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Network logic Boundaries of identity All living organisms have a physical boundary that discriminates between the system – the ‘self’, as it were, and its environment. Cells, for example, are enclosed by membranes and vertebrate animals by skins. Many cells also have other boundaries besides membranes, such as rigid cell walls or capsules, but only membranes are a universal feature of cellular life. Since its beginning, life on Earth has been associated with water. Bacteria move in water, and the metabolism inside their membranes takes place in a watery environment. In such fluid surroundings, a cell could never persist as a distinct entity without a physical barrier against free diffusion. The existence of membranes is therefore an essential condition for cellular life. 5 A cell membrane is always active, opening and closing continually, keeping certain substances out and letting others in. In particular, the cell’s metabolic reactions involve a variety of ions, and the membrane, by being semi-permeable, controls their proportions and keeps them in balance. Another critical activity of the membrane is to continually pump out excessive calcium waste, so that the calcium remaining within the cell is kept at the precise, very low level required for its metabolic functions. All these activities help to maintain the cellular network as a distinct entity and protect it from harmful environmental influences. The boundaries of living networks, then, are not boundaries of separation but boundaries of identity. Social networks The main goal of my research over the past ten years has been to extend the systemic conception of life to the social domain, and in my last book, The Hidden Connections,I discuss this extension in terms of a new conceptual framework that integrates life’s biological, cognitive and social dimensions. 6 My framework rests on the assumption that there is a fundamental unity to life, that different living systems exhibit similar patterns of organisation. This assumption is supported by the observation that evolution has proceeded for billions of years by using the same patterns again and again. As life evolves, these 28 Demos
Living networks patterns tend to become more and more elaborate, but they are always variations on the same basic themes. The network pattern, in particular, is one of the very basic patterns of organisation in all living systems. At all levels of life the components and processes of living systems are interlinked in network fashion. Extending the systemic conception of life to the social domain, therefore, means applying our knowledge of life’s basic patterns and principles of organisation, and specifically our understanding of living networks, to social reality. However, while insights into the organisation of biological networks may help us understand social networks, we should not expect to transfer our understanding of the networks’ material structures from the biological to the social domain. Social networks are first and foremost networks of communications involving symbolic language, cultural constraints, relationships of power, and so on. To understand the structures of such networks we need to use insights from social theory, philosophy, cognitive science, anthropology and other disciplines. A unified systemic framework for the understanding of biological and social phenomena will emerge only when network theories are combined with insights from these other fields of study. Social networks, then, are not networks of chemical reactions, but networks of communications. Like biological networks, they are selfgenerating, but what they generate is mostly non-material. Each communication creates thoughts and meaning, which give rise to further communications, and thus the entire network generates itself. 7 The dimension of meaning is crucial to understand social networks. Even when they generate material structures – such as material goods, artifacts or works of art – these material structures are very different from the ones produced by biological networks. They are usually produced for a purpose, according to some design, and they embody some meaning. As communications continue in a social network, they form multiple feedback loops, which eventually produce a shared system of Demos 29
Page 1: Network Logic Who governs in an int
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Page 8 and 9: Network logic 10. Your friendship n
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Network logic But might there be a
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Network logic honestly. If it is no
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9. Old boys and new girls women’s
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women’s networking movement. This
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Old boys and new girls practices. I
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Old boys and new girls An approach
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Your friendship networks government
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Your friendship networks Figure 1 N
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Your friendship networks protective
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Smart mobs aren’t a ‘thing’ t
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Network logic The challenges of net
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Power does not reside in institutio
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