Economics of Kautiliya Shukra and Brihaspati.pmd
Economics of Kautiliya Shukra and Brihaspati.pmd
Economics of Kautiliya Shukra and Brihaspati.pmd
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24. A given statement that is to be rejected is prima facie view,<br />
purva-paksha. (ibid, 8.1.7)<br />
25. A statement giving the final view on that is the correct<br />
view, uttar-paksha. (ibid, 8.1.17-18)<br />
26. What is applicable everywhere is invariable rule or that<br />
which is universal in its application is conclusion, ekant. (ibid, 1.19.5)<br />
27. Drawing attention to a later chapter is reference to a<br />
subsequent portion or future statement- anagatavekshana. (ibid,<br />
2.13.28)<br />
28. The statement that it has been already spoken before is<br />
reference to a previous portion,atikrantavekshana. (ibid, 6.1.7)<br />
29. Thus <strong>and</strong> not otherwise is comm<strong>and</strong>, niyoga. For example:<br />
Hence he should be taught the laws <strong>of</strong> righteousness <strong>and</strong> wealth, but<br />
not unrighteousness <strong>and</strong> non-wealth. (ibid, 1.17.33)<br />
30. Either in this way or that is an alternative, vikalpa. (ibid,<br />
3.5.10)<br />
31. Both with this <strong>and</strong> that way are results compounding<br />
together, samuchchaya. (ibid, 3.7.13)<br />
32. That which is to be determined after consideration is<br />
determinable fact, uhya. (ibid,3.16.5)<br />
He has presented examples for each <strong>of</strong> the methods.<br />
Swasangya method has been explained by Kautilya as follows, 'The<br />
school <strong>of</strong> Manu says that a king should make his assembly <strong>of</strong> ministers<br />
with twelve members; the school <strong>of</strong> <strong>Brihaspati</strong> says that it should consist<br />
<strong>of</strong> sixteen members; the school <strong>of</strong> Usans says it should contain twenty<br />
members; but Kautilya holds the view that it should contain as many<br />
members as the need <strong>of</strong> the country requires'.<br />
25<br />
Conclusion<br />
The definitions <strong>of</strong> economics given by Kautilya <strong>and</strong> <strong>Shukra</strong><br />
are production oriented whereas definitions <strong>of</strong> Marshall <strong>and</strong> Robbins<br />
are consumption oriented.<br />
The Tantrayukti Chapter <strong>of</strong> <strong>Kautiliya</strong> Arthashastra explains<br />
methodological steps used to complete a thesis in ancient times at<br />
Taxila University. Although these methods involved 30-36 steps for<br />
testing a hypothesis but Kautilya has used 32 methods to complete his<br />
treatise.<br />
Notes<br />
1 Examples <strong>of</strong> different names used in the past by western scholars are<br />
given below-<br />
Catallactics (Introductory Lecture on Political Economy, 1831) by Arch<br />
Bishop R Whatley,<br />
Plutology (Plutology or The Theory <strong>of</strong> Efforts to Satisfy Wants, 1863)<br />
by William Edward Hearn<br />
Chrematistics (Chrematistics or the Study <strong>of</strong> Wealth) by Ingram<br />
Political Economy (Principles <strong>of</strong> Political Economy) by J S Mill<br />
<strong>Economics</strong> (Principles <strong>of</strong> <strong>Economics</strong>, 1890) by Alfred Marshall<br />
2 cfGjLlIfsL, b08gLlt:ts{ljBfy{zf:q<strong>of</strong>]M.<br />
(Synonyms <strong>of</strong> Arthshastra are Anviksiki- the Philosophy, D<strong>and</strong>anitithe<br />
Science <strong>of</strong> Law <strong>and</strong> Order, <strong>and</strong> Tarksastra- the Science <strong>of</strong> Logic).<br />
Amarkosh (?), 320<br />
3 The Sanskrit word Artha bears differennt synonyms which are as<br />
followsb|Jo+<br />
ljQ+ :jkft]o+ l/Syd[Sy+ wg+ j;' lx/0o+ + b|lj0f+ B'Dgdy{/}ljejf˜lk .<br />
Money, finance, property, prosperity, wealth, means, material goods,<br />
gold, assets, worth, meaning, power, energy . Ibid, 2586<br />
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