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Network logic Netwar is an emerging mode of conflict in which the protagonists – ranging from terrorist and criminal organisations on the dark side, to militant social activists on the bright side – use network forms of organisation, doctrine, strategy, and technology attuned to the information age…These networks are proving very hard to deal with; some are winning. What all have in common is that they operate in small, dispersed units that can deploy nimbly – anywhere, anytime. 4 The ‘swarming’ strategies noted by Arquilla and Ronfeldt rely on many small units like the affinity groups in the Battle of Seattle. Individual members of each group remained dispersed until mobile communications drew them to converge on a specific location from all directions simultaneously, in coordination with other groups. Manila, Seattle, San Francisco, Senegal and Britain were sites of non-violent political swarming. Arquilla and Ronfeldt cited the non-governmental organisations associated with the Zapatistas movement in Mexico, which mobilised world opinion in support of Indian peasants, and the Nobel Prize-winning effort to enact an anti-landmine treaty as examples of non-violent netwar actions. Armed and violent swarms are another matter. The Chechen rebels in Russia, soccer hooligans in Britain and the FARC guerrillas in Colombia also have used netwar strategy and swarming tactics. 5 The US military is in the forefront of smart mob technology development. Smart mobs engaging in either violent or non-violent netwar represent only a few of the many possible varieties of smart mob. Netwars do share a similar technical infrastructure with other smart mobs. More importantly, however, they are both animated by a new form of social organisation, the network. Networks include nodes and links, use many possible paths to distribute information from any link to any other, and are self-regulated through flat governance hierarchies and distributed power. Arquilla and Ronfeldt are among many who believe networks constitute the newest major social organisational form, after tribes, hierarchies and markets. Although 194 Demos
Smart mobs network-structured communications hold real potential for enabling democratic forms of decision-making and beneficial instances of collective action, that doesn’t mean that the transition to networked forms of social organisation will be a pleasant one with uniformly benevolent outcomes. Arquilla and Ronfeldt note the potential for cooperation in examples like the non-governmental organisations that use netwar tactics for public benefit, but they also articulated a strong caution, worth keeping in mind when contemplating the future of smart mobs: Most people might hope for the emergence of a new form of organisation to be led by ‘good guys’ who do ‘the right thing’ and grow stronger because of it. But history does not support this contention. The cutting edge in the early rise of a new form may be found equally among malcontents, ne’er-do-wells, and clever opportunists eager to take advantage of new ways to manoeuvre, exploit, and dominate. 6 Lovegety and peer-to-peer journalism In light of the military and terrorist potential of netwar tactics it would be foolish to presume that only benign outcomes should be expected from smart mobs. But any observer who focuses exclusively on the potential for violence would miss evidence of perhaps even more profoundly disruptive potential – for beneficial as well as malign purposes – of smart mob technologies and techniques. Could cooperation epidemics break out if smart mob media spread beyond warriors – to citizens, journalists, scientists, people looking for fun, friends, mates, customers or trading partners? Consider a few experiments on the fringes of mobile communications that might point towards a wide variety of non-violent smartmobbing in the future: ‘Interpersonal awareness devices’ have been evolving for several years. Since 1998 hundreds of thousands Japanese have used Lovegety keychain devices that signal when Demos 195
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Network Logic Who governs in an int
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About Demos Demos is a greenhouse f
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Open access. Some rights reserved.
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Network logic 10. Your friendship n
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We are some way from being able to
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Network logic urban communities, re
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Network logic a weblog called DearR
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Network logic networks permit, to c
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Network logic we approach such regu
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Network logic Power The changing na
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Network logic Boundaries of identit
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Network logic beliefs, explanations
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Network logic verbal forms of mutua
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Network logic framework for the und
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3. Towards a theory of government K
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Seeing the connectedness of things
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Network logic up the political agen
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Network logic against risk: protect
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Network logic Holism The second pri
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Network logic the actions to tackle
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Editors’ note A significant featu
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5. Untangling the threads networks,
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Untangling the threads Given the co
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Networks, knowledge and innovation
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Network logic Finally, in the refor
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Disparities of wealth appear as a l
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Network logic But might there be a
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Network logic may start businesses,
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Network logic ago. Under the networ
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Network logic honestly. If it is no
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9. Old boys and new girls women’s
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women’s networking movement. This
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Old boys and new girls An approach
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Your friendship networks government
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Your friendship networks Figure 1 N
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Your friendship networks protective
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Your friendship networks do not go
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