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Network logic Power The changing nature of power in a network society may be the hardest nettle to grasp. As Manuel Castells explains in his afterword, power is as crucial as ever in structuring the contours of the network society. But power no longer resides in individual institutions (even states) but in what he calls the ‘switchers’ through which networks regulate terms of entry and privilege or exclude particular interests or positions. These structural conditions help to explain the persistence of particular kinds of systematic disadvantage even where the wider environment appears to be in flux. Mark Buchanan’s cogent analysis of the network causes of income inequality illuminates this point. It is interesting that governments have been markedly more willing to accept the logic of network power in some policy areas than in others. Faced with the current outcry over the ‘outsourcing’ of service employment to call centres in India and elsewhere, for example, a coherent policy response has yet to emerge. British politicians have simply reiterated the neoliberal consensus that in a global networked economy, national policy and employment priorities are inevitably subservient to investment flows that they have little or no capacity to control. 9 By contrast, on the equally thorny question of how to deal with substantially higher levels of migration from developing countries, European governments have desperately sought to shore up creaking asylum and immigration systems in order to convince hostile electorates that control is still feasible. In the face of interdependence, neither defeatism nor control freakery is acceptable as a strategy for governance. Public intervention to pool risk, counteract economic insecurity and counteract social dislocation is becoming more, not less, necessary. The question is what kinds of public intervention are going to be both legitimate and effective. The answer, as far as we can see, is to develop institutions able to channel this interdependence in positive ways rather than be swamped by it, and which work with the grain of our desire for selfdetermination rather than suppress it. In other words, if we can only connect the pursuit of freedom to systems of organisation that will not be undone by its exercise, a 20 Demos
Introduction networked world can become a more sustainable and a more enriching place. Making it so requires us to change not just our tools of intervention, but also our ways of seeing the world. Fortunately, the connections we have forged make it possible to pursue this task together. Notes 1 S Zuboff and J Maxmin, The Support Economy: why corporations are failing individuals and the next stage of capitalism (London: Allen Lane, 2003). 2 R Miller, ‘Towards the learning society?’ In T Bentley and J Wilsdon (eds) The Adaptive State: strategies for personalising the public realm (London: Demos, 2003). 3 I Tuomi, Networks of Innovation: change and meaning in the age of the internet (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). 4 R Florida, The Rise of the Creative Class: and how it’s transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life (New York: Perseus, 2002). 5 See J Wilsdon and D Stedman Jones, The Politics of Bandwidth (London: Demos, 2002). 6 B Cox,Free for All? Public service television in the digital age (London: Demos, 2004). 7 J Black, ‘Enrolling actors in regulatory systems; examples from UK financial services regulation’, Public Law,Spring 2003. 8 G Stoker, ‘Governance as theory: five propositions’, International Social Science Journal, no 155, March 1998. 9 As Tony Blair put it in December 2003: ‘I feel desperately sorry for anyone whose job is at risk as a result of this change, but that is the way the world is today...’ ‘Blair warns jobs exodus part of new order’, Financial Times,3 Dec. 2003. Demos 21
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