Economics of Kautiliya Shukra and Brihaspati.pmd

6. Expression of fact in brief, mention is uddesa, for
example, control over the senses is motivated by training in the
sciences. (ibid, 1.6.1)
7. Explanation of a fact, word by word and in a clear manner
in detail is nirdesh. For example, absence of discrepancy in perception
of sound, touch, colour, flavour, and scent by means of the ear, the
skin, the eyes, the tongue, and the nose, is what is meant by restrain of
organs of senses. (ibid, 1.6.2)
8. An advice or guidance such as one should behave in this
manner is updesa. For example, he should enjoy sensual pleasures
without contravening his spiritual good and material well being.
(ibid, 1.7.9)
9. When a rule dwelt upon in connection with a question is
said to be a reference or quotation is apadesa. (ibid, 1.15.47-50)
10.Setting forth (a thing) with what is already said (application)
is atidesa. For example, what is said of a debt not repaid holds good
with failure to make good a promise gift. (ibid, 1.16.1)
11. Setting forth (a thing) with what is going to be said is
pradesa. For example, by making use of such strategic means as
conciliation, bribery, dissention, and coercion, as we shall explain in
connection with calamities. (ibid, 7.14.11)
12. Setting forth an unknown fact with help of known is
analogy. For example, he should protect those of his subjects who
have passed the period of remission of taxes. (ibid, 2.1.18)
13. What naturally follows from a statement of facts, though
not spoken of in plain terms, is implication or connotation, arthopatti.
(ibid, 5.4.1)
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14. A fact with reasons on both sides in doubt or no conclusion
is samsaya. It occurs when the statement of a reason is equally
applicable to two cases of circumstances. (ibid, 7.5.19)
15. An information common to another topic or to what has
already been specified in connection with another is (similar) situation,
presanga. (ibid, 1.11.10)
16. The inference of a reverse statement from a positive
statement is contrary or rejected fact, viparyaya. (ibid, 1.16.12)
17. That by which a sentence is completed is completion.
That portion of a sentence which is omitted, though necessary to
convey a complete sense, is ellipsis, vakyasesha. (ibid, 8.1.9)
18. When the opinion of another person is stated but not refuted,
it is acceptance of that opinion- anumat. For example, Wings, front,
and reserve, is the form of an array of the army according to the
school of Usanaa. (ibid, 10.6.1)
19. The description of a specialty is emphasizing or
explanation, vyakhya. (ibid, 8.3.64)
20. Stating the derivative sense of a word. Deriving the
meaning of a word through its components is derived fact, nirvachan.
(ibid, 8.1.4)
21. Exemplifying by means of an example is illustration. The
mentioning of a fact to illustrate a statement is example,
nidarsana. (ibid, 7.3.3)
22. Taking away from a role of universal application or removal
of an undesired implication from a statement is exception, apavarga.
(ibid, 9.2.6)
23. Statement which is not used by others as inference in
which they are used by the author is his own technical term or own
inference, svasangya. (ibid, 6.2.13-15)
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