strong>es. The ma<strong>in</strong> components <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>frastructure <strong>development</strong> are accommodation and support facilities such as <strong>tourism</strong><br />
centres, gateways, recreational facilities, <strong>in</strong>terpretation centre and park adm<strong>in</strong>istration<br />
<strong>of</strong>fice. Other <strong>in</strong>frastructure needs <strong>in</strong>clude utilities such as electricity, water supply and<br />
sewerage facilities and roads and trails. Table 32 shows a proposed <strong>development</strong><br />
schedule. By the end <strong>of</strong> the second year all <strong>of</strong> the proposed accommodation facilities<br />
would be ready. Utilities such as electricity, water supply and permanent structures<br />
outside the park areas such as the <strong>tourism</strong> centre would be <strong>in</strong>stalled by the end <strong>of</strong> the<br />
first year. The proposed roads and jungle trails are to be completed by the second<br />
year. Due to the magnitude <strong>of</strong> the <strong>development</strong> requirements and exist<strong>in</strong>g facilities,<br />
the proposed <strong>in</strong>frastructure would be completed by 2006.<br />
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Table 32. Proposed Development Schedule, Proposed Ulu Muda State Park<br />
Accommodation (build<strong>in</strong>gs)<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 87<br />
Year 2004 Year 2005 Year 2006<br />
1) Campsites (Kuala Lasor and Kuala Kalir) 1 1<br />
2) Youth hostel type (Charok Tera and Kaji<br />
Cuaca Island)<br />
3) Chalets: A-frames (Charok Tera) 15<br />
4) Staff quarters at Gubir 2<br />
Support facilities (Items)<br />
1) Tourism centre & adm<strong>in</strong>istration <strong>of</strong>fice 1<br />
2) Car park facilities (Gubir and Gulau) 2<br />
3) Interpretation and education centre at Pedu 1<br />
4) Recreation centres (Pedu and Muda) 2<br />
Roads and Trails (km)<br />
Service Roads (Upgrade exist<strong>in</strong>g logg<strong>in</strong>g trail)<br />
1) Gubir ‘Dump-site’ to Charok Tera 10km<br />
2) Charok Tera to 1km away from Sira Hangat 10km<br />
3) Kg. Gulau to Kuala Lasor 20km<br />
Jungle Trails<br />
1) From end <strong>of</strong> Charok Tera route to Sira<br />
Hangat<br />
3<br />
1km<br />
1) Safari entrance to Bukit Saiong 8km<br />
2) Safari entrance to Kuala Kalir 10km<br />
3) Pedu to Bkt. Fakir Terbang 5km<br />
4) Pedu to Bkt. Batu Tajam 5km
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5.3.3.3 F<strong>in</strong>ancial Cost Estimates<br />
The f<strong>in</strong>ancial cost estimates <strong>in</strong>clude fixed (capital) and variable (operat<strong>in</strong>g costs)<br />
costs. Fixed costs are concerned with capital <strong>in</strong>vestments <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>frastructure that make<br />
up the park such as visitor and education centres, visitor accommodation,<br />
adm<strong>in</strong>istrative <strong>of</strong>fice, staff quarters, roads and trails, transport vehicles and utilities.<br />
Operat<strong>in</strong>g and ma<strong>in</strong>tenance costs are the second category <strong>of</strong> costs such as staff<br />
salaries, benefits, utilities, transport, ma<strong>in</strong>tenance, visitor services, adm<strong>in</strong>istration,<br />
education and conservation programmes and promotions and market<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Where possible, the costs have been estimated based on actual expenditures <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Johor Parks Corporation. The total expenditure for capital cost is estimated at<br />
approximately RM7.3 million (Table 33). The bulk <strong>of</strong> the capital <strong>in</strong>vestments will be<br />
made <strong>in</strong> the first two years. Visitor accommodation makes up 50% <strong>of</strong> the total capital<br />
costs. The total capital cost estimated is RM7.3 million. The detailed breakdown <strong>of</strong><br />
the capital costs is presented <strong>in</strong> Appendix 8.<br />
Table 33. Capital Cost Schedule, Proposed Ulu Muda State Park<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 88<br />
Year 2004, (RM) Year 2005, (RM)<br />
Support Facilities 1,110,000 400,000<br />
Visitor Accommodation 3,610,000<br />
Vehicles & Boats 165,000<br />
Roads & Jungle trails 1,810,000 180,000<br />
Survey Boundary 50,000 50,000<br />
Total 6,745,000 630,000<br />
TOTAL OVERALL 7,375,000<br />
Table 34 shows the operat<strong>in</strong>g cost schedule for the park. The major cost items are<br />
salaries and wages, visitor services, and road ma<strong>in</strong>tenance. A rough estimation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
operations and ma<strong>in</strong>tenance costs is calculated based on 10% <strong>of</strong> the capital costs<br />
exclud<strong>in</strong>g accommodation costs. These <strong>in</strong>clude other costs such as adm<strong>in</strong>istrative,<br />
market<strong>in</strong>g and promotions and education and conservation programmes. When other<br />
major costs such as salaries and petrol are <strong>in</strong>cluded, the total operat<strong>in</strong>g costs is<br />
estimated at around RM493 million <strong>in</strong> 2004. The operational costs are projected to<br />
rise over time to reflect the popularity <strong>of</strong> the park through an <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g number <strong>of</strong><br />
tourists. Hence, this is reflected <strong>in</strong> the higher costs. The details <strong>of</strong> the estimates are<br />
presented <strong>in</strong> Appendix 9.<br />
Depreciation has not been taken <strong>in</strong>to account. The argument is that all <strong>in</strong>vestments are<br />
assumed to be provided by the Government, as is their usual responsibility. Hence, the<br />
park does not have to carry out the burdens <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>frastructure replacement, but will rely<br />
on the Government. Additional assistance can be sought <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> partnerships with
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
NGOs <strong>in</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g out items <strong>in</strong>curred <strong>in</strong> operational costs such as conservation and<br />
education programmes.<br />
Table 34. Operat<strong>in</strong>g Cost Schedule, Proposed Ulu Muda State Park<br />
Operations & Ma<strong>in</strong>tenance<br />
costs (10% <strong>of</strong> capital costs)<br />
Year 2004,<br />
(RM)<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 89<br />
Year 2005,<br />
(RM)<br />
Year 2007,<br />
(RM)<br />
Year 2010,<br />
(RM)<br />
337,500 369,000 369,000 369,000<br />
Petrol 10,000 12,000 13,200 14,520<br />
Salaries 145,728 174,873 192,361 211,597<br />
Total 493,228 555,874 574,561 595,117<br />
5.3.3.4 Anticipated Revenues<br />
Due to the substantial amount required to establish the park, various mechanisms need<br />
to be identified <strong>in</strong> order to meet some <strong>of</strong> the costs. Entrance fees and user charges are<br />
<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly becom<strong>in</strong>g a norm at National Parks. A study on entrance fees around the<br />
world especially on Mar<strong>in</strong>e Reserves show that there are parks that charge as high as<br />
US$100 per entry (e.g. Cocos Island, Costa Rica charges US$105, Galapagos <strong>in</strong><br />
Ecuador charges US$100 and Tubbataha <strong>in</strong> the Philipp<strong>in</strong>es charges US$50). The most<br />
common fee level charges are US$1 to US$5 per day or US$10 to US$30 per year.<br />
Lessons learnt on implementation <strong>of</strong> entry fees are widely documented.<br />
At some places, the high charges do not impact upon visitor numbers. For example,<br />
even though the charges for Galapagos are high, tourists are not deterred to visit the<br />
island due to its unique biodiversity. Some charges implemented without sufficient<br />
notice and consultations were met with resistance, which resulted <strong>in</strong> decreased visitor<br />
numbers to the island, as substitute sites were also available. For the case <strong>of</strong> Ulu<br />
Muda, the ma<strong>in</strong> attraction is the unique and rich wildlife that the forest ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>s for<br />
wildlife view<strong>in</strong>g. This product niche is not available at other parks <strong>in</strong> Malaysia. A<br />
conservative rate <strong>of</strong> RM5 is proposed for local visitors and RM30 for foreign visitors.<br />
Ideally, <strong>in</strong>-depth studies to ascerta<strong>in</strong> visitor op<strong>in</strong>ions and demand is required to set<br />
entry fee rates. This <strong>in</strong>cludes the use <strong>of</strong> facilities such as the canopy walkway and bird<br />
watch<strong>in</strong>g tower with<strong>in</strong> the park.<br />
Table 35 shows the anticipated revenue streams for the Park. The revenue is<br />
anticipated to rise from RM0.3 million <strong>in</strong> 2004 to RM1.8 million by 2010. Visitor<br />
numbers are estimated for the four years from 2004, 2005, 2007, and 2010. The<br />
composition <strong>of</strong> locals to foreigners for 2004 and 2005 are 80% to 20%. It is<br />
anticipated that foreign visitors will <strong>in</strong>crease to 30% <strong>in</strong> 2007 and 40% <strong>in</strong> 2010. These<br />
estimates are based on present ratios <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda area and also figures from<br />
Sabah Parks, Taman Negara and Endau-Romp<strong>in</strong> National Park, Johor (Appendix 10).<br />
The estimation <strong>of</strong> visitor numbers <strong>in</strong> 2004 to 2010 is based on present levels <strong>of</strong>
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
visitors and also the carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity <strong>of</strong> the park. The breakdown <strong>of</strong> the analysis is<br />
presented <strong>in</strong> Appendix 11.<br />
Table 35. Anticipated Revenue Streams, Proposed Ulu Muda State Park<br />
Year 2004,<br />
(RM)<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 90<br />
Year 2005,<br />
(RM)<br />
Year 2007,<br />
(RM)<br />
Year 2010,<br />
(RM)<br />
Fees (Entrance, Camera, Video) 48,000 60,000 145,000 340,000<br />
Visitor Accommodation 228,000 285,000 570,000 1,140,000<br />
Licenses & Permits 31,000 41,000 62,000 102,000<br />
Others (Car Park<strong>in</strong>g, Facilities) 4,000 105,000 210,000 320,000<br />
Total 311,000 491,000 987,000 1,902,000<br />
5.3.3.5 F<strong>in</strong>ancial Results<br />
Table 36 shows the f<strong>in</strong>ancial results or pr<strong>of</strong>it-loss account <strong>of</strong> the park, based on the<br />
revenue and costs schedule estimated and discussed above. The estimation shows that<br />
the revenue is expected to cover the operat<strong>in</strong>g costs only after year 2005 onwards. It<br />
should be noted that the revenue stream <strong>in</strong>creases significantly from 2004 to 2005.<br />
This is to reflect the availability <strong>of</strong> recreation centres that would cater to leisure<br />
tourists as an additional activity <strong>in</strong> the vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> the Pedu resort.<br />
The f<strong>in</strong>ancial results show that expenditure is greater than revenue <strong>in</strong> 2004 and 2005.<br />
This means that ways need to be identified to cover the operations <strong>of</strong> the Park for the<br />
first few years. This figure reflects a conceptual cost estimate to provide an idea <strong>of</strong> the<br />
process <strong>of</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ancial plann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> a proposed park. More concrete strategies and<br />
revenue schemes need to be designed <strong>in</strong> order to ga<strong>in</strong> positive earn<strong>in</strong>gs. In addition, it<br />
needs to be noted that the present conceptual plan is dom<strong>in</strong>ated by <strong>in</strong>frastructure<br />
<strong>development</strong>. A further study needs to assess how capital expenditures could be<br />
reduced while ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the same level <strong>of</strong> enjoyment to visitors managed with<strong>in</strong> the<br />
capacity <strong>of</strong> the park.
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Table 36. F<strong>in</strong>ancial Results (RM), Proposed Ulu Muda State Park<br />
Year 2004,<br />
(RM)<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 91<br />
Year 2005,<br />
(RM)<br />
Year 2007,<br />
(RM)<br />
Year 2010,<br />
(RM)<br />
Revenue 311,000 491,000 987,000 1,902,000<br />
Expenditure 493,228 555,874 574,561 595,117<br />
Gross Pr<strong>of</strong>it/Surplus (182,228) (64,874) 412,439 1,306,883<br />
5.3.3.6 Cash Flow Status<br />
The cash flow status is shown <strong>in</strong> Table 37. The establishment <strong>of</strong> the Park requires<br />
<strong>in</strong>itial capital <strong>in</strong>vestments. It is envisaged that the Government will have to provide<br />
the <strong>in</strong>itial grants to launch the Park’ s establishment. Based on the proposed estimates<br />
<strong>of</strong> the capital costs, substantial f<strong>in</strong>ancial resources are required. Besides the direct<br />
benefits <strong>of</strong> establish<strong>in</strong>g the Park as discussed <strong>in</strong> earlier sections, contribut<strong>in</strong>g to the<br />
establishment <strong>of</strong> parks would also be consistent with various Government policies.<br />
For example, at the national level, the Ulu Muda Forest areas have been identified<br />
under the National Spatial Plan as a sensitive area to be protected. In addition, the<br />
National Eco<strong>tourism</strong> Plan also identifies Ulu Muda as one <strong>of</strong> the “ Ten Very Special<br />
Places for Malaysian Eco<strong>tourism</strong>” . Based on these motivations, proposed<br />
contributions from the Federal Government are highlighted towards contribut<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
the establishment <strong>of</strong> the Park. Besides safeguard<strong>in</strong>g the unique heritage <strong>of</strong> Kedah and<br />
benefits <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> to be generated, the <strong>nature</strong>-based <strong>tourism</strong> concept for Ulu Muda<br />
Forest areas provides an important sp<strong>in</strong>-<strong>of</strong>f for rural <strong>development</strong>. Hence, it is also<br />
envisaged that the State Government would contribute to the establishment <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Park.<br />
These present the basis for the details <strong>in</strong> Table 37. Assistance from foreign fund<strong>in</strong>g<br />
for the establishment <strong>of</strong> parks <strong>in</strong> Malaysia is not a new concept. Recent examples<br />
<strong>in</strong>clude the establishment <strong>of</strong> the Endau-Romp<strong>in</strong> Park through DANCED fund<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
The cash <strong>in</strong>flow <strong>in</strong>cludes revenue from the runn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the park and also f<strong>in</strong>ancial<br />
contributions from the Government and foreign conservation grants. From the<br />
conceptual cash flow status table, it is estimated that the Park would <strong>in</strong>cur losses for<br />
the first year <strong>in</strong> 2004 at approximately RM1.9 million and would cover its costs from<br />
Year 2005 onwards at RM0.8 million <strong>in</strong> 2005.
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Table 37. Cash Flow Status (RM), Proposed Ulu Muda State Park<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 92<br />
2004 2005 2007 2010<br />
Cash Inflow 311,000 491,000 987,000 1,902,000<br />
Proposed State Grants 1,000,000 500,000<br />
Proposed Federal Grants 2,000,000 500,000 500,000 500,000<br />
Proposed Overseas Fund<strong>in</strong>g 2,000,000 500,000<br />
Total CASH INFLOW 5,311,000 1,991,000 1,487,000 2,402,000<br />
Cash Outflow<br />
Support Facilities 1,110,000 400,000<br />
Visitor Accommodation 3,610,000<br />
Vehicles & Boats 170,000<br />
Roads 1,810,000 180,000<br />
Survey Boundary 50,000 50,000<br />
Expenditure 155,728 186,874 205,561 226,117<br />
Ma<strong>in</strong>tenance Costs 337,500 369,000 369,000 369,000<br />
Total CASH OUTFLOW 7,243,228 1,185,874 574,561 595,117<br />
Net Cash Flow (1,932,228) 805,126 912,439 1,806,883<br />
5.3.3.7 F<strong>in</strong>anc<strong>in</strong>g Options<br />
Various f<strong>in</strong>ancial options need to be explored to ensure that there will be sufficient<br />
funds for the capital <strong>in</strong>frastructure <strong>of</strong> the Park. For example, Federal Government<br />
fund<strong>in</strong>g could cover the construction <strong>of</strong> roads and trails while the State Government<br />
could contribute towards the costs <strong>of</strong> accommodation and support facilities. Outside<br />
sources <strong>of</strong> aid such as DANCED and GEF, or NGOs such as WWF Malaysia and<br />
MNS would also provide the enabl<strong>in</strong>g support for the establishment <strong>of</strong> the Park. Areas<br />
for potential contribution <strong>in</strong>clude specific education and conservation programmes<br />
that would add value to the enjoyment <strong>of</strong> the Park.
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
6 Conclusion and Recommendations<br />
While the study focused on a <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>development</strong>, the wider issues that<br />
underl<strong>in</strong>es the importance <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda lies <strong>in</strong> its economic valuation. The study has<br />
demonstrated that the water values that Ulu Muda contributes are critical. In addition<br />
to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the most important paddy scheme <strong>in</strong> the country, the Ulu Muda forests<br />
also harbour sources <strong>of</strong> water for critical <strong>in</strong>dustrial areas such as the Kulim High-Tech<br />
Park and <strong>in</strong>dustrial parks <strong>in</strong> Penang such as Bayan Lepas and Seberang Perai. Hence,<br />
this is an aspect that needs further attention to assess who benefits from the Ulu Muda<br />
forests and who bears the costs, and potential mechanisms to be developed for<br />
ensur<strong>in</strong>g that both parties would benefit from a jo<strong>in</strong>t vision and cooperation.<br />
The potential sp<strong>in</strong>-<strong>of</strong>f <strong>of</strong> economic improvements for rural <strong>development</strong> through<br />
<strong>in</strong>creased visitor flows to the area is also another potential contribution <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda<br />
forests that need to be considered. An example is the case <strong>of</strong> Jerantut <strong>in</strong> relation to the<br />
Taman Negara model. However, the potential social impacts <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>development</strong><br />
also need to be assessed.<br />
Besides socio-economic <strong>development</strong>, the importance <strong>of</strong> wildlife conservation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ulu Muda area is <strong>in</strong>valuable <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> its wildlife. At the same time the significance<br />
<strong>of</strong> contiguous forest systems jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the Thai-border areas create an opportunity for<br />
develop<strong>in</strong>g a trans-border park that would be <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational significance.<br />
In view <strong>of</strong> the economic importance <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda Forests, it is critical to consider the<br />
potential impacts and risks from proposed projects such as logg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the<br />
environmentally sensitive areas.<br />
Based on the assessments and consultations undertaken <strong>in</strong> this study, specific<br />
recommendations and conclusions <strong>of</strong> the study are:<br />
x Nature <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>development</strong> will enhance the use values <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda without<br />
upsett<strong>in</strong>g other values; exist<strong>in</strong>g benefit is estimated at RM13 million and could<br />
<strong>in</strong>crease up to 10 times <strong>in</strong> 10 years.<br />
x Infrastructure <strong>in</strong>vestments are required to <strong>in</strong>crease its carry<strong>in</strong>g capacity.<br />
Prelim<strong>in</strong>ary estimations are 300 persons per day <strong>in</strong>side the park and 1,230<br />
persons per day outside the park. These estimations require further<br />
assessments.<br />
x Consult<strong>in</strong>g and <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g government agencies, local communities, NGOs and<br />
local guides are important to establish a sense <strong>of</strong> ownership and support from<br />
these stakeholders.<br />
x It is also vital to <strong>in</strong>volve the private sector <strong>in</strong> the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda<br />
<strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> plans.<br />
x Logg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the catchment conflicts with <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>development</strong> and it is<br />
not logical to pursue both options.<br />
- However, if logg<strong>in</strong>g were to take place anyway, it will be critical to limit<br />
logg<strong>in</strong>g to the southern part <strong>of</strong> the Ulu Muda forests, i.e., only half the<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 93
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
proposed area (for Phase 1) for logg<strong>in</strong>g (Coupes 1-3 only). Strict<br />
guidel<strong>in</strong>es and monitor<strong>in</strong>g efforts need to be implemented to m<strong>in</strong>imise soil<br />
erosion, sedimentation to rivers and disturbance to wildlife.<br />
- The use <strong>of</strong> the FSC Guidel<strong>in</strong>es will enable the logg<strong>in</strong>g firm to ga<strong>in</strong> market<br />
share <strong>in</strong> markets that would otherwise not accept timber from nonsusta<strong>in</strong>able<br />
forests. Access to these high-premium buyers is be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
facilitated by buyers’ groups such as the 95+ group <strong>in</strong> the United K<strong>in</strong>gdom<br />
(http://www.wwf-uk.org/95+group/). Coupes 4, 5 and 6 (as del<strong>in</strong>eated <strong>in</strong><br />
the detailed EIA) should def<strong>in</strong>itely not be allowed because <strong>of</strong> conflicts<br />
with <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> and biodiversity conservation. Logg<strong>in</strong>g could also<br />
<strong>in</strong>duce major costs and losses from exist<strong>in</strong>g water values.<br />
x Core conservation zones identified <strong>in</strong>clude Sg. Teliang, Kalir and the northern<br />
side <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda as well as areas on Sg. Muda up to Kuala Lasor as these are<br />
most suitable for <strong>nature</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> and animal watch<strong>in</strong>g as major activities<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g other lakeside activities.<br />
x The study recommends the State Forestry Department model to be adopted as<br />
it is the least cost option. This option does not require the sett<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>of</strong> new<br />
<strong>in</strong>stitutions, and hence, implementation can be done faster.<br />
x The Government needs to allocate RM10 million for set-up costs for five years<br />
(75% <strong>in</strong> capital expenditure) before returns are expected.<br />
x Explore co-f<strong>in</strong>anc<strong>in</strong>g model with the Economic Plann<strong>in</strong>g Unit, Governmentto-Government<br />
fund<strong>in</strong>g (JICA/DANCED), and multi-lateral aid agencies<br />
(GEF) to obta<strong>in</strong> required fund<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
x Explore <strong>in</strong>ter-state water-based charges or other f<strong>in</strong>anc<strong>in</strong>g options to <strong>in</strong>crease<br />
state revenue.<br />
The commitment <strong>of</strong> a State Park by the Government can be demonstrated by the<br />
proposed steps:<br />
- Gazett<strong>in</strong>g Ulu Muda as a State Park based on the benefits and<br />
significance <strong>of</strong> the area as a natural asset and for its contribution to the<br />
local, national and regional economy.<br />
- Determ<strong>in</strong>e and adopt the management structure <strong>of</strong> the Proposed Park and<br />
mobilise required <strong>in</strong>stitutional requirements for the establishment <strong>of</strong> the<br />
State Park.<br />
- Allocat<strong>in</strong>g sufficient f<strong>in</strong>ancial resources for the <strong>development</strong> and<br />
operations <strong>of</strong> the State Park.<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 94
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Appendix<br />
Appendix 1. Mammals Documented <strong>in</strong> the Greater Ulu Muda<br />
Order Family Species<br />
Artiodactlya Bovidae Bos gaurus hubbacki<br />
Artiodactlya Bovidae Capricornis sumatrensis<br />
Artiodactlya Bovidae Naemorhedus sumatrensis<br />
Artiodactlya Cervidae Cervus unicolor<br />
Artiodactlya Cervidae Muntiacus muntjak<br />
Artiodactlya Suidae Sus scr<strong>of</strong>a<br />
Artiodactlya Tapiridae Tapirus <strong>in</strong>dicus<br />
Artiodactlya Tragulidae Trag<strong>ulu</strong>s javanicus<br />
Artiodactlya Tragulidae Trag<strong>ulu</strong>s napu<br />
Carnivora Felidae Ne<strong>of</strong>elis nebulosa<br />
Carnivora Felidae Panthera pardus<br />
Carnivora Felidae Panthera tigris<br />
Carnivora Felidae Prionailurus bengalensis<br />
Carnivora Mustelidae Amblonyx c<strong>in</strong>ereus<br />
Carnivora Mustelidae Lutra perspicillata<br />
Carnivora Mustelidae Martes flavigula<br />
Carnivora Ursidae Helarctos malayanus<br />
Carnivora Viverridae Arctictis b<strong>in</strong>turong<br />
Carnivora Viverridae Arctogalidia trivirgata<br />
Carnivora Viverridae Paguma lavarta<br />
Carnivora Viverridae Prionodon l<strong>in</strong>sang<br />
Dermoptera Cynocephalidae Cynocephalus variegatus<br />
Insectivora Er<strong>in</strong>acidae Ech<strong>in</strong>osorex gymnurus<br />
Insectivora Er<strong>in</strong>acidae Hylomys suillus<br />
Insectivora Soricidae Crocidura monticola<br />
Megachiroptera Pteropodidae Balionycteris maculata<br />
Megachiroptera Pteropodidae Chironax melanocephalus<br />
Megachiroptera Pteropodidae Cynopterus brachyotis<br />
Megachiroptera Pteropodidae Cynopterus horsefieldi<br />
Megachiroptera Pteropodidae Dyacopterus spadiceus<br />
Megachiroptera Pteropodidae Eonycteris spelaea<br />
Megachiroptera Pteropodidae Macroglossus sobr<strong>in</strong>us<br />
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Appendix 1 (cont<strong>in</strong>ued). Mammals Documented <strong>in</strong> the Greater Ulu Muda<br />
Order Family Species<br />
Megachiroptera Pteropodidae Megaerops ecaudatus<br />
Megachiroptera Pteropodidae Penthetor lucasi<br />
Microchiroptera Emballonuridae Emballonura monticola<br />
Microchiroptera Emballonuridae Taphozous longimanus<br />
Microchiroptera Emballonuridae Taphozous melanopogon<br />
Microchiroptera Emballonuridae Taphozous saccolaimus<br />
Microchiroptera Hippsoideridae Coelops frithi<br />
Microchiroptera Hippsoideridae Hipposideros armiger<br />
Microchiroptera Hippsoideridae Hipposideros bicolor<br />
Microchiroptera Hippsoideridae Hipposideros cerv<strong>in</strong>us<br />
Microchiroptera Hippsoideridae Hipposideros c<strong>in</strong>eraceus<br />
Microchiroptera Hippsoideridae Hipposideros diadema<br />
Microchiroptera Hippsoideridae Hipposideros larvatus<br />
Microchiroptera Hippsoideridae Hipposideros ridleyi<br />
Microchiroptera Hippsoideridae Hipposideros sabanus<br />
Microchiroptera Megadermatidae Megaderma spasma<br />
Microchiroptera Mollosidae Tadarida mops<br />
Microchiroptera Mollosidae Tadarida plicata<br />
Microchiroptera Nycteridae Nycterus javanica<br />
Microchiroptera Rh<strong>in</strong>olophidae Rh<strong>in</strong>olophus accum<strong>in</strong>atus<br />
Microchiroptera Rh<strong>in</strong>olophidae Rh<strong>in</strong>olophus aff<strong>in</strong>is<br />
Microchiroptera Rh<strong>in</strong>olophidae Rh<strong>in</strong>olophus lepidus<br />
Microchiroptera Rh<strong>in</strong>olophidae Rh<strong>in</strong>olophus luctus<br />
Microchiroptera Rh<strong>in</strong>olophidae Rh<strong>in</strong>olophus pusillus<br />
Microchiroptera Rh<strong>in</strong>olophidae Rh<strong>in</strong>olophus sed<strong>ulu</strong>s<br />
Microchiroptera Rh<strong>in</strong>olophidae Rh<strong>in</strong>olophus stheno<br />
Microchiroptera Rh<strong>in</strong>olophidae Rh<strong>in</strong>olophus trifoliatus<br />
Microchiroptera Vespertilionidae Glischropus tylopus<br />
Microchiroptera Vespertilionidae Kerivoula m<strong>in</strong>uta<br />
Microchiroptera Vespertilionidae Kerivoula papillosa<br />
Microchiroptera Vespertilionidae M<strong>in</strong>iopterus schreibasii<br />
Microchiroptera Vespertilionidae Murnia suilla<br />
Microchiroptera Vespertilionidae Myotis muricolor<br />
Microchiroptera Vespertilionidae Myotis ridleyi<br />
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Appendix 1 (cont<strong>in</strong>ued). Mammals Documented <strong>in</strong> the Greater Ulu Muda<br />
Order Family Species<br />
Microchiroptera Vespertilionidae Myotis siligorensis<br />
Microchiroptera Vespertilionidae Pipistrellus imbricatus<br />
Microchiroptera Vespertilionidae Pipsitrellus javanicus<br />
Microchiroptera Vespertilionidae Pipsitrellus stenopterus<br />
Microchiroptera Vespertilionidae Pipsitrellus tenus<br />
Microchiroptera Vespertilionidae Tylonycteris robustula<br />
Pholidota Manidae Manis javanicus<br />
Primates Cercopithecidae Macaca fascicularis<br />
Primates Cercopithecidae Macaca nemestr<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Primates Cercopithecidae Presbytis femoralis<br />
Primates Cercopithecidae Presbytis obscura<br />
Primates Hylobatidae Hylobates agilis<br />
Primates Hylobatidae Hylobates lar<br />
Primates Lorisidae Nycticebus coucang<br />
Proboscidea Elephantidae Elephas maximus<br />
Rodentia Hystericidae Atherurus macrourus<br />
Rodentia Hystericidae Hystrix bachyura<br />
Rodentia Muridae Chiropodomys gliroides<br />
Rodentia Muridae Leopoldomys sabanus<br />
Rodentia Muridae Maxomys rajah<br />
Rodentia Muridae Maxomys surifer<br />
Rodentia Muridae Maxomys whiteheadii<br />
Rodentia Muridae Niviventer crimoriventer<br />
Rodentia Muridae Rattus tiomanicus<br />
Rodentia Muridae Sundamys muelleri<br />
Rodentia Pteromyidae Petaurista petaurista<br />
Rodentia Rhizomyidae Rhyzomys sumatrensis<br />
Rodentia Sciuridae Callosciurus caniceps<br />
Rodentia Sciuridae Callosciurus nigrovittatus<br />
Rodentia Sciuridae Callosciurus notatus<br />
Rodentia Sciuridae Callosciurus prevostii<br />
Rodentia Sciuridae Lariscus <strong>in</strong>signis<br />
Rodentia Sciuridae Ratufa aff<strong>in</strong>is<br />
Rodentia Sciuridae Ratufa bicolor<br />
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Appendix 1 (cont<strong>in</strong>ued). Mammals Documented <strong>in</strong> the Greater Ulu Muda<br />
Order Family Species<br />
Rodentia Sciuridae Rh<strong>in</strong>osciurus laticaudatus<br />
Rodentia Sciuridae Sundasciurus hippurus<br />
Rodentia Sciuridae Sundasciurus lowii<br />
Rodentia Sciuridae Sundasciurus tenuis<br />
Scandentia Tupaiidae Tupaia glis<br />
Sources:<br />
Nor Azman, H. 1997. Small Mammal Diversity and Relative Densities <strong>in</strong> the Sungai weng Sub-catchment,<br />
Ulu Muda Forest Reserve. Kertas kerja Bengkel ke-3 Kajian Kesan Pembalakan terhadap Tadahan Wakil<br />
dan Waduk MUDA/PEDU. Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 21-22 April 1997.<br />
Norsham, S. Y., Saiful, A.A, Fuad Shariff, Norhayati, A., M. Zakaria Huss<strong>in</strong>, Lim, B.L. & M. Nord<strong>in</strong>. 1998.<br />
Observation <strong>of</strong> Mammalian Fauna <strong>in</strong> the Sungai Weng Sub-catchment, Ulu Muda Forest Reserve. Kertas<br />
kerja Bengkel ke-3 Kajian Kesan Pembalakan terhadap Tadahan Wakil dan Waduk MUDA/PEDU. Universiti<br />
Putra Malaysia, Serdang 21-22 April 1997.<br />
Saiful A.A. & M. Nord<strong>in</strong>. 1997. Primate and Squirrels <strong>in</strong> the Sg. Weng Sub-catchment, Ulu Muda Forest<br />
Reserve. Kertas kerja Bengkel ke-3 Kajian Kesan Pembalakan terhadap Tadahan Wakil dan Waduk<br />
MUDA/PEDU. Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 21-22 April 1997.<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 98
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Appendix 2. Volume and Royalty Fees by Type <strong>of</strong> Wood<br />
Proportion<br />
(Average <strong>of</strong> 1999<br />
and 2000)<br />
Volume<br />
(cu.m/ha)<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 99<br />
Average<br />
royalty fee<br />
RM)<br />
Total Royalty Fee<br />
(RM/ha)<br />
Heavy Hardwood 0.13 4.7 9.4 44<br />
Medium<br />
Hardwood<br />
Light Heavy<br />
Hardwood<br />
0.28 9.7 13.2 128<br />
0.59 20.6 9.4 192<br />
Total 1.00 35.0 31.9 364<br />
Note: Estimations based on Forest Department Annual Report
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Appendix 3. Excerpt from Environmental and Social Impact Assessment <strong>of</strong><br />
Logg<strong>in</strong>g Operations <strong>in</strong> the Vanimo Timber Area, Sandaun Prov<strong>in</strong>ce, Papua New<br />
Gu<strong>in</strong>ea 61<br />
SUMMARY<br />
by Forests Monitor Limited and Individual<br />
and Community Rights Advocacy Forum Inc. (ICRAF)<br />
An environmental and social impact assessment <strong>of</strong> the Vanimo Timber Area was<br />
conducted <strong>in</strong> early May 1999. This assessment found that:<br />
x The WTK Reality Group <strong>of</strong> Malaysia through their operation <strong>of</strong> Vanimo Forest<br />
Products (VFP) has violated at least 13 <strong>of</strong> the key standards from the PNG Logg<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Code <strong>of</strong> Practice.<br />
x VFP has failed to fully comply with the Project Agreement concern<strong>in</strong>g the Vanimo<br />
Timber Area.<br />
x The East-West Highway has never been completed by VFP.<br />
x Poor quality road and bridge construction has severely limited <strong>development</strong> and<br />
transport options for people <strong>in</strong> the Vanimo region.<br />
x Culturally significant areas, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g gravesites, have been negligently damaged by<br />
VFP.<br />
x A fledgl<strong>in</strong>g palm seed export bus<strong>in</strong>ess has been threatened by VFP.<br />
x Sediment and nutrient run<strong>of</strong>f from negligent logg<strong>in</strong>g operations have damaged stream<br />
ecosystems.<br />
x Clean water sources near villages for dr<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g and process<strong>in</strong>g sago have been<br />
damaged by VFP.<br />
x Undersized logs are regularly cut from the forests.<br />
x Extensive damage from logg<strong>in</strong>g operations has retarded the regeneration capacity <strong>of</strong><br />
the forest.<br />
x Sago palms have been damaged by logg<strong>in</strong>g operations.<br />
x The time taken for villagers to f<strong>in</strong>d food sources <strong>in</strong> the forests have <strong>in</strong>creased.<br />
x Malnutrition, low birth weight babies, malaria and sexually transmitted diseases have<br />
become more common <strong>in</strong> the region.<br />
x Limited numbers <strong>of</strong> local men and no local women are employed by VFP.<br />
x Birds <strong>of</strong> Paradise and New Gu<strong>in</strong>ea Pigeons are reportedly smuggled out on the<br />
logg<strong>in</strong>g boats.<br />
61 http://www.forestmonitor.org/reports/vanimo/vanimo.rtf<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 100
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
x Police have been used to protect the <strong>in</strong>terests <strong>of</strong> VFP.<br />
x The Forestry Authority has not enforced the PNG Logg<strong>in</strong>g Code <strong>of</strong> Practice.<br />
Conclusions<br />
The logg<strong>in</strong>g practices <strong>of</strong> WTK are caus<strong>in</strong>g irreversible damage to the forest resources,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g residual trees, flora and fauna, and impair<strong>in</strong>g vital forest functions (such as the<br />
ma<strong>in</strong>tenance <strong>of</strong> watershed <strong>in</strong>tegrity and soil quality). Few benefits are reach<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
customary landowners who depend on the forests not only to provide small cash <strong>in</strong>comes,<br />
but also as their only means <strong>of</strong> subsistence and livelihood. Although it has been 10 years<br />
s<strong>in</strong>ce the release <strong>of</strong> Judge Thomas Barnett Commission <strong>of</strong> Enquiry <strong>in</strong>to the Papua New<br />
Gu<strong>in</strong>ean Forestry Sector (1987-1989) few th<strong>in</strong>gs seem to have changed <strong>in</strong> the ways that<br />
companies such as WTK operate. “ In many cases, the timber <strong>in</strong>dustry has made life<br />
harder for the landowners at all levels. Not only do they have to face destruction <strong>of</strong> their<br />
environment, but they face the destruction <strong>of</strong> their society.”<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 101
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Appendix 4: Proportion <strong>of</strong> water extracted from Muda and relevant rivers <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Total Kedah Water Production<br />
Treatment Plant River Total Production<br />
(cum/day), 2001<br />
Loji Air Kuala Ketil Sg. Muda 10,088<br />
Loji Air Teloi Kanan Sg. Muda 1,204<br />
Loji Air P<strong>in</strong>ang Tunggal Sg. Muda 36,960<br />
Loji Air Sungai Petani Sg. Muda 162,530<br />
Loji Air Jeniang Sg. Muda 13,052<br />
Loji Air Batu 5 Sik Sg. Chepir 8,639<br />
Loji Air Kulim Hi-Tech Sg. Muda 54,985<br />
Loji Air Bukit P<strong>in</strong>ang Terusan Mada Utara 87,756<br />
Loji Air Pelubang Sg. Padang Terap 242,300<br />
Loji Air Kuala Nerang Kuala Nerang, Sg. Pedu 25,194<br />
Loji Air Padang Sanai Sg. Ahn<strong>in</strong>g 1,164<br />
Loji Pembersih Nami Sg. Muda 3,443<br />
Loji Air Lubuk Merbau Sg. Muda 1,278<br />
Loji Air Jeneri Sg. Muda 6,416<br />
Total from Muda and relevant rivers 655,009<br />
Total Kedah 841,316<br />
Proportion <strong>of</strong> Muda and relevant<br />
rivers compared to Kedah total<br />
Source: JKR Kedah, personal communication<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 102<br />
78%
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Appendix 5. Water Revenue by Domestic and Commercial Volumes, 1999<br />
Domestic<br />
(cu.m)<br />
Commercial<br />
(cu.m)<br />
Total (cu.m) Ratio:<br />
Domestic<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 103<br />
Ratio:<br />
Commercial<br />
Revenue:<br />
Domestic<br />
(RM)<br />
Revenue:<br />
Commercial<br />
(RM)<br />
Kedah 104,860,480 29,921,628 134,782,108 0.78 0.22 62,099,431 17,719,889<br />
Penang 115,934,059 79,867,425 195,801,484 0.59 0.41 59,599,204 41,058,124<br />
Perlis 13,209,145 2,186,129 15,395,274 0.86 0.14 5,388,711 891,838<br />
Total 234,003,684 111,975,182 345,978,866 127,087,346 59,669,851<br />
Note: Estimation based on data from Malaysia Water Industry Guide, 2001.<br />
Appendix 6. Economic Values <strong>of</strong> Ulu Muda Forest Areas<br />
Primary Values (RM,<br />
million)<br />
TOTAL (Tourism, Water Supply, Irrigation) 161<br />
Secondary<br />
values (RM,<br />
million)<br />
205<br />
Tertiary (RM,<br />
million)<br />
Tourism Tourism Receipts<br />
13<br />
Consumption<br />
(Market Value)<br />
Domestic Kedah 62<br />
Penang 60<br />
Perlis 5<br />
Total Production 127<br />
142<br />
NRW: 45% Industrial Kedah 18<br />
Water Supply Penang 41<br />
UM Forests Perlis 0.9<br />
60 1937<br />
Production Cost (O&M<br />
for dams & canals)<br />
0<br />
Irrigation 19 MADA 5 622<br />
JPS JPS ?<br />
Seberang Perai Seberang Perai ?<br />
TIMBER Revenue &<br />
Collection<br />
Scenario (60%<br />
53<br />
loggable)<br />
2,559
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Appendix 7. Prelim<strong>in</strong>ary Analysis <strong>of</strong> the Proposed State Park and Exist<strong>in</strong>g Forest<br />
Compartments Likely to be Affected<br />
Compartment<br />
ID<br />
Orig<strong>in</strong>al<br />
Compartment (m 2 )<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 104<br />
Proposed State<br />
Park (m 2 )<br />
% Orig<strong>in</strong>al Compartment<br />
Affected<br />
001b 3716463 1118219 30<br />
001c 1642794 1193 0<br />
002 1880779 1626764 86<br />
002c 2863514 30820 1<br />
003 6367282 367674 6<br />
003b 2679694 2505553 94<br />
004 1906426 60560 3<br />
004b 1986422 1986422 100<br />
005 2107210 2091803 99<br />
005b 1526147 751379 49<br />
006 2207055 1846156 84<br />
006b 2754338 1602718 58<br />
007 1545029 1010170 65<br />
007b 2287878 184177 8<br />
007c 2183084 135991 6<br />
007c 2183084 1659714 76<br />
008 1838240 786975 43<br />
008b 3010077 944803 31<br />
008b 3010077 2986926 99<br />
008c 2136591 3957 0<br />
009 2604634 630188 24<br />
009 2604634 122905 5<br />
009b 3261771 2917043 89<br />
009b 3261771 3087426 95<br />
009c 1639141 1301278 79<br />
010 2047732 2010489 98<br />
010b 1498422 536676 36<br />
010c 4771400 4664118 98<br />
010c 4771400 4664118 98<br />
011 1977077 1775969 90<br />
011b 2370337 839653 35<br />
011c 4143223 4143223 100<br />
011c 4143223 4095378 99<br />
012 2135643 788199 37<br />
012b 1656661 1555115 94<br />
012c 2497868 2480516 99<br />
012c 2497868 2413088 97<br />
013b 3616582 1665300 46<br />
013c 3400615 3400615 100<br />
013c 3400615 3382470 99<br />
014 2334903 1150191 49<br />
014c 2729599 2675739 98<br />
014c 2729599 2315614 85<br />
015 3291997 3281954 100<br />
015 3291997 3095023 94<br />
015c 2547520 1760262 69
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Appendix 7 (cont<strong>in</strong>ued). Prelim<strong>in</strong>ary Analysis <strong>of</strong> the Proposed State Park and<br />
Exist<strong>in</strong>g Forest Compartments Likely to be Affected<br />
Compartment<br />
ID<br />
Orig<strong>in</strong>al<br />
Compartment (m 2 )<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 105<br />
Proposed State<br />
Park (m 2 )<br />
% Orig<strong>in</strong>al Compartment<br />
Affected<br />
016 1247762 1150501 92<br />
016b 2631482 2599252 99<br />
016b 2631482 2599252 99<br />
017 3624214 2211196 61<br />
017b 2839342 2839342 100<br />
017b 2839342 2839342 100<br />
018 4506233 2038261 45<br />
018b 2175278 895750 41<br />
018b 2175278 1722802 79<br />
019 4172324 23335 1<br />
019 4172324 3220636 77<br />
019b 1864866 1362625 73<br />
019b 1864866 1362625 73<br />
020 3322776 2843527 86<br />
020 3322776 2843527 86<br />
020b 2567495 77794 3<br />
020b 2567495 2567495 100<br />
021 4619212 4522770 98<br />
021 4619212 4226048 91<br />
021b 2763480 2763480 100<br />
022 2629633 2629633 100<br />
022 2629633 2404563 91<br />
022b 2499130 2416463 97<br />
023 4273126 4258178 100<br />
023 4273126 3820155 89<br />
023b 3766767 3766767 100<br />
024 1996777 1670908 84<br />
024b 2546754 2459772 97<br />
024b 2546754 2410774 95<br />
025 2453408 1380981 56<br />
025 2453408 1503560 61<br />
026 2900654 2878259 99<br />
026b 1493240 403224 27<br />
026c 2463636 2398649 97<br />
027 1998875 1702162 85<br />
027 1998875 1576646 79<br />
027b 3581822 276088 8<br />
028 2950390 1433911 49<br />
028b 1245181 989449 79<br />
028b 1245181 653072 52<br />
029 1582061 852399 54<br />
029 1582061 561721 36<br />
029b 3794916 789006 21<br />
030 1324259 795393 60<br />
030 1324259 600436 45<br />
030b 3145914 981667 31
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Appendix 7 (cont<strong>in</strong>ued). Prelim<strong>in</strong>ary Analysis <strong>of</strong> the Proposed State Park and<br />
Exist<strong>in</strong>g Forest Compartments Likely to be Affected<br />
Compartment<br />
ID<br />
Orig<strong>in</strong>al<br />
Compartment (m 2 )<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 106<br />
Proposed State<br />
Park (m 2 )<br />
% Orig<strong>in</strong>al Compartment<br />
Affected<br />
031 2665201 11381 0<br />
031b 1318433 682157 52<br />
031b 1318433 567798 43<br />
032 1091655 820297 75<br />
032 1091655 379443 35<br />
033 3741961 2618849 70<br />
033 3741961 1715550 46<br />
035 2422883 1564739 65<br />
035 2422883 722931 30<br />
036 4908796 3624655 74<br />
036 4908796 2042665 42<br />
038 4940804 3796693 77<br />
038 4940804 3438994 70<br />
039 5763010 5577099 97<br />
039 5763010 4747088 82<br />
040b 3247307 125196 4<br />
040b 3247307 3081653 95<br />
041 2766593 2436259 88<br />
041b 3510781 70997 2<br />
042 3228667 349924 11<br />
042b 3473818 3378966 97<br />
043b 1735345 1735345 100<br />
044 6116594 1285271 21<br />
045 3413651 2255243 66<br />
046 3112972 295392 9<br />
046b 2237265 1581593 71<br />
047 1895166 1706938 90<br />
048 1829735 29555 2<br />
050 1733155 608365 35<br />
066 6916126 158642 2<br />
067 10221931 8314 0<br />
072 5944161 6273 0<br />
073 5609393 46681 1<br />
090 3956835 9223 0<br />
091 4527229 113718 3<br />
091b 10937408 106007 1<br />
092 6441752 86038 1<br />
093 5550125 185703 3<br />
095 5910514 102107 2<br />
096 6136366 5794318 94<br />
097 9514863 9317021 98<br />
098 6442461 185234 3<br />
107 6571839 193329 3<br />
108 5245341 5224041 100<br />
109 9386568 9386568 100<br />
110 6120335 5987556 98
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Appendix 7 (cont<strong>in</strong>ued). Prelim<strong>in</strong>ary Analysis <strong>of</strong> the Proposed State Park and<br />
Exist<strong>in</strong>g Forest Compartments Likely to be Affected<br />
Compartment<br />
ID<br />
Orig<strong>in</strong>al<br />
Compartment (m 2 )<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 107<br />
Proposed State<br />
Park (m 2 )<br />
% Orig<strong>in</strong>al Compartment<br />
Affected<br />
111 5979369 5905863 99<br />
112 6484016 6379449 98<br />
113 6363432 6214822 98<br />
114 8039969 7795848 97<br />
115 5693900 5552696 98<br />
116 3204842 3135721 98<br />
117 5040005 70432 1<br />
118 6285118 6285118 100<br />
119 9494451 9444696 99<br />
120 5322665 58737 1<br />
126 5199136 30750 1<br />
127 8090398 8067489 100<br />
128 5246635 5210205 99<br />
129 4064961 4064961 100<br />
130 6032750 5890525 98<br />
131 5116848 243001 5<br />
132 3791857 3640999 96<br />
133 5049001 28434 1<br />
134 5947301 157252 3<br />
136 8072623 60634 1<br />
137 9837592 9791290 100<br />
138 9114064 36100 0<br />
139 13539039 13453253 99<br />
140 5657271 3475 0<br />
141 4555996 258867 6<br />
142 5104715 4932168 97<br />
143 4139385 3878021 94<br />
144 5070793 4058988 80<br />
144b 4943349 3075119 62<br />
146 3909807 3909807 100<br />
147 3627353 3534191 97<br />
148 4667497 3291653 71<br />
149 6395799 5390036 84<br />
149 6395799 368151 6<br />
150 4957285 183815 4<br />
150 4957285 4779230 96<br />
151 4682699 14693 0<br />
151 4682699 293788 6<br />
152 6950595 6916521 100<br />
153 7816547 7715093 99<br />
154 6319995 6212055 98<br />
155 7437584 7200996 97<br />
156 3796145 3796145 100<br />
158 6521179 6349648 97<br />
159 3131463 3111085 99<br />
160 7361589 7286026 99
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Appendix 7 (cont<strong>in</strong>ued). Prelim<strong>in</strong>ary Analysis <strong>of</strong> the Proposed State Park and<br />
Exist<strong>in</strong>g Forest Compartments Likely to be Affected<br />
Compartment<br />
ID<br />
Orig<strong>in</strong>al<br />
Compartment (m 2 )<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 108<br />
Proposed State<br />
Park (m 2 )<br />
% Orig<strong>in</strong>al Compartment<br />
Affected<br />
161 8378669 8314605 99<br />
162 6099809 6084171 100<br />
163 7642266 7642266 100<br />
164 4429895 4358519 98<br />
165 7396265 7264052 98<br />
166 3226091 3222658 100<br />
167 6960369 6859905 99<br />
168 5545519 5544482 100<br />
169 5781861 5604802 97<br />
170 4111677 51823 1<br />
170 4111677 4081487 99<br />
171 5372383 171165 3<br />
171 5372383 4987459 93<br />
172 3523583 3523583 100<br />
173 6245925 6225415 100<br />
174 3934877 3795936 96<br />
175 7641099 7501463 98<br />
176 3807033 2039603 54<br />
177 3860460 3860460 100<br />
Total Area (m 2 ) 832125948 539033590<br />
Total Area<br />
(ha)<br />
83, 213 53, 903 65<br />
Note: Orig<strong>in</strong>al digital data (MADA, personal communication). Analysis has been made us<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Arcview GIS s<strong>of</strong>tware ver 3. Some compartment ID numbers are duplicated, and <strong>in</strong> order to run<br />
the analysis, a unique suffix has been added to the orig<strong>in</strong>al ID number. Figures <strong>in</strong> bold <strong>in</strong>dicate<br />
compartments that are affected, but only m<strong>in</strong>imally (less than 30% <strong>of</strong> the compartment affected).
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Accommodation<br />
(build<strong>in</strong>gs)<br />
1) Campsites (Kuala<br />
Lasor and Kuala Kalir)<br />
2) Youth hostel type–<br />
Charok Tera<br />
Appendix 8. Breakdown <strong>of</strong> Estimated Capital Costs<br />
Pax/day Build<strong>in</strong>gs Total Size RM/unit Cost/item 2004 2005<br />
pax/day (sqm/p)<br />
67 130 3,610,000 3,610,000<br />
10 2 20 10 700 140,000 140,000<br />
25 2 50 30 1,000 1,500,000 1,500,000<br />
Kaji Cuaca Station 30 1 30 30 1,000 900,000 900,000<br />
3) Chalets: A-frames<br />
(Charok Tera)<br />
4) Staff quarters at Gubir<br />
(Normal House)<br />
2 15 30 30 1,000 900,000 900,000<br />
1 2 2 20,000 20,000<br />
5) Long House 9 1 9 150,000 150,000<br />
Support facilities<br />
(Items)<br />
1) Tourism centre &<br />
adm<strong>in</strong>istration <strong>of</strong>fice<br />
2) Car park facilities<br />
(Gubir and Gulau)<br />
3) Interpretation and<br />
education centre at Pedu<br />
4) Recreation centres (Pedu and Muda) (food<br />
stalls, handicraft centres, rest rooms)<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 109<br />
1,510,000 1,110,000 400,000<br />
1 500,000 500,000<br />
2 20,000 40,000 40,000<br />
1 300,000 300,000<br />
2 50,000 100,000 100,000<br />
5) Bird Watch<strong>in</strong>g Tower 1 50,000 50,000 50,000<br />
6) Canopy Walkway 1 500,000 500,000 500,000<br />
7) Kopam Jetty Upgrade 1 20,000 20,000 20,000<br />
Roads (km)<br />
Service Roads (Upgrade<br />
exist<strong>in</strong>g logg<strong>in</strong>g trail)<br />
1) Gubir “ Dump-site” to<br />
Charok Tera<br />
2) Charok Tera to 1km<br />
away from Sira Hangat<br />
1,990,000 1,810,000<br />
10 50,000 500,000 500,000<br />
10 50,000 500,000 500,000
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
3) Kg. Gulau to Kuala<br />
Lasor<br />
Appendix 8 (cont<strong>in</strong>ued). Breakdown <strong>of</strong> Estimated Capital Costs<br />
Pax/day Build<strong>in</strong>gs Total Size RM/unit Cost/item 2004 2005<br />
pax/day (sqm/p)<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 110<br />
15 50,000 750,000 750,000<br />
Jungle Trails 60,000 180,000<br />
1) Safari entrance to<br />
Bukit Saiong<br />
2) Safari entrance to<br />
Kuala Kalir<br />
3) Pedu to Bkt. Fakir<br />
Terbang<br />
4) Pedu to Bkt. Batu<br />
Tajam<br />
8 10,000 80,000 80,000<br />
10 10,000 100,000 100,000<br />
3 10,000 30,000 30,000<br />
3 10,000 30,000 30,000<br />
Vehicles 170,000 170,000<br />
4WD 2 80000 160,000 160,000<br />
Boat 1 10000 10,000 10,000<br />
Boundary surveys 100,000 50,000 50,000<br />
Total 7,380,000 6,750,000 630,000
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Estimation <strong>of</strong><br />
Annual<br />
Operat<strong>in</strong>g Costs<br />
Ma<strong>in</strong>tenance costs<br />
(10% <strong>of</strong> Capital Costs-<br />
Accom)<br />
Appendix 9. Breakdown <strong>of</strong> Estimated Operat<strong>in</strong>g Costs<br />
Staff RM/person Total<br />
RM<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 111<br />
Total,<br />
RM<br />
2004,<br />
RM<br />
2005, RM 2007,<br />
RM<br />
2010,<br />
RM<br />
377,000 337,500 369,000 369,000 369,000<br />
Petrol 10,000 10,000 12,000 13,200 14,520<br />
Salaries 10 121,440<br />
Park Officer 2 2000 4,000 55,200<br />
Ranger 8 600 4,800 66,240<br />
Allowances 24,288<br />
Total Salaries 145,728 145,728 174,873.60 192,361 211,597<br />
TOTAL<br />
EXPENDITURE<br />
532,728 493,228 555,874 574,561 595,117
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
Appendix 10. Ratio <strong>of</strong> Local and Foreign Visitors, 2001.<br />
Local Foreign Total<br />
Visitors<br />
UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 112<br />
Ratio Local Foreign<br />
Taman Negara 34,091 31,383 65,474 52% 48%<br />
K<strong>in</strong>abalu Park 121,151 75,865 197,016 61% 39%<br />
Endau Romp<strong>in</strong> 3,557 1,423 4,980 71% 29%<br />
Source: Tourism Malaysia, personal communication<br />
Revenue<br />
Streams<br />
Appendix 11. Breakdown <strong>of</strong> Estimated Revenue Streams<br />
Visitor Numbers Total RM<br />
Pax2004 Pax<br />
2005<br />
Pax,<br />
2007<br />
Pax,<br />
2010<br />
Total Visitors 4,000 5,000 10,000 20,000<br />
Entrance Fees:<br />
Local<br />
RM/<br />
pax<br />
2004, RM 2005,<br />
RM<br />
2007,<br />
RM<br />
2010, RM<br />
3,200 4,000 7,000 12,000 5 16,000 20,000 35,000 60,000<br />
Foreign 800 1,000 3,000 8,000 30 24,000 30,000 90,000 240,000<br />
Accomodation:<br />
Campsites<br />
400 500 1,000 2,000 30 12,000 15,000 30,000 60,000<br />
Youth Hostel 2,400 3,000 6,000 12,000 50 120,000 150,000 300,000 600,000<br />
Chalets 1,200 1,500 3,000 6,000 80 96,000 120,000 240,000 480,000<br />
Camera 1,200 1,500 3,000 6,000 5 6,000 7,500 15,000 30,000<br />
Video 400 500 1,000 2,000 5 2,000 2,500 5,000 10,000<br />
Car Park<strong>in</strong>g 800 1,000 2,000 4,000 3 2,400 3,000 6,000 12,000<br />
Coaches 80 100 200 400 10 800 1,000 2,000 4,000<br />
Licences 1 1 2 2 1000 1,000 1,000 2,000 2,000<br />
Permits 1,500 2,000 3,000 5,000 10 15,000 20,000 30,000 50,000<br />
Fees from other<br />
facilities<br />
10,000 20,000 30,000 10 100,000 200,000 300,000<br />
Total 295,200 470,000 955,000 1,848,000<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>it (198,028) (85,874) 380,439 1,252,883<br />
Note: Fees from other facilities <strong>in</strong>clude education centre, recreation centres
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
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UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 115
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
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UPEN Kedah and WWF Malaysia 116
THE STATE GOVERNMENT OF KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
A STUDY OF NATURE TOURISM<br />
DEVELOPMENT IN ULU MUDA,<br />
KEDAH DARUL AMAN<br />
FORMULATION OF A SPATIAL AND CONCEPTUAL<br />
GUIDELINE FOR THE SUSTAINABLE NATURE TOURISM<br />
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FORESTS OF ULU MUDA<br />
FINAL REPORT<br />
DECEMBER 2002<br />
THE WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE (WWF) MALAYSIA
PERLIS STATE<br />
Alor Setar<br />
%U<br />
P. PINANG STATE<br />
KEDAH STATE<br />
Spatial and Conceptual Guidel<strong>in</strong>e<br />
for the Susta<strong>in</strong>able Development <strong>of</strong> the Forests <strong>of</strong><br />
Ulu Muda as a Nature Tourism Dest<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Malaysia<br />
MAP 1<br />
Ahn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Pedu<br />
Beris<br />
Muda<br />
Current Extent <strong>of</strong> Forests <strong>in</strong> Kedah<br />
N<br />
Pedu Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Muda Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Beris Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Ahn<strong>in</strong>g Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
State Boundaries<br />
Dams<br />
Forest Extent (1992)<br />
Logged Inland Forest<br />
Mangrove Forest<br />
Unlogged Inland Forest<br />
4 0 4 8 Kilometers
%U<br />
%U<br />
%U<br />
3200<br />
2700<br />
2300<br />
2100<br />
2000<br />
3000<br />
%U<br />
2900<br />
2800<br />
2400<br />
2200<br />
2500<br />
2600<br />
2500<br />
2900<br />
2000<br />
2700 2800<br />
3100<br />
Spatial and Conceptual Guidel<strong>in</strong>e<br />
for the Susta<strong>in</strong>able Development <strong>of</strong> the Forests <strong>of</strong><br />
Ulu Muda as a Nature Tourism Dest<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Malaysia<br />
1800<br />
1900<br />
2400<br />
3200<br />
2200<br />
3300<br />
%U<br />
3000<br />
MAP 2<br />
Pedu<br />
2600<br />
2300<br />
%U<br />
Ulu Muda<br />
2100<br />
%U Northern Natural Areas<br />
Isosyet<br />
Kedah State Boundary<br />
State Boundaries<br />
4 0 4 8 Kilometers<br />
Isoyet Map for Eastern Kedah<br />
N
# %U<br />
Naka<br />
%U<br />
%U<br />
%U<br />
%U<br />
KOPAM Jetty<br />
Gubir<br />
MADA Resort<br />
$T<br />
# %U<br />
# %U<br />
# %U<br />
# %U<br />
# %U<br />
%U<br />
#<br />
%U %U<br />
#<br />
Spatial and Conceptual Guidel<strong>in</strong>e<br />
for the Susta<strong>in</strong>able Development <strong>of</strong> the Forests <strong>of</strong><br />
Ulu Muda as a Nature Tourism Dest<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Malaysia<br />
Bukit Fakir Terbang<br />
Mutiara Pedu Golf Resort and Lake Resort<br />
Anjung Pedu Resort<br />
Desa Utara Resort<br />
$T %U<br />
# %U Bukit Batu Tajam<br />
# %U<br />
Kuala Kalir<br />
Bukit Saiong<br />
# %U<br />
$T<br />
# %U<br />
%U<br />
Potential /exist<strong>in</strong>g Access Po<strong>in</strong>ts $T<br />
%U Tourism Localities<br />
Major Roads<br />
Major Rivers<br />
Dams<br />
State Boundaries<br />
District Boundaries<br />
Bal<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Padang Terap<br />
Sik<br />
3 0 3 Kilometers<br />
# %U<br />
# %U<br />
# %U<br />
Kuala Labua<br />
Sira Hangat<br />
Air Terjun Charok Terau<br />
%U<br />
Kuala Lasor<br />
Sungai Teliang<br />
# %U<br />
MAP 3<br />
Present Tourism Sites <strong>in</strong> the<br />
Ulu Muda Region<br />
N
Mach<strong>in</strong>chang<br />
%U<br />
%U<br />
%U<br />
%U<br />
%U<br />
Perlis State Park Timah Tasoh Lake<br />
Gunung Raya<br />
Pulau Dayang Bunt<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Pulau S<strong>in</strong>ga Besar<br />
%U Northern Natural Areas<br />
Major Roads<br />
State Boundaries<br />
5 0 5 10 Kilometers<br />
%U<br />
%U<br />
Pantai Aceh<br />
Spatial and Conceptual Guidel<strong>in</strong>e<br />
for the Susta<strong>in</strong>able Development <strong>of</strong> the Forests <strong>of</strong><br />
Ulu Muda as a Nature Tourism Dest<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Malaysia<br />
Gunung Jerai<br />
%U<br />
Pedu<br />
%U<br />
MAP 4<br />
Major Tourism Sites <strong>in</strong><br />
Northern Pen<strong>in</strong>sular Malaysia<br />
Ulu Muda<br />
%U<br />
N
%<br />
Gubir<br />
Proposed International border-cross<strong>in</strong>g<br />
%<br />
%<br />
%<br />
Proposed recreational area<br />
%<br />
%<br />
%<br />
%<br />
%<br />
%<br />
%<br />
%<br />
% % #<br />
Spatial and Conceptual Guidel<strong>in</strong>e<br />
for the Susta<strong>in</strong>able Development <strong>of</strong> the Forests <strong>of</strong><br />
Ulu Muda as a Nature Tourism Dest<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Malaysia<br />
%<br />
%<br />
%<br />
%<br />
%<br />
#<br />
% Tourism Localities<br />
Major Rivers<br />
Proposed Trans-h<strong>in</strong>terland Highway<br />
Pedu Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Muda Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Beris Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
%<br />
% #<br />
Ahn<strong>in</strong>g Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Dams<br />
Proposed State "Eco" Park<br />
Northern Forest Reserves<br />
State Boundaries<br />
4 0 4 Kilometers<br />
Sungai Teliang<br />
Proposed State "Eco" Park<br />
% #<br />
%<br />
Sira Hangat<br />
MAP 5<br />
Proposed Developments <strong>in</strong> the<br />
Greater Ulu Muda area<br />
N<br />
Sungai Muda
Proposed Trans-h<strong>in</strong>terland Highway<br />
Pedu Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Muda Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Ahn<strong>in</strong>g Beris Catchment L<strong>in</strong>e<br />
State Boundaries<br />
Khao Nam Kang<br />
2 0 2 4 6 Kilometers<br />
Khao Nam Kang National Park<br />
Proposed Highway<br />
Spatial and Conceptual Guidel<strong>in</strong>e<br />
for the Susta<strong>in</strong>able Development <strong>of</strong> the Forests <strong>of</strong><br />
Ulu Muda as a Nature Tourism Dest<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Malaysia<br />
Thai-Malay border<br />
MAP 6<br />
Extent <strong>of</strong> Forest Cover <strong>in</strong> the<br />
Ulu Muda Region<br />
N
ÊÚ<br />
ÊÚ<br />
ÊÚ<br />
ÊÚÊÚ<br />
ÊÚ<br />
ÊÚ<br />
ÊÚ<br />
ÊÚ<br />
ÊÚÊÚ<br />
Spatial and Conceptual Guidel<strong>in</strong>e<br />
for the Susta<strong>in</strong>able Development <strong>of</strong> the Forests <strong>of</strong><br />
Ulu Muda as a Nature Tourism Dest<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Malaysia<br />
MAP 7<br />
r r<br />
rr<br />
r<br />
r rr r<br />
r<br />
ÊÚ<br />
Salt Lick Locations<br />
Core Conservation Areas (Thailand)<br />
Beris Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Ahn<strong>in</strong>g Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Muda Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Pedu Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
State Boundaries<br />
Topography and other Important Landmarks<br />
N<br />
Security Dam Features<br />
Proposed Trans-h<strong>in</strong>terland Highway<br />
Major Rivers<br />
Tunnel<br />
Ecotone (150m)<br />
Proposed State Eco Park<br />
Dams<br />
Core Conservation Areas (Malaysia)<br />
4 0 4 Kilometers
%U<br />
ÊÚ<br />
$ Salt Lick Locations<br />
ÊÚ<br />
%U<br />
Security Dam Features<br />
%U Tourism Localities<br />
Access Po<strong>in</strong>ts<br />
ÊÚ<br />
ÊÚ %U<br />
Proposed Trans-h<strong>in</strong>terland Highway<br />
Major Rivers<br />
Pedu Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Muda Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Beris Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Ahn<strong>in</strong>g Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
ÊÚÊÚ<br />
%U<br />
State Boundaries<br />
Proposed State Eco Park<br />
Dams<br />
Khao Nam Kang<br />
Proposed Protected Core Area (Ulu Muda)<br />
Potential Protected Area (Thailand)<br />
Compartments Boundaries<br />
2 0 2 4 Kilometers<br />
%U<br />
ÊÚ<br />
%U<br />
%U<br />
%U<br />
%U<br />
ÊÚ<br />
%U<br />
%U<br />
Spatial and Conceptual Guidel<strong>in</strong>e<br />
for the Susta<strong>in</strong>able Development <strong>of</strong> the Forests <strong>of</strong><br />
Ulu Muda as a Nature Tourism Dest<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
ÊÚ<br />
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Malaysia<br />
%U<br />
%U<br />
%U<br />
ÊÚ<br />
%U<br />
ÊÚÊÚ %U<br />
%U<br />
#<br />
%U %U %U<br />
%U $ $<br />
$ %U<br />
$ %U<br />
MADA Resort<br />
$<br />
$$$ %U<br />
MAP 8<br />
%U<br />
Proposed Kedah State Park<br />
%U<br />
N
ÊÚ<br />
ÊÚ<br />
Zone for Tourism Centre<br />
ÊÚ %U<br />
Restricted Security Zone<br />
ÊÚÊÚ %U<br />
Gulau<br />
%U<br />
ÊÚ<br />
Gubir<br />
$<br />
%U<br />
%U<br />
%U<br />
%U<br />
ÊÚ<br />
%U<br />
$ %U<br />
ÊÚ<br />
%U<br />
ÊÚ<br />
%U<br />
ÊÚÊÚ %U $<br />
%U %U<br />
Pedu Resorts<br />
Spatial and Conceptual Guidel<strong>in</strong>e<br />
for the Susta<strong>in</strong>able Development <strong>of</strong> the Forests <strong>of</strong><br />
Ulu Muda as a Nature Tourism Dest<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Malaysia<br />
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Pedu Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Tourism Zones<br />
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Tourism Center<br />
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State Boundaries<br />
Beris Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Potential Protected Area (Thailand)<br />
Proposed Conceptual Management Zones<br />
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Ahn<strong>in</strong>g Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
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Forest Reserve Compartments<br />
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Spatial and Conceptual Guidel<strong>in</strong>e<br />
for the Susta<strong>in</strong>able Development <strong>of</strong> the Forests <strong>of</strong><br />
Ulu Muda as a Nature Tourism Dest<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Malaysia<br />
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Proposed Nature Tourism Concept for Ulu Muda<br />
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Salt Lick Locations<br />
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Major Rivers<br />
State Boundaries<br />
Management Zone (Visitors)<br />
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Management Zone<br />
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Active Management<br />
2 0 2 4 Kilometers
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Highway<br />
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Tourism Centre (Gubir)<br />
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for the Susta<strong>in</strong>able Development <strong>of</strong> the Forests <strong>of</strong><br />
Ulu Muda as a Nature Tourism Dest<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Malaysia<br />
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Trails Concept<br />
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Security Dam Features<br />
Focal Wildlife Arena<br />
Jetty Launch<br />
Temporary Camp<br />
Permanent Lodge<br />
Tented Camp<br />
Trail<br />
2 0 2 4 Kilometers<br />
Temporary Camp<br />
Focal Wildlife Arena<br />
Tented Camp<br />
MAP 11<br />
Conceptual Plan for "Inside Park"<br />
Nature Tourism Development<br />
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Tourism Localities<br />
Access Po<strong>in</strong>t<br />
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Tunnel<br />
Major Roads<br />
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Major Rivers<br />
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Proposed Protected Core Area (Ulu Muda)<br />
States Boundaries<br />
Potential Protected Area (Thailand)<br />
Forest Reserve Compartments
Kuala Nerang<br />
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Spatial and Conceptual Guidel<strong>in</strong>e<br />
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Ulu Muda as a Nature Tourism Dest<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Malaysia<br />
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Protected Areas (Muda)<br />
Dams<br />
State Boundaries<br />
Potential Protected Area (Thailand)<br />
Forest Reserve Compartments<br />
MAP 12<br />
Conceptual Plan for "Outside Park"<br />
Tourism Development<br />
N<br />
Tunnel<br />
Major Roads<br />
Pedu Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Muda Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Major Rivers<br />
Proposed Trans-h<strong>in</strong>terland Highway<br />
Tourism Zones<br />
Restricted<br />
Tourism Center<br />
Beris Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
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Proposed Durian Burong Cross<strong>in</strong>g<br />
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Spatial and Conceptual Guidel<strong>in</strong>e<br />
for the Susta<strong>in</strong>able Development <strong>of</strong> the Forests <strong>of</strong> MAP 13<br />
Ulu Muda as a Nature Tourism Dest<strong>in</strong>ation Proposed Ulu Muda State Park<br />
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Malaysia<br />
% Access<br />
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Po<strong>in</strong>ts<br />
Security Dam Features<br />
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Salt Lick Locations<br />
Interland High Areas<br />
Major Rivers<br />
Pedu Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Muda Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Beris Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Ahn<strong>in</strong>g Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
State Boundaries<br />
Dams<br />
Khao Nam Kang<br />
Protected Areas (Muda)<br />
Potential Protected Areas (Thailand)<br />
Compartments<br />
3 0 3 Kilometers
Kuala Nerang<br />
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Proposed Durian Burong Border Cross<strong>in</strong>g<br />
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Proposed Highway<br />
Gulau<br />
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Beris<br />
Spatial and Conceptual Guidel<strong>in</strong>e<br />
for the Susta<strong>in</strong>able Development <strong>of</strong> the Forests <strong>of</strong><br />
Ulu Muda as a Nature Tourism Dest<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Malaysia<br />
%<br />
Pedu Resorts<br />
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Security Dam Features<br />
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Po<strong>in</strong>ts<br />
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Forest Reserve Compartments<br />
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MAP 14<br />
Proposed Management Zones <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ulu Muda State Park<br />
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Tunnel<br />
Major Roads<br />
Pedu Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Muda Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Proposed Trans-h<strong>in</strong>terland Highway<br />
Major Rivers<br />
Tourism Zones<br />
Restricted<br />
Tourism Center<br />
Ahn<strong>in</strong>g Catchment Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Dams<br />
Proposed Protected Core Area (Ulu Muda)<br />
State Boundaries<br />
2 0 2 4 Kilometers