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Network logic The challenges of networks But networks do have downsides. Accountability, for example, is often messy in networks, not easily corresponding to conventional ideas of due process or democracy. The qualification for inclusion in a network is enthusiasm and a willingness to work with others, but this can develop to a point where the people who are the most enthusiastic and most connected – the hubs – can dominate. These are people who move between established groups, passing on information, encouraging collaboration and fixing meetings. They could be housewives or headmasters, accountants or Baptist ministers and they are vital to the success of network campaigns. But since they are often neither employed nor elected by the campaign they can be very difficult to hold to account. While most network campaigns have some democratic functions built into their very light structures, they can be dogged by allegations that particular personalities are allowed to dominate. Within international networks problems of ‘strength of voice’ can cause tensions, particularly between campaigners in the South and those in the North. In extreme circumstances, this can lead to a second challenge in campaigning networks – forking. This is a problem also seen in ‘open source’ software programming, where disagreement over the overall goal or aim of the network leads to it splitting into two or more parts. Another challenge is that once networks have grown they become harder to maintain. Success can be expensive. As networks become more effective and their activity more visible, traditional political actors such as governments, corporate institutions or the media look for a central point to ask questions and, if they are seeking to quash the network, to focus their firepower. This leads to what some campaigners call ‘death by consultation’, where the secretariat at the centre is distracted from its central goal of nurturing the network by the need to invest more and more time, people and resources in servicing requests from the outside world. Just at the moment that success in terms of profile has been achieved (a prerequisite for largescale networks) secretariats can grow very rapidly and demands for the secretariat to become run like a ‘normal’ organisation grow. 214 Demos
The rise of network campaigning Network campaigns can also burn out before their goals are achieved. Members of the network need to have something they can individually achieve in order to see the value in their activity. But if people see change happening quickly, and their cause getting widespread coverage in the media, they think they’ve done enough. For this reason network campaigns tend to have a high-water mark – a point where they are at the peak of their influence, when they can do most. After that they can find it hard to survive. Finally and, looking to the future, perhaps most importantly, is the question of whether network campaigns can become a constructive force for change in their own right, or whether they will remain essentially parasitic on existing institutional structures, policy tools and power bases. Can they learn to deliver solutions to problems, rather than just hoping that by shouting loud enough and long enough they will get solved by someone else? Networks seem to be very good at undermining more traditional organisational forms but, so far, surprisingly few have made the transition to constructing new positive institutions. The criticism levelled at campaigners by governments or multilateral institutions is ‘could they do any better?’ The World Social Forum is an attempt by a huge swathe of civil society groups to do just this. If successful, it could prove to be a massive step forward for network-based civil society solutions. The future of network campaigning So what does the future hold for network campaigning? What will be the longer-term effects of repeated use of network campaigning? Will it influence levels of activity in civil society more broadly, for instance, increasing (or decreasing) membership of more traditional, vertically organised civil society institutions like the large NGOs? If people see the network campaigns as more effective than the institutions they are based upon, will they continue to support those institutions? And are network campaigns getting more effective over time as they learn from previous campaigns? These are all questions to be researched and understood. But the most important area of development will be in the political Demos 215
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Network Logic Who governs in an int
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About Demos Demos is a greenhouse f
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Open access. Some rights reserved.
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Network logic 10. Your friendship n
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We are some way from being able to
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Network logic urban communities, re
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Network logic a weblog called DearR
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Network logic Power The changing na
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Seeing the connectedness of things
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Network logic against risk: protect
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Network logic Holism The second pri
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Network logic the actions to tackle
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Editors’ note A significant featu
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5. Untangling the threads networks,
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Untangling the threads Given the co
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Network logic Finally, in the refor
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Network logic But might there be a
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women’s networking movement. This
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Your friendship networks Figure 1 N
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