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Network logic verbal forms of mutual engagement in joint enterprises, informal exchanges of skills, and the sharing of tacit knowledge. These practices create flexible boundaries of meaning that are often unspoken. In every organisation there is a continuous interplay between its informal networks and its formal structures. The formal policies and procedures are always filtered and modified by the informal networks, which allows them to use their creativity when faced with unexpected and novel situations. Ideally, the formal organisation will recognise and support its informal networks of relationships and will incorporate their innovations into the organisation’s formal structures. Biological and social networks Let us now juxtapose biological and social networks and highlight some of their similarities and differences. Biological systems exchange molecules in networks of chemical reactions; social systems exchange information and ideas in networks of communications. Thus, biological networks operate in the realm of matter, whereas social networks operate in the realm of meaning. Both types of networks produce material structures. The metabolic network of a cell, for example, produces the cell’s structural components, and it also generates molecules that are exchanged between the network’s nodes as carriers of energy or information, or as catalysts of metabolic processes. Social networks, too, generate material structures – buildings, roads, technologies and so on – that become structural components of the network; and they also produce material goods and artefacts that are exchanged between the network’s nodes. In addition, social systems produce non-material structures. Their processes of communication generate shared rules of behaviour, as well as a shared body of knowledge. The rules of behaviour, whether formal or informal, are known as social structures and are the main focus of social science. The ideas, values, beliefs and other forms of knowledge generated by social systems constitute structures of meaning, which we may call semantic structures. 32 Demos
Living networks In modern societies, the culture’s semantic structures are documented – that is, materially embodied – in written and digital texts. They are also embodied in artefacts, works of art and other material structures, as they are in traditional non-literate cultures. Indeed, the activities of individuals in social networks specifically include the organised production of material goods. All these material structures – texts, works of art, technologies and material goods – are created for a purpose and according to some design. They are embodiments of the shared meaning generated by the society’s networks of communications. Finally, biological and social systems both generate their own boundaries. A cell, for example, produces and sustains a membrane, which imposes constraints on the chemistry that takes place inside it. A social network, or community, produces and sustains a nonmaterial, cultural boundary, which imposes constraints on the behaviour of its members. Conclusion The extension of the systemic conception of life to the social domain discussed in this essay explicitly includes the material world. For social scientists, this may be unusual, because traditionally the social sciences have not been very interested in the world of matter. Our academic disciplines have been organised in such a way that the natural sciences deal with material structures while the social sciences deal with social structures, which are understood to be, essentially, rules of behaviour. In the future, this strict division will no longer be possible, because the key challenge of our new century – for social scientists, natural scientists and everyone else – will be to build ecologically sustainable communities. 11 A sustainable community is designed in such a way that its technologies and social institutions – its material and social structures – do not interfere with nature’s inherent ability to sustain life. In other words, the design principles of our future social institutions must be consistent with the principles of organisation that nature has evolved to sustain the web of life. A unified conceptual Demos 33
Page 1: Network Logic Who governs in an int
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women’s networking movement. This
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Power does not reside in institutio
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Copyright 226 Demos DEMOS - Licence
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