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Network logic neighbourhoods are interdependent and characterised by a functional relationship between what happens at one point in space and what happens elsewhere. Consider first the inexact correspondence between the neighbourhood boundaries imposed by census geography and the ecological properties that shape social interaction. One of the biggest criticisms of neighbourhood-level research to date concerns the artificiality of boundaries; for example, two families living across the street from one another may be arbitrarily assigned to live in different ‘neighbourhoods’ even though they share social ties. From the standpoint of systemic theory, it is thus important to account for social and institutional ties that link residents across neighbourhoods. The idea of spatial dependence challenges the urban village model, which implicitly assumes that neighbourhoods represent intact social systems, functioning as islands unto themselves. Second, spatial dependence is implicated by the fact that offenders are disproportionately involved in acts of violence near their homes. From a routine activities perspective, it follows that a neighbourhood’s risk of violence is heightened by geographical proximity to places where known offenders live or to places characterised by risk factors such as concentrated poverty or low collective efficacy. A third motivation for studying spatial dependence relates to the notion that interpersonal crimes such as homicide are based on social interaction and thus subject to processes of diffusion – where knockon effects may be felt far from the initial point of impact. Acts of violence may themselves instigate a sequence of events that leads to further violence in a spatially channelled way. A key insight, for example, is that many homicides are retaliatory in nature, such that a homicide in one neighbourhood may provide the spark that eventually leads to a retaliatory killing in a nearby neighbourhood. In addition, most homicides occur among persons known to one another, usually involving networks of association that follow a geographical logic. There are good reasons, then, to believe that the characteristics of surrounding neighbourhoods are crucial to understanding violence 164 Demos
Networks and neighbourhoods in any given neighbourhood. Our findings support this notion by establishing the salience of spatial proximity and the inequality of neighbourhood resources that are played out in citywide dynamics. The mechanisms of racial segregation reinforce spatial inequality, explaining why it is, for example, that despite similar income profiles black middle-class neighbourhoods are at greater risk of violence than white middle-class neighbourhoods. In short, violence is conditioned by the characteristics of spatially proximate neighbourhoods, which in turn are conditioned by adjoining neighbourhoods in a spatially linked process that ultimately characterises the entire metropolitan system. Policies that focus solely on the internal characteristics of neighbourhoods, as is typical, are simply insufficient. Conclusion We live in a network society, or so we are widely told. But not all networks are created equal, and many lie dormant. The mistake has been to equate the existence of networks with mechanisms of effective social action. As Arthur Stinchcombe put it in a useful analogy, just as road systems have their causal impact through the flow of traffic, so systems of links among people and organisations (and in our case, neighbourhoods) have their causal impact through what flows through them. 7 The problem then becomes obvious – through neighbourhood networks flows the full spectrum of life’s realities, whether despair, criminal knowledge, friendship or social control. In this essay I have considered one small slice of the problem. My basic position is that collective action for problem-solving is a crucial causal mechanism that is differentially activated under specific kinds of contextual conditions. The density of social networks is only one and probably not the most important characteristic of neighbourhoods that contributes to effective social action. I have also argued that neighbourhoods themselves are part of a spatial network encompassing the entire city. To use an overworked term, not only are individuals embedded, so too are neighbourhoods. Demos 165
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Network Logic Who governs in an int
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About Demos Demos is a greenhouse f
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Open access. Some rights reserved.
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Network logic 10. Your friendship n
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We are some way from being able to
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Network logic a weblog called DearR
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Network logic framework for the und
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3. Towards a theory of government K
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Seeing the connectedness of things
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Editors’ note A significant featu
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Untangling the threads Given the co
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Networks, knowledge and innovation
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Power does not reside in institutio
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